Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5847_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
3 Amla
https://t.me/medicina_free
Laxmi-52 Also known as Francis’ superior chance seedling, Laxmi-52 is being
grown in a private orchard. Like its parent Francis, the tree it produces has semierect growth and branches that do not droop. Large, 40–60g, 4.0–4.5cm in diameter, with 6 ridges on the fruit. Fruit color is pale pink throughout the early stages of
growth before disappearing at full development. Compared to other amla cultivars,
the leaves are a wider, longer, and darker green. It is devoid of necrosis, mid-season
maturing (mid-November to mid-December), and has a production potential of
2–2.5 q/tree (after 10years). It commands a greater price on the market since the
fruit is larger and more appealing in color. The fruit has been discovered to be
appropriate for segment preparation in syrup, candy, and preserves [7, 8].
59
3.5.1 Seed Propagation
Amla is propagated by seeds and the trees grown by these seeds have inferiorquality fruits. These trees have long growing stages and show a different conguration of vegetative growth and different size, shape, and yield of fruit. These trees
need a long time to reach the rst reproductive stage than vegetative propagative
ones. Under favorable conditions, fresh seeds typically do not propagate due to
thick, hard testa and need particular treatments subsequently like soaking of seed in
water, growth managing treatment of plant, scarication and, stratication. These
treatments help to control inactivity. In seed-spreading practice, ripe berries from
plants are picked in November and December [9]. Then the fruits that are collected
are dried in sun and pulled out with a gentle press. About 1kg of seeds is produced
by one quintal of fruits. The typical time is between April and June for the sowing
of E. ofcinalis seeds. The small polybags are used for sowing at the depth of 5cm.
Immersion of seeds in GA3 200ppm solution for 24h, considerably enhanced seed
propagation and seedling strength [7]. Multiple metabolic activities are stimulated
by hormonal and enzymatic mechanisms that result in the elongation of root and
shoot and increased dry weight of seedlings [9].
3.5.2 Budding andGrafting
Budding is the supreme experimental method out of all ways of vegetative propagation in E. ofcinalis. Patch and shield budding is practiced for marketable propagation. During early July, 1-year-old seedlings with 1cm width are shield budded with
t and eshy buds. Shield budding is more favorable than patch budding. Besides
budding, softwood grafting also has a 70% rate of success, particularly in dry areas.
Cleft and veneer grafting are additional successful techniques.
60
https://t.me/medicina_free
S. Javed etal.
3.5.3 Nursery Preparation
A seedling bed is essential for nurturing seedlings. Nursery beds are normally
10–15cm raised using farmyard manure, in partial shade. The seeds are soaked for
2days before sowing. Then these seeds are propagated in 2–3cm of soil with 15cm
row-to-row spacing in the rainy or spring season. Healthy plants after germination
are used for planting and can be restocked for budding [9].
Rootstock Preparation
Six to one-year-old seedlings are usually used for restock-
ing. From November–December mature amla fruits are taken, dried and their seeds
are extracted. These seeds are sown in a raised nursery bed after April and these
seedlings can also be transplanted in individual beds for consequent budding.
Polybags, polytubes and root trainers are commercially used for the propagation of
amla [7].
3.5.4 Orchard Establishment
An E. ofcinalis tree begins to yield fruit 3–4years after planting, and after 10–12years,
they reach a specic level where they are mature enough to continue producing fruit
for commercial purposes for another 60–70years. The layout is carried out on land
that has been extensively tilled, leveled, and cleared of any vegetation. In a subtropical
environment, planting typically begins around the middle of August and is nished by
the completion of the month. Early seeding makes sure that the plants receive a lengthy
period of rain that is essential for the initial growth and maturation of saplings.
