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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5847_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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5.8.4 Oil
P. corylifolia oil is used to treat skin diseases such as ringworm, tinea versicularis,
psoriasis and scabies. Babchi oil is used to treat vitiligo [6].
5.8.5 Roots
The plant’s root is benecial in the treatment of dental caries. P. corylifolia pro-
motes bone calcication, making it useful in the treatment of osteoporosis and bone
fractures. The roots of the P. corylifolia plant are used to treat dental problems
[6, 12].
5.8.6 Seeds
The seeds and isolate powder are employed as diuretics, antihelminthics, laxatives,
and to heal wounds. The seeds have antipyretic and alexiteric properties. Seeds have
stomachic, stimulant, aphrodisiac, and diaphoretic properties. It works well for
impotence, menstrual disorders, and uterine hemorrhage. It demonstrates coronary
vasodilatory activity. It is used to treat gynecologic bleeding. It is also employed in
the treatment of spermatorrhea and premature ejaculation. Seeds are also used in the
production of perfumed oil [6, 13, 14].
The biosynthesis of the highly signicant pharmacological compound bakuchiol
occurred in 1983, and it was determined that it is a product of the phenylpropane
pathway. The dimeric monoterpenoid skeleton was discovered to contain two monoterpenes linked together by a dioxane bridge, comparable towards how Bisbakuchiols
A and B were assessed. The presence of a number of chemicals containing ketones
and aldehydes was discovered in the low polarity ether extract of P. corylifolia
seeds, which would include C-formylated chalcone, Isoneobayachalcone, Corylinal.
The seeds also included Psorlenal, a brand-new isoavone compound [12, 15].
Other chromatographical methods, for instance high-speed countercurrent chromatography, were used to isolate the same compounds, psoralen and isopsoralen [7].
The focus of the exploration for biological active compounds has been the seed
sample; as a consequence of an isolation strategy comprising spectroscopic techniques and crystal X-ray diffraction, ve new compounds were isolated. The names
of these substances are psoracorylifols A–E, chalcone, and bavachromanol [5, 16].
The bavachalcone and all three types of Corylifols (A, B, & C), three novel avonoid compounds, were separated from P. corylifolia plant seeds. From the seeds, a
different substance called bakuchicin was also discovered. Additional avonoids,
including bavachin, bavachinin, isobavachalcone and isobavachin, are reportedly
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present in the seeds (IBC). Psoralenoside and isopsoralenoside, benzofuran-type
glycosides, were found in the seeds of P. corylifolia [5, 12, 17].
Additionally, polar chemicals such as neobavachalcone, 7-methylbavachin, and
bavachromene have been found in seeds of P. corylifolia. These substances were
extracted and identied from the ethanolic extract’s insoluble section. These novel
molecules, known as Cyclobakuchiol C, were extracted from the less polar portion
of P. corylifolia seeds [5, 16, 18]. Psoralester and psorachromene, two novel metab-
olites, were discovered while studying several esters in P. corylifolia. The latter is
an isomer of the previously identied compound bayachromene and a 10 membered
compound lactone which is lactone in nature [5, 12].