However, the seedlings planted around mid-July had the most success in blooming in
both March and July [10]. Mature E. ofcinalis trees have a height of between 8 and
18m. Therefore, square planting is done with 8–10m gaps between and within the
rows to allow for enough amount of light, easy culturing processes (like trimming),
and sufcient fruiting. Today, establishing hedgerows with spacing of 8m between
lines and 4–5m between plants is also being studied. E. ofcinalis is normally spread
directly by saplings grown in appropriate containers in unfavorable soil conditions,
which are then transplanted to a permanent location where in situ budding is performed. To overcome self- incompatibility, two cultivars must be planted in alternating
rows. Before planting, the elds are set out and designated. Then, throughout the
months of April and May, 1×1×1 -sized pits are dug at the designated locations and
left for at minimum 2weeks to get rid of bug pests. Before the rainy season begins, pits
are then lled with FYM (around 15–20kg), neem cake (1 kg), muriate of potash
(MOP) (200–300g), single superphosphate (500g) and Hep tachlor® and Furadan
3G®. After that, soil is left in its current state during the rst few raindrops to fall and
settle properly. Before providing regular irrigation after planting, immediate watering
is done to aid in the appropriate establishment of the plants [7, 9].
3 Amla
https://t.me/medicina_free
61
3.5.5 Orchard Management
Taking proper care of the fertilizer and water supply, canopy architectural maintenance, eld cleaning, and timely implementation of plant protection measures are
all part of managing an E. ofcinalis orchard. Young plants often emerge with a
particular level of yearly vegetative growth to provide an initial canopy. The plants
develop a proper canopy to yield fruits after 2years. Flowers and fruits need to be
cut back in the initial 2years, though, to maintain healthier development, and regular spraying, hoeing, tidying, plant fortication, etc. should be done as needed.
Trees in young orchards of fruits (2–7years) require additional nutrients to maintain
healthy development and ripening. Early trees need adequate and judicious trimming, ideally between March and April, to allow the chief branches to develop to an
altitude of 0.75 to 1m from the soil since their excessive vegetative growth inhibits
regular fruiting. Eventually, only 4–6 carefully chosen branches are permitted to
continue growing [7, 9].
3.5.6 Nutrient Management
Fruit production and quality are increased when both organic and inorganic nutrients are used; nevertheless, biofertilizer utilization signicantly enhances fruit quality. These nutrient sources affect the physical, chemical and biological characteristics
of the soil. Depending on the soil quality, age of the plant, and regularity of fruiting,
different manure and fertilizer dosages are used. Typically, a one-year-old plant
receives 10kg FYM, 100g of potassium, 100g nitrogen and 50g phosphorus. Up
to 10years of annual dosage increases should be guaranteed, after which a steady
dose is administered in the following years. During the months of December and
January, the full dose of FYM, 50% of the nitrogen, phosphorus, and MOP are
administered round the tree sinks. In August, the remaining half is implemented.
Any problematical soil is supplemented with 100–500g of boron, copper sulphate,
and zinc sulphate in addition to regular fertilizers [9]. Between mid-May and midJuly, the use of synthetic auxins (α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and gibberellic
acid) in combination with thiourea may lead to successful resolution to reduce the
rate of yield brought on by signicant fruit drop. This approach can be supported in
sodic soils having manufacture limits such as restricted obtainability of various
inorganic nutrients for the best tree development and output. The growth, development, and quality of fruit are all greatly enhanced by plant growth regulators and a
variety of other nutrients. When the pH of the soil is high and a variety of macro and
micro constituents are inaccessible, nutrient sprays are comparably more effective
for quick consumption in plants. In well-established orchards, two foliar treatments
of NAA (30ppm) from May to July enhance fruit quality and fruit storage [11].
According to the experimental observations, spraying a mixture of 0.4%
62
https://t.me/medicina_free
CuSO4+0.5% ZnSO4+ 10ppm NAA was effective in enhancing plant growth and
reducing fruit drop. To improve the physicochemical characteristics of E. ofcinalis
fruits, foliar feeding of 0.4%CuSO4+ 0.4%ZnSO4+ 0.5%MnSO4 twice between
mid-May and mid-July is the most effective; however, foliar application of GA3
(150ppm) is most active to boost vegetative growth and fruit production. Similar
results were shown when zinc and boron were applied as a foliar spray, improving
fruit output. The 0.2% borax+0.5% ZnSO4 foliar sprays resulted in the maximum
fruit quality and output (with improved vitamin-C content) per tree [12].
S. Javed etal.
3.5.7 Water Management
In established orchards with typical soils, E. ofcinalis is grown as a moisture tree,
thus irrigation is not necessary, especially during the winter and rainy months. The
rst watering should be applied to the fruit-bearing plant only after fertilizer has been
applied between January and February. But, it is advised to avoid applying water
throughout the owering phase (mid-March to mid-April). For E. ofcinalis, a basin
irrigation system works well. Pitcher irrigation is typically advised for the growth of
orchards in places with water shortages, while drip irrigation is also a viable approach.
Substantial stock width and plant height can be observed during a normal dry season
with the use total of 9 irrigations together with the mulch, which nally can save up
to 20cm of irrigation water (four irrigations) on the basis of net area. The water saved
in this case might be used to plant an extra area of the orchard [13]. Sometimes, using
fertigation instead of irrigation or manure administration results in a substantial
improvement in the frequency of owering. By applying a 125% recommended dose
of fertilizer in the form of water-soluble fertilizer by fertigation, the largest plant
height, trunk diameter, and plant dispersion may be registered [9].
3.5.8 Cropping System
Because the E. ofcinalis tree canopy has a nite number of leaves, intercropping
offers a unique potential to utilize existing orchard interspaces during the rst
3–4years following planting. Even under fully grown trees, it gives space for plenty
of incoming light and encourages intercropping in open areas [9]. E. ofcinalis
showed encouraging results when intercropping with turmeric, arbi, and ginger in
terms of yield, accessible nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus, as well as agricultural
economics [14]. Amorphophallus is a dark-loving plant that may be produced commercially in an E. ofcinalis orchard. The growth, yield, and quality parameters, soil
richness, gross and net income, the cost-benet ratio, and other factors, growing
elephant foot yam as an intercrop in an E. ofcinalis plantation was found to be the
most advantageous. In the desert region, E. ofcinalis is intercropped with winter
crops including fenugreek, chickpea, cumin, and mustard as well as rainy-season
3 Amla
https://t.me/medicina_free
crops like moth bean. Many plants, including gladiolus and marigold, as well as
vegetables including bottle gourd, okra, coriander, cauliower, peas, and turmeric,
have been discovered to be suitable for intercropping. Spiny sesbania can be interplanted for a few years on fragile or salt-affected soils to improve the physicochemical characteristics of the soil. Tuber crops may also be successfully produced even
in orchards with a lot of shade. Cropping system types like E. ofcinalis with guava,
phalsa, spiny sesbania, wheat or barley, onion or brinjal, German chamomile, etc.
have all been shown to be quite protable [9].
63
3.5.9 Fruit Maturity, Harvesting, andYield
The preferred yield and processing quality determine when E. ofcinalis fruit
reaches maturity. When computing the maturity index of any cultivar of E. ofcina-
lis, marketable features including days from sowing to maturity, total soluble sugar,
fruit skin color, heat units, acid ratio, etc. are taken into consideration. The fruits
rst turn light green as they mature and ripen, and then they turn greenish-yellow or,
sometimes brick red. Mature fruits have the highest ascorbic acid content, whereas
immature fruits have lower mineral content and ascorbic acid. Fruits can be handpicked during the months of November and December. To prevent fruit falling,
especially on the “Banarasi” and “Francis” cultivars, fully matured fruits are picked
(either in the morning or the evening). A budded or grafted tree begins producing
fruit after 3years of implanting but a sapling tree takes 6–8years to produce fruit.
However, the latter tree may continue producing fruit for another 60–75years after
planting. E. ofcinalis tree may produce 100–300kg of fruits per tree with a yield
of 15–20 tons/ha. If greater fruit preservation and other yield-attributing traits are
guaranteed, a higher yield of E. ofcinalis can be achieved. The cultivar ‘Kanchan’
had the highest fruit output (99.79 kg/tree), with ‘Krishna’ coming in second
(76.55kg/tree). However, if adequate agro-technology is used, fruit yields of up to
220–280kg/tree may often be observed. The ripe fruits are often quite rm, which
makes it easier to harvest them in large quantities, transport them, and market them
even in far-off places [9].