M. Azeem etal.
5.9 Pharmacological Actions
1. Anthelmintic (Qatil-e-Deedan-e-Amaa) [5]
2. Anti-asthmatic (Dafe-e-Damah) [5, 16]
3. Antibacterial (Maney-e-Jarasim) [5, 12, 17]
4. Anti-inammatory (Muhallil-e-Waram) [5, 12]
5. Anti-Leprosy (Daf-e-Juzam) [5, 18]
6. Anti-Leucoderma (Daf-e-Bars) [5]
7. Anti-phlegmetic Fever (Daf-e-Tap-e-Balghamiya) [5, 15]
8. Anti-psoriatic (Daf-e-Daussadaf) [5, 15]
9. Anti-stomacache (Daf-e-Waja-e-Meda) [12]
10. Appetizer (Mushtahi) [5, 12]
11. Blood Purier (Musaf-e-Khoon) [5, 16]
12. Cardiac Tonic (Muqavvi-e-Qalb) [5, 12, 19]
13. Carminative (Kasir-e-Riyah) [5]
14. Anti-pruritic (Daf-e-Kharish) [5]
15. Detergent (Jali) [5]
16. Diaphoretic and Diuretic (Mu’arriq wa Mudirr-e-Baul) [5, 12]
17. Gastric tonic (Muqavvi-e-Medah) [5]
18. Laxative (Mulayyen-e-Am’aa) [5, 16, 18]
19. Purgative (Mushil) [5, 12]
20. Sedative (Musakkin) [12]
21. Stimulant and Aphrodiasiac (Muharrik wa Muqavvi-e-Bah) [12, 15]
5.10 Pharmacological Active Compounds
Among the chemical compounds found in the plant are astragalin, areneobavaisoavone, bavachalcone, isobavachalcone, bavachin, bavachinin, corylin, corylifolin
corylifol, dadzin, dadzein, psoralen, isopsoralen, psoralidin, angelicin, bakuchiol,
3-hydroxybakuchiol, 6-prenylnaringenin and many others (Table5.1). P. corylifolia
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Table 5.1
properties
The bioactive compounds from babchi (P. corylifolia) and their potential pharmaceutical
Compound Nature Plant Part Activity Reference
Angelicin Furanocoumarin Seeds Antibacterial [17]
Aryl coumarin Coumarin Seeds Anticancer [23, 24]
Astragalin Flavonoid Seeds Antioxidant [25]
Bakuchiol Meroterpene Seeds/
Bavachinin Flavone Seeds Antibacterial, anti-Alzheimer [25, 26]
Bakuisoavone Flavone Fruits Antibacterial [17]
Bakuavanone Flavone Fruits Antibacterial [27]
Bavachin Flavnonoid Seeds/
Bakuchicin Coumarin Seeds Topoisomerase inhibitor [29, 30]
Bavachalcone Chalcone Seeds Anticancer [24]
Bavachinone A Flavonoid Fruits Antibacterial, antifungal [31]
Bavachinone B Flavonoid Fruits Antibacterial [32]
Bavacoumestan C Flavonoid Fruits Antibacterial [17]
Corylifolinin Chalcone Seeds Antibacterial, carboxylesterase
Corylifols Prenyl avonoid Seeds Antibacterial [32]
Corylifol A Flavonoid Seed/fruit Antibacterial, carboxylesterase
Corylifol B Flavonoid Seeds Carboxylesterase inhibitors [33]
Corylifol C Flavonoid Seeds Protein kinase inhibition,
Corylifol D Flavonoid Seeds Anticancer [24]
Corylifol E Flavonoid Seeds Anticancer
Coryfolin Flavonoid Whole
Corylin Flavonoid Whole
Coryaurone A Flavonoid Fruit Antibacterial [17]
Dadzin Isoavnoid Fruit Antioxidant
Dadzein Isoavnoid Fruit Antioxidant, antidiabetic,
Dihydroxy
coumestan
Genistein Isoavone Fruit Antidiabetic, anti-obesity [21]
Hydroxy bukuchio Meroterpene Seeds Lymph angiogenesis inhibition [37]
Hydroxypsoralenol AFlavonoid Fruit Antibacterial [32]
Essential oil
component
fruits
fruits
plant
plant
Seeds Estrogenic, insecticidal,
Anti-acne, antibacterial,
antifungal, anti-aging
Osteoblast [28]
inhibitors
inhibitors
anticancer
Antioxidant, anti-diabetic [21, 35]
Anticancer, carboxylesterase
inhibitors, osteoblast
topoisomerase inhibitor
genotoxic
[12, 17]
[32, 33]
[17, 32]
[34]
[29]
[29, 30,
35]
[36]
Hydroxypsoralenol BFlavonoid Fruit Antibacterial [32]
(continued)
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Table 5.1 (continued)
Compound Nature Plant Part Activity Reference
Isobavachalcone Chalcone Seeds Estrogen receptor agonist,
Isobavachin Flavonoid Seed/fruit Osteoblast [28]
Isopsoralen Furanocoumarin Whole
plant
Psoralen Furanocoumarin Whole
plant
Psoralidin Coumarin Whole
plant
Psoracorylifol D Flavonoid Seeds Lymphangiogenesis inhibition,
Psoracoumestan Coumestans Seeds
essential
oil
Xanthoangelol Chalcone Seeds Anticancer [24]
neuroprotective, antiAlzheimer, carboxylesterase
inhibitors
Antiprotozoal [39]
Leucoderma, psoriasis,
anticancer, antioxidant,
anti-Alzheimer,
Collagengenesis
Estrogen receptor modulator,
antioxidant, antibacterial,
anti-diabetic, antiprotozoal
antidepressant
Anticancer [34]
M. Azeem etal.
[26, 38]
[24, 38,
40]
[24, 35,
39]
[41]
leaves contain extremely high levels of genistein [20]. Numerous research studies
have shown that plants and foods high in polyphenolic material are effective free
radical scavengers, aiding in disease prevention through antioxidant capacity [21].
In diabetic individuals, antioxidants from food, medicinal herbs, and plants aid to
avoid vascular disorders. Secondary plant metabolites like avonoids and tannins
are thought to be a natural supply of antioxidants that prevent beta cell degeneration
and ROS production brought on by diabetes. P. corylifolia plant exhibit strong
enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activity are utilized to treat diabetes overall [22].
5.11 Pharmacological Properties
5.11.1 Anthelmintic Activity
The antiworm property of P. corylifolia seeds has been clinically proven on roundworms and atworms [42]. Psoralea corylifolia essential oil from the leaves and
ether and subsequent alcoholic extracts of the seeds were tested on two enzymatic
reactions using rat brain as a model in order to elucidate the method of anthelmintic
activities [43].
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5.11.2 Anti-acne Activity
It is a reliable acne treatment. Bakuchiol, a phenolic chemical, is present, and it is
utilized in anti-acne preparations. Due to its safety and lack of irritating properties,
it can be used throughout the day for longer lengths of time without becoming sensitization [44].
5.11.3 Anti-Alzheimer
IBC and BCN, two substances derived from the P. corylifolia plant that is frequently
used in healthcare situations, alter amyloid (A) peptides, especially those with
approximately fourty residues, considered crucial for the development of amyloid
plaques in Alzheimer’s illness [26].
5.11.4 Antibacterial Activity
The plant has been assessed for antibacterial activity against S. aureus and other
bacterial strains [17]. Due to the presence of bakuchiol, a substance that has been
previously identied as an antibacterial agent, during invitro tests, the ethanolic
seed extract of P. corylifolia shown remarkable growth inhibitory effect against
S. epidermidis ATCC strain 12228 and S aureus ATCC strain 25923 and [27].
Corylifols A–C (1–3), three novel prenylavonoids that were extracted from the
seeds of P. corylifolia and demonstrated signicant antibacterial activity against