3.6 Pests andDiseases
3.6.1 Pests
3.6.1.1 Inderbela tetrosis
Inderbela tetrosis (bark-eating caterpillar) feed up the tissues and destroy the bark
of the trunk and branches of the trees. Injecting kerosene oil, Monocrotophos
(0.03%), or Dichlorvas help to reduce its attack.
64
https://t.me/medicina_free
3.6.1.2 Betousa stylophora
Short galls are caused by Betousa stylophora. Spraying with 0.05% Monocrotophos
or sniping the gall twigs, shoot galls can be controlled.
3.6.1.3 Virachola isocrates andCerciaphis emblica
Anar buttery (Virachola Isocrates) and, scales and aphids (Cerciaphis emblica) are
the minor insects that cause damage to Amla. Insecticides can be used to control
these insects.
S. Javed etal.
3.6.2 Diseases
Aonla Rust It is also called ring rust of amla, caused by Ravenelia emblicae var.
fructoidae. The visible black spots appear on fruits and leaets which later form
rings. These rings join together and cover a large area. These spots uncover black
spore mass after rupture. Isolated or grouped pinkish spots develop on leaves. The
affected fruits early drop off.
Control 3–4 sprays of wettable sulfur @ 5 g/l of water at an intermission of
1month or mancozeb @ 2.5g/l of water at an interval of 15days.
3.6.3 Fruit Rot
Nigrospora sphearica, Phomopsis phyllanthi, Pestalotia creenta, Cladosporium
tenuissium, Alternaria alternata, and Cytospora sp. are causes of fruit rot. Small
necrotic spots of pinkish brown color appear in this disease. Complete decay of fruit
takes place after the appearance of black spots and soft areas.
Control Give post-harvest treatment to the fruit with difolaton @ 1.5g/l of water
or mancozeb @ 1g/l of water or carbendazim @ 0.5g/l of water.
3.6.4 Anthracnose
Anthracnose is caused by Colletotrichum sp. Leaets have tiny, round, grayish spots
with yellow margins. The central area has dot-like fruit bodies and remains grayish.
The fruit becomes dark in the center and the fruit lesions become depressed. Spore
3 Amla
https://t.me/medicina_free
mass seems on fruit bodies at high moisture and infected fruits become wrinkled
and decay.
Control Spray copper oxychloride @ 3g/l of water or mancozeb @ 2g/l of water
or carbendazim @ 0.5g/l of water at 15days intervals. Repeat sprays as per severity.
65
3.6.5 Blue Mold Rot
Penicillium islandicum is the main cause of blue mold rot. Brown spots or patches
appear on fruit and different colors i.e., bluish green, bright yellow and purplishbrown develop with the progress of the disease. Yellowish droplets of the liquid
project from the patches and smell emit from the fruit.
Control Handle fruit carefully avoiding wounds. Manage good sanitary conditions
in storage by gas treatment with NCl3and ozone. Treat fruit with borax @ 0.5g/l of
water [7].
3.6.6 Physiological Disorders
Major physiological disorders include chilling injury, necrosis, white spots and pink
spots that distress the quality of amla fruits. Piercing of covering and irregular
maturing of fruits starts after a chilling injury that nally leads to decay. The storing
temperature must be adjusted to about 12°C to avoid this injury. Pink spots seemed
randomly on amla fruits due to the insufciency of boron that ultimately deteriorate
the quality of the fruit. To manage these conditions, borax spray (0.6%) is applied
three times at an interval of 2weeks from September to October which is useful to
control these disorders. At the pickling and preserving stage, white spots also cause
a poor appearance and a squishy surface of the fruit [9].
3.7 Medicinal Uses
3.7.1 Antioxidant Action
Amla berry is a potent free radical scavenger and broad-spectrum antioxidant. It
slows down the aging process and reduces the occurrence of diseases. Superoxide
dismutase, a free-radical scavenger, is present in high concentrations in amla preparations [6]. Amla shows free-radical reducing ability and also reduces erythema
caused by UV.It shows the chelating ability of copper and iron and also acts as a
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. Amla contains ellagic acid, a potent antioxidant
that repairs chromosomal abnormalities and inhibits mutations in genes [5].