S. aureus and S. epidermidis, when analyzed for their structure activity relations [32].
The fruits and seeds of P. corylifolia also demonstrated excellent antibacterial
activity in extract and phytoconstituent form. The dried fruits of P. corylifolia
included the novel avonoid bavachinone B, together with bavacoumestans B and
C, which had a mildly inhibitive effect on Staphylococcus mutans [45]. Furthermore,
an ethanol extract of P. corylifolia seeds was found to be active against methicillin
resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Listeria monocytogenes,
with MIC values of 100 and 50g/mL, respectively [46]. Following extract treatment, these bacteria showed alterations in cellular membrane permeability and
damage to the integrity of their cell membranes, suggesting that P. corylifolia
metabolites may have antibacterial capabilities that need further research. The primary component of P. corylifolia seeds, bakuchiol, was extracted in methanol and
demonstrated potency as a quorum sensing inhibitor [47]. Quorum sensing is a signaling system that bacteria use to adapt to population density by changing the
expression of certain genes [48]. At sub-lethal concentrations, P. corylifolia seeds
extract and bakuchiol both exhibited quorum sensing inhibitory activity as well as
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prevention of the development of biolms from Chromabacterium violaceum
CV12472, Listeria monocytogenes, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aerugi-
nosa PAO1 [47]. This study demonstrated the antibacterial potential of P. corylifolia
isolate and its phytoconstituent bakuchiol, with the goal of reducing biolm formation and QS-associated virulence.
M. Azeem etal.
5.11.5 Anticancer Activity
Arylcoumarin and psoracoumestan, two phytochemical components of P. corylifolia, shown strong anticancer action by blocking the phosphorylation of MAPK/
ERK kinase enzymes. The fundamental method was programmed cell death. Other
compounds, such as xanthoangelol and corylifol C, have been shown to be effective
kinase inhibitors [23].
5.11.6 Anti-coagulant Effect
Compared to the antidote used as a control, the plant extract of P. corylifolia pre-
vented the coagulation caused by Naja karachiensis snakebite. The effects of the
snake poison on activated thrombin time, prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time and were examined in human plasma that had been citrated [49]. The
snake venom was tested on humanplasma to see how it affected the activated partial
prothrombin time (PT), thromboplastic time (aPTT), and thrombin time (TT). Snake
venom (200g/ml) was discovered to delay PT (13±0.57 to 23± 0.57 s), aPTT
(35±1.52 to 48±2.0s), and TT (13±0.57 to 33±0.57s). The fact that PT and TT
were prolonged suggested the presence of thrombin like or plasminogen activating
enzymes [50].
5.11.7 Antidepressant Activity
Additionally, it was shown that P. corylifoia had antidepressant qualities. The mech-
anism of action of antidepressant plants as well as the chemical constituents identied from them were discussed by Marzieh Sarbandi Farahani and colleagues [51].
Several mouse studies have indicated a potential anti-stress and anti-depressant
impact, however not to a notable extent. The most effective and helpful medication
for treating geriatric depression is P. corylifolia. Furthermore, demonstrated the
antidepressant properties of psoralen utilizing a forceful swimming test model of
depression in male mice [41]. Psoralea and conventional stimulants may also
interact.
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5.11.8 Anti-diabetic Activity
The hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and G-6-P dehydrogenase activities were
signicantly increased by aqueous extract of P. corylifolia seed after a thorough
biochemical investigation. The levels of serum transaminase, lipid peroxidation in
liver tissue, and antioxidant enzymes such catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase as well as lowered fasting blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced
diabetic rats [52]. Five avonoids and a meroterpene bakuchiol were found in the
ethyl acetate fraction of P. corylifolia fruits, and their potential to treat diabetes was
tested. Bavachin dramatically boosted fat accumulation and PPAR (proliferatoractivated receptor) transcriptional activity, among other things, in a dose-dependent
manner. According to a subsequent mechanistic investigation, bavachin has the
potential to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus by facilitating insulin-induced glucose
absorption by activating the insulin signalling pathway in differentiated adipocytes [53].
In a test involving streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, it was discovered that
the water-soluble extract of P. corylifolia seeds had a protective effect against dia-
betic nephropathy. The extract’s antibrotic and antiapoptotic properties were demonstrated after oral treatment when many genes linked to renal brosis and apoptosis
had their expression downregulated. The extract was also noted for inhibiting
mesangial cell death, similar to what was shown when its primary metabolites,
bakuchiol, psoralen, and isopsoralen, were administered [54]. In addition, the study
found that the seeds of P. corylifolia contained three novel metabolites with substan-
tial IC50 values, including a novel bavacoumestan E, as well as 11 recognized
metabolites. All of the newly discovered avonoids demonstrated considerable inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 when tested for their antidiabetic potential
(DGAT1) [55].
The triacylglycerol (TG) production pathway uses two isoforms of DGAT,
known as DGAT1 and DGAT2. It is thought that DGAT1 targeting has potential for
reducing diabetes and obesity [56]. In contrast to other isolated natural products, the
known coumestans, bavacoumestans B and C, demonstrated much better inhibition
against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) as well as stronger inhibition
against -glucosidase [55]. A standardized avonoid-rich fraction of P. corylifolia
seeds was reported for its promising effect in obese mice caused by a high-fat supplemented diet, in keeping with prior ndings on the antidiabetic potency of avonoids from P. corylifolia [53, 55]. By administering a avonoid-rich fraction, body
weight, fat mass, and insulin sensitivity were all signicantly reduced. Its effects
come from the encouragement of various thermogenic gene expressions that help
avoid obesity. By the stimulation of insulin signalling and sugar transport in adipose
tissue, this avonoid fraction additionally enhanced glucose homeostasis [57].
Moreover, bavacoumestan D, a brand-new coumestan discovered in P. corylifolia
seed ethyl acetate extract, showed only little inhibition of DGAT1. Moreover, bavacoumestan D somewhat inhibited glucosidase [58], similar to the activity shown
with its counterparts bavacoumestans B and C [55].
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M. Azeem etal.
5.11.9 Anti-eczema Activity
In one investigation, hexane and oil in water were used to extract P. corylifolia
seeds, and stearic acid was used as the base to make cream. After then, 30 people
with eczema participated in an open clinical trial that lasted 30days. According to
this study’s ndings, this plant can be used to successfully cure eczema [42].
5.11.10 Antifungal Activity
Numerous pathogenic fungus strains, including Epidermophyton occosum,
Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Trichophyton rubrum
were resistant to the antifungal effects of the phenolic compound bakuchiol that was
isolated from P. corylifolia (seeds) [59].
5.11.11 Anti-inammatory Activity
Bavachini was extracted from the fruits of P. corylifolia and showed distinct anti-
inammatory, antipyretic, and mild analgesic effects. The maximum fatal dose was
larger than 1000 mg/kg in mice, and it showed better antipyretic action than
paracetamol while having no inuence on the central nervous system. By preventing IL-6-induced STAT3 activation and phosphorylation, a number of avonoids
from P. corylifolia may be effective treatments for inammatory disorders.
Moreover, it reduced the edoema that carrageenan-induced in rats [36]. Overall,
bakuchiol was discovered to be the most active metabolite among the tested compounds for its neuroprotective and neuroinammation inhibitory effects [24].
Furthermore, according to a recent study three new isoavone derivatives,
7-Oisoprenylcorylifol A, 7-Oisoprenylneobavaisoavone, and 7-O-methylcorylifol
A were reported from P. corylifolia fruits, along with bakuchiol, epoxybakuchiol,
psoralidin, and other known compounds[40]. Bakuchiol had the strongest inhibitory
effect in RAW264.7 cells when evaluated for its anti-inammatory potential against
LPS-induced NO production, which is consistent with its activity previously
described[20]. Furthermore, bakuchiol was found to have a remarkable protective
effect against sepsis-induced acute kidney inammation in kidneys by inhibiting
NF-kB and p38 MAPK signalling[40]. These ndings highlight the anti- inammatory
properties of P. corylifolia and its bioactive metabolites, which protect organs.
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5.11.12 Anti-leucoderma Activity
It was discovered that P. corylifolia works well as an anti-leucoderma treatment.
Leucoderma is treated using “soralen,” one of the bioactive isolated chemicals,
because it has been shown to be able to increase the production of melanin [60].