66
https://t.me/medicina_free
S. Javed etal.
3.7.2 Source ofVitamin C
Amla contains Vitamin C in its most potent form. Vitamin C is fused with tannins in
the amla fruit that shield it from being destroyed by light or heat [6]. As Vitamin C
is abundant in amla, it is considered the best treatment for scurvy. Equal amounts of
dried herb and sugar taken with milk, thrice a day are useful in the treatment of
scurvy. The outbreak of scurvy and jaundice can be prevented by drinking amla
juice rst thing in the morning on an empty stomach [5].
3.7.3 Cardioprotective Activity
Amla helps the heart and might occasionally function as a cardiac stimulant.
According to the studies, amla lowers cholesterol and guards against heart disease
[6]. One of the main contributors to cardiovascular problems is hyperlipidemia but
amla contains several bioactive substances that may contribute to controlling this
disorder. Amla juice lessens LDL cholesterol oxidation by 90% and restricts macrophage LDL oxidation uptake. Another study revealed that hydroalcoholic amla
extract lowers serum sodium levels and arterial mean blood pressure. P. emblica
L. controls the increased expressions of MDA, COX-2, and Bax in the liver as well
as serum nitric oxide (NO) activation, the endogenous antioxidant system, and electrolyte levels in serum. It also controls Bcl-2 expression. The metabolic alterations
brought on by high fructose ingestion are reduced by the phenol extract of P. emblica
L. in an animal model. Moreover, P. emblica L. fruit extracts lower levels of VLDL,
LDL, and cholesterol while raising HDL levels and preventing atherosclerosis [1].
3.7.4 Antidiabetic Effect andDiuretic
Due to its high vitamin C concentration, Amla is extremely benecial in the treatment of diabetes. Together the juices of bitter gourd and amla support the pancreas
and permit it to release insulin. Insulin helps to reduce blood sugar levels. Amla
prevents eye problems in diabetes. It increases insulin production and secretion
through the regeneration of beta cells. Tannins are present in amla which enhances
glucose uptake and inhibits adipogenesis. Amla extract scavenges free radicals
resulting in rapid protection against lipid peroxidation. Fruits and decoctions of
seeds and leaves are used in the treatment of diabetes.
Fresh fruit of amla acts as a diuretic. The retention of urine and irritation of the
bladder can be treated with a fruit paste mixed with Indian saffron and rose water. It
is used as an anti-diuretic and anti-inammatory. Burning sensation in urination can
be treated by Amla-berry. It shows natural diuretic action by eliminating waste from
the body without overstimulating the urinary system. Regular use of a mixture of
3 Amla
https://t.me/medicina_free
E. ofcinalis pulp with water and Gur helps to cure the urinary problem. The combination of radish and amla powder has the power to dissolve bladder stones and
ush them out through urination. The morning or the evening are the optimum times
to eat them [5].
67
3.7.5 Anticancer Activity
Amla is useful in the treatment and prevention of different types of cancers. The
growth of some human cancer cell lines can be inhibited by P. emblica extract [6].
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are frequently used to treat cancer. Amla extract
also lessens the adverse effect of these therapies [5].
Plant-derived polyphenols inhibit oxidative stress, prevent DNA damage and
produce pro-inammatory chemicals. It also increases apoptosis through various
mechanisms. It plays a protective role in radio- and chemotherapy. The protective
bioactive components of amla act as a preventative against the growth of cancer [1].
P. emblica demonstrates its anticancer actions through the suppression of AP-1 and
targets the transcription of viral oncogenes important for the onset and development
of cervical malignancy, suggesting that it may be useful for treating cervical malignancies brought on by HPV [15].
3.7.6 Brain-Protective andAnti-Brain Aging
The traditional Indian approach has relatively few medications accessible for the
treatment of brain multifactorial illnesses like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s chorea. Several semi-synthetic drugs and plant-derived phytochemicals have been used in the management of neurological disorders. The
phytoconstituents of amla are known to have complement-inhibitory potential as it
inhibits alternative complementary pathway. Variations in complementing alternative pathways are critical in the emergence of neuro-inammatory diseases such as
mad cow disease and dementia associated with HIV.The phytoconstituents inhibit
neuroinammation associated with CNS maladies [8].