5.11.13 Anti-obesity
Various animal studies have shown that genistein can help people lose weight by
reducing their food intake. It also decreased the weight of fat pads and increased
apoptosis in adipose tissues. One such experiment was carried out on ovariectomized mice [61]. Several research conducted on animals shown that genistein can
lower body weight by lowering food intake. Moreover, it decreased the weight of
the theft pad and improved adipose tissue apoptosis. For instance, ovariectomized
mice were used in one such investigation. Genistein, a well-known trihydroxy avone that was also extracted from P. corylifolia, demonstrated potential anti-obesity
and low-grade inammation-related actions through a variety of pathways and cell
signal transduction [61, 62]. The action of P. corylifolia extract on the adipocyte life
cycle, obesity-related low-grade inammatory, and oxidative stress results in antiobesity and anti-diabetic activities.
5.11.14 Antioxidant Activity
That can be obtained from food sources, herbs, and plants help diabetics avoid vascular problems. Secondary plant metabolites called tannins and avonoids are
hypothesized to be a natural supply of antioxidants that stop cell death and reactive
oxygen species generation brought on by diabetes [22]. As antioxidative components, the seed contained a meroterpene and four avonoids: bakuchiol, corylin,
corylifolin, and psoralicin. In rat liver microsomes and mitochondria, barachin, isobarachalcane, isobavachin, and bakuchiol demonstrated broad antioxidative activities. In microsomes, they inhibited NADH-dependent ascorbate and CCl4-induced
lipid peroxidation. The most powerful antioxidant in microsomes was bakuchiol,
and lipid peroxidation’s ability to limit oxygen consumption was time dependent.
Moreover, bakuchiol guarded against oxidative hemolysis in human red blood cells
[28]. It has been demonstrated that the phenolic compounds in P. corylifolia are
efcient at shielding cellular membranes from a variety of oxidative stressors.
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M. Azeem etal.
5.11.15 Antiprotozoal Activity
An external protozoan parasite called Ichthyophthirius multiliis, or “ich,” has been
identied in freshwater sh. P. corylifolia extracted with methanol showed excellent
action against I. multiliis theronts when treated for 4h at doses of 1.25mg/L or
higher. The P. corylifolia extract killed all pro tomonts and 88.9% of encysted
tomonts at a dosage of 5.00mg/L [39]. When exposed for 4 h, the P. coryfolia
extract with methanol shown excellent action against I. multiliis theronts at concentrations of 1.25mg/L or greater. At a concentration of 5.00mg/L, the Psoralea
corylifolia extract results in 100% protomont mortality. It has been discovered that
Psoralea corylifolia can be used to suppress the external protozoan parasite I. multiliis instead of malachite green. According to the screening, Psoralea corylifolia
extract had higher activity against I. multiliis pathogens. In vivo experiments with
1.25mg/L or higher concentrations of P. corylifolia methanol extract resulted in 0%
death rates of theronts after 4h of exposure. This study demonstrated the damaging
effect of P. corylifolia on the trophont of I. multiliis [39, 63]. The same study led
to the assessment of the action of antiprotozoal compounds extracted from P. cory-
lifolia against I. multiliis.
5.11.16 Anti-psoriatic Activity
The skin ailment psoriasis is also treated with an extract from the P. corylifolia plant
[26]. At a dose of 6 grammes administered twice daily on an empty stomach for
45days, P. corylifolia seeds powder (Safoof) was found to be successful in the treat-
ment of (psoriasis) in more than 40 patients [6]. A different study revealed that the
seed extract from Psoralia corylifolia may have anti-psoriatic potential. Another
study found that the administration of psoralen and its chemical compounds, including trioxalen, combined with sunshine exposure is a more successful treatment for
psoriasis [4].
5.11.17 Antiviral Activity
The papain-like protease (PLpro) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona
virus (SARS-CoV) was reported to have strong activity against the crude ethanol
isolate of P. corylifolia seeds, with an IC50 value of 15g/ml. A crucial enzyme in
the SARS virus’s reproduction is SARS-CoV (PLpro) [64].
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