Treatment with ayurvedic preparation of E. ofcinalis.is used to study how memory scores improve in mice and rats. Due to its many positive benets, including
memory enhancement and the reversal of memory losses, E. ofcinalis may prove
to be a viable treatment for the control of Alzheimer’s disease [16]. Golechha etal.
studied the effectiveness of E. ofcinalis against scopolamine-induced memory
loss. Results from many research suggest that E. ofcinalis might be used as a tonic
to treat dementia. It also has antioxidant activity, the ability to enhance and cure
memory loss, and anticholinesterase action. It also lowers cholesterol.
Epilepsy-related cognitive decits can result from antiepileptic medication
usage. This outlines the requirement for the right pharmacological therapy, which
68
https://t.me/medicina_free
S. Javed etal.
can stop the advancement of epilepsy and enhance rather than diminish cognitive
performance. Kainic acid and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures were eliminated
by the hydroalcoholic extract of E. ofcinalis, which signicantly improved cognitive performance. E. ofcinalis has antioxidant and anti-inammatory potential and
show a dose-dependent reduction of kainic acid-induced increased TNF-α in the
brain. One of the most crucial targets for the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease is acetylcholinesterase. Methanolic extract of amla fruits showed signicant inhibition
against acetylcholinesterase. Human neuroblastoma cells were treated with both
aqueous and methanol extracts of E. ofcinalis, and the results showed signicant
protection against DNA damage induced by H2O2. Human neuroblastoma cells
were treated with aqueous and methanolic extracts of E. ofcinalis, and comet test
results displayed substantial protection against H2O2-induced DNA damage and
increased cell survival. Despite its effects on amyloid protein, therapy with E. of-
cinalis restored AlCl3-impaired learning memory and movement. In the development of different disorders i.e.; the aging process, the primary factor is stress-related
oxidative stress. E. ofcinalis treatment caused a decline in oxidative stress in the
anterior cortex of the brain. Studies demonstrated E. ofcinalis preventive neuroprotective viewpoint against neuroleptic mediator-induced tardive dyskinesia
caused by haloperidol. Its propensity to regulate the oxidative load brought on by
stress may be the cause of this effect [8].
Dhingra et al. investigated the antidepressant effect of E. ofcinalis in mice,
using the tail suspension test and the forced swim test. In both these tests, the extract
dramatically reduced the immobility period, demonstrating considerable
antidepressant- like effects. The extract performed better in an antidepressant-like
manner at a low dose of 200mg/kg. It was discovered that the extract’s effectiveness
was found to be equivalent to that of imipramine (15mg/kg), 20mg/kg of phenelzine and uoxetine (20mg/kg). The mice’s locomotor activity was not signicantly
affected by the extract. Additionally, the extract markedly reduced brain monoamine
oxidase A levels. The interaction of the aqueous extract with dopamine D2-receptors,
α1-adrenoceptors, GABA
, and serotonergic receptors may result in an antidepres-
B
sant-like effect. This investigation discovered that the aqueous extract of amla has
2.94% ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid, along with avonoids, polyphenolic compounds and tannoid principles, may be the cause of the antidepressant-like effects
of the aqueous E. ofcinalis extract. E. ofcinalis aqueous extract demonstrated
antidepressant-like action likely by decreasing MAO-A and GABA, as well as
because of its antioxidant activity [17].
Stress has been identied as a fundamental contributor to changes in behavior
and mental state. Improved mental health and dose-dependent decrease against
stress-induced high corticosterone levels in mice are noticed with the usage of
hydroalcoholic extract of E. ofcinalis. Noise can be known as one of the key stressors which directly inuence mental health. Studies on albino rats subjected to
100dB noise for 4h every day for 15days revealed signicant immobility, nursing,
and other stress-related behavioral alterations. E. ofcinalis showed anti-stressor
potential and healing was noticed from the stress induced by noise after treatment
with E. ofcinalis [18]. It is estimated that treatment with E. ofcinalis and the other
traditional herbal preparations having amla as the main ingredient, has overturned
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана