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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5847_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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the diazepam and scopolamine-induced memory decits [8]. Amla berry benets
the brain and improves the coordination of learning, retaining information, and
memory. It enhances mental capacity and intellect. It improves the senses and helps
the neurological system [6].
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3.7.7 Enhances Food Absorption
The usage of amla-berries aids in meal digestion and absorption. While it supports
all 13 digestive res, its effects are less immediate than those of ginger and other
digestive-supporting herbs. People can thus consume it because it does not produce
an overabundance of stomach acid. Additionally, it facilitates the absorption of iron
for healthy blood [6]. Asia has long utilized the fruits of the emblic leaf ower as
food and traditional medicine. Modern research has revealed a wide range of biological activities that point to the fruits’ potential as a nutritious diet and a source of
bioactive food components. One of the main bioactive components of fruits is
hydrolyzable tannin. A promising source material for natural food preservatives is
leaf owers [19].
3.7.8 Strengthens theEyes
Amla helps to support the health of the eye and acts as a good tonic for the eyes.
Infused leaves of amla can be applied to sore eyes. In ophthalmia, medical lotion
formed by dried amla fruit immersed in water for the whole night is used as an eyewash. It may be applied warm or cold. The seeds can be infused to treat eye conditions including conjunctivitis and other inammations of the eye. Cataract medicine
also contains amla [6].
Glaucoma and red eyes (conjunctivitis) can be treated by using fresh juice of
amla. It also improves eyesight. Eye problems are treated by using a mixture of
amla and honey. Amla is used to lessen eye weakness and tension within the eyeball.
Herbal eye drops (Ophthacare) comprising of different herbs, are used for the treatment of different ophthalmic disorders. Treatment with natural eye drop led to
improvements. No side effects of eye drops were observed during this study and
patients tolerated this herbal eye drop well [5].
3.7.9 Hepato-Protective
Amla helps to purify the blood and support liver functions. It also strengthens the
liver and helps the liver to eliminate toxins from the body [6]. The use of natural
liver disease treatments has a long history beginning with Ayurvedic medicine and
expanding to the Chinese, European, and other traditional medical systems. A
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S. Javed etal.
paradigm change toward the therapeutic assessment of herbal items in liver illnesses
has occurred in the twenty-rst century. It is well-recognized that plant-based medications are important in the treatment of liver conditions. It has been demonstrated
that numerous plants and their extracts have hepatoprotective properties. Because of
natural and genetic changes, seasonal changes, variations in soil and climate, and
changes in the nutritional quality of the medicinal plant, there can be batch-to-batch
variations in their efcacies. Numerous research on Phyllanthus amarus has demonstrated the hepatoprotective, immunomodulating, and anti-inammatory activities of this plant as well as an antiviral against the hepatitis B and C viruses [20, 21].
Hepatic damage is mostly caused by inammation and oxidative stress. The phytoconstituents such as gallic acid, ascorbic acid, tannoid principles and avonoids in
E. ofcinalis protect the liver cells from hazardous molecules that are produced by
inammation or oxidative stress.
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) usage over an extended period results in structural
and functional hepatic abnormalities and fatty liver disease. Many studies have
shown the hepato-protective effect of E. ofcinalis on CCl4-induced acute liver
damage. E. ofcinalis also decreased liver penetration and necrosis. This treatment
also decreased high levels of alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamate oxaloacetate
transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, lipid peroxidation, and other
oxidative stress factors and irrefutably reversed the pre-brogenic effects of CCl4.
Acute and chronic hepatic infections, hepatic adenomas, and hepatocarcinoma are
all brought on by the medication thioacetamide, which upon biodegradation produces sulne and sulfene. E. ofcinalis has demonstrated hepatoprotective effects
against oxidative stress caused by thioacetamide and hepatocarcinogenesis.
Diethylnitrosamine disrupts the nuclear enzymes involved in DNA replication
and repair and causes hepatocarcinoma due to the metabolic generation of promutagens that may serve as hepatic carcinoma initiators. Cure with E. ofcinalis
controlled diethylnitrosamine-induced enzymes and also well-maintained hepatic
autophagy and apoptosis. The activity was accredited to its antioxidant, antiapoptotic, anti-inammatory, and antiautophagy properties [8].
Due to ROS generation and oxidative burden alcohol induced hepatic damage
occurs which contributes to mitochondrial defect. Both hepatotoxicity and the protective effect of the E. ofcinalis extracts were studied in alcohol-intoxicated rat
primary hepatocyte cultures. Alcohol intoxication increased the release of transaminase i.e. serum glutamate oxaloacetate transferase and serum glutamate pyruvate
transferase in hepatocytes, and also serum transaminases, hepatic triglycerides levels. According to reports, treating E. ofcinalis caused the high levels of alcoholinduced serum glutamate oxaloacetate transferase, serum glutamate pyruvate
transferase, Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleukin 1β to be controlled in a dosedependent manner. Because avonoids and tannins can stabilize membranes and
serve as antioxidants, many studies have found that different E. ofcinalis extracts
are hepato-protective against hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction brought on by alcohol and changes in antioxidant levels [22].
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Many studies have also revealed the hepato- and nephron-protective effect of
E. ofcinalis extract against oxidative stress caused by ochratoxinA in particular
organs. OchratoxinA is a contaminant found in food. Groundwater naturally contains arsenic which can damage numerous antioxidants and mutate DNA, resulting
in toxicity of organs including the liver. There was a signicant reduction in lipid
peroxidation, elevated levels of SOD, catalase, and GSH, and lower hepatic serum
transaminase levels after treatment with E. ofcinalis [23]. E. ofcinalis also offered
protection from arsenic-induced liver damage by reducing the destructive fragmentation of the necrotic cell’s nucleus and cytoplasmic vacuolation.
The body needs iron to function but its adverse effect includes iron toxicity. Iron
toxicity cause liver damage due to the unnecessary storing of iron. The main hepatic
consequences of iron overload are liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver
cirrhosis. E. ofcinalis have hepatoprotective action of emblicanin-A and emblicanin- B against iron-intoxicated liver damage in rats. Pyrogallol is an important
phytochemical component of E. ofcinalis that has a preventative measure against
liver cancer [8].
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3.7.10 Antimutagenecity andAntigenotoxicity
There is protective action of fruit extract towards lead nitrate-induce chromosomal
dysplasia against the appearance of sperm head defects in mice germ cells. The ndings unequivocally demonstrate that extract signicantly reduced the occurrence of
defective sperm heads. That is evident from the ndings of above study that
P. emblica is essential for preventing heavy metal mutagenesis in animals. The protection is related to its antioxidant ability and regulator effect on detoxifying
enzymes. Fruit extract from Emblica ofcinalis shielded mice from the chromosomedamaging actions of the carcinogenic 3,4-benzopyrene. P. emblica inhibits the acti-
vation and mutagenicity of 2-Acetamidouorene, the cytochrome P-450 and aniline
hydroxylase (Fig.3.3) [6].Figure 3.3 provides an overview of the pharmacological
actions and therapeutic applications of amla, highlighting its various medicinal uses
and potential health benets.
3.7.11 Diarrhea
Amla is used medically for the cure of diarrhea. In dysentery, a mixture of amla with
sour milk is given to the groups. A decoction of root solution yields an astringent
extract the same as catechu. In case of chronic diarrhea mixture of amla leaves and
fenugreek seed is given to patients [6].
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Anti-
anaemic
Nervine
tonic
Immuno
modulatory
Anti-
jaundice
Memory
enhancer
S. Javed etal.
Anti-
mutagenic
Anti-
oxidant
Stomachic
Dermo
protectice
Gastro
protective
Analgesic
Osteoporosis
Anti-cancer
Amla
Antiaging
Cardio
protective
Fig. 3.3 Pharmacological actions and therapeutic applications of amla [2]
3.7.12 Promotes Healthier Hair
Anti-
cataleptic
Cerebro
protective
hair tonic
Anti-
dyslipidemic
Anti-
microbial
Anti-
diabetic
Amla makes teeth, bones, nails, and hair healthy by increasing the absorption of
calcium. It inhibits premature graying of hair and keeps hair follicles strong so they
do not thin out with age. The minced fruits promote hair development and stop hair
from greying [6]. The usage of dried fruit solids that have been cooked in coconut
oil stops hair from going grey. The dried amla bits that are soaked in water overnight
are also benecial to hair [5]. Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract has antidiarrheal
activity, is used as an anti-spasmodic agent, and cause blockade of Ca2+ channels
and muscarinic receptors, thus elucidating its medicinal use in diarrhea [24].
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3.7.13 Heals Wounds andUlcers
Both ascorbic acid and tannins (emblicanin A and emblicanin B) have potent antioxidant properties that aid in cell repair. Bactericidal mouthwash is made by a
decoction of the leaves. Honey and amla root bark mixture is useful for inammations of the mouth. The mouthwash made from the decoction of amla leaves is used
to treat aphthae. For aphthous stomatitis, root extract applied with honey is recommended [5]. The fruit extract can stimulate neo-angiogenesis, aiding in the healing
of stomach lesions. The anti-inammatory properties enhance ulcer healing even
further. Due to its anti-secretory and chemopreventive abilities, Phyllanthus
emblica, whether used alone or in combination, is a viable natural method to treat
numerous chronic illnesses, including ulcers [25].
3.7.14 Antitussive Effect
The airway’s laryngopharyngeal and tracheobronchial mucosal regions were
mechanically stimulated in conscious cats to assess E. ofcinalis-antitussive efcacy. The ethanol extract of the E. ofcinalis fruits is able to prevent mechanicallyinduced cough, but only at large doses (200mg per kg body weight). This suggests
that E. ofcinalis possesses antitussive efcacy in conscious cats that are dose-
dependent but larger than the antitussive activity of dropropizine, a popular nonnarcotic antitussive drug. The dry E. ofcinalis extract is thought to have antitussive
properties due to its antispasmolytic, antiphlogistic, and antioxidant effectiveness
effects, as well as it affects the airways’ ability to secrete mucus [26].
3.7.15 Strengthens theLungs
Amla is a wonderful tonic for nourishing and strengthening the lungs and the whole
respiratory tract. It controls the lungs’ moisture balance. Amla fruit with seeds is
used for the treatment of asthma and bronchitis [6].
3.7.16 Good fortheSkin
Amla supports healthy digestion, aids in liver detoxication, and is a good source of
nutrients including vitamin C.Additionally, it helps improve skin tone. Amla nourishes the skin and supports the immunity of the skin against bacterial infection. It
increases glow and shines [6]. Timudom et al. studied that amla has a variety of
advantages for the skin, including anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, and skin- whitening
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properties. The goal of this study was to examine the anti-sebum effectiveness of
Emblica cleanser on facial skin. The cleanser base was created, enhanced stability
was tested, and 10 individuals’ preferences were assessed. A single patch test on
volunteers was used to determine whether the cleanser base with the greatest preference score was combined with emblica extract. The toners did not irritate the skin
and were steady. The toner from Emblica is safe and appears to have anti-sebum
efcacy on face skin, and the methodology of assessment of anti-sebum effectiveness utilized in this study is feasible [27].
S. Javed etal.
3.7.17 Helps theUrinary System
As it supports digestion and absorption, amla is exclusively helpful to the urinary
system. It is useful for the treatment of mild burning sensations while urinating. It
maintains natural diuretic function but does not function like diuretic pills. In simple words, it does not overstimulate the urinary system and helps to eliminate waste
from the body [6]. To treat bladder discomforts and retain urine the fruit paste is
used alone or in combination with Nelumbium speciosum [28].
3.7.18 Flushes out Toxins
Amla helps the liver in ushing out toxic chemicals in those who have stored preservers and chemicals in their liver from consuming junk food over an extended period.
3.7.19 Improves Immunity
Amla is a potent immunity booster due to all of the aforementioned advantages.
Studies have shown that amla fruit has antiviral antibacterial and anti-fungal
properties.
3.7.20 Improves Muscle Tone
Amla is good for constructing lean muscle mass and strengthening muscles because
it enhances protein synthesis. Its exclusive action offers a natural way for sportsmen
and bodybuilders to tone their muscles and add lean mass [6].
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3.7.21 Anti-Hyperthyroidism
To assess its ameliorative effects on the L-thyroxine (L-T4)-induced hyperthyroidism and hepatic lipid peroxidation in mice, the ethanolic extract from the fruits of
Emblica ofcinalis was studied. According to the research, E. ofcinalis caused a
greater reduction in T3 and T4 levels than propyl thiouracil. In hyperthyroid animals, the plant extract preserved a normal level of glu-6-pase activity. In hyperthyroid rats, the plant extract also showed its hepatoprotective properties by reducing
hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) and increasing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity [29].
3.7.22 Stop Nausea, Vomiting andBleeding oftheNose
To stop emesis, honey is administered along with a powder made from red sandalwood and amla seeds. Seeds have been fried in ghee and crushed, then applied to the
forehead to stop nose bleeding [5].
3.7.23 In Water Purication
Natives in certain areas add young branches of amla to the wells to give the water a
nice avor, especially if the water is dirty due to the buildup of plant materials or
other factors [5].
3.7.24 Pharmacological Action ofAmla andMechanisms
The increased production of free radicals and their poor scavenging cause prooxidant conditions in the body. Disproportion in pro-oxidant and antioxidant
homeostasis cause diseases in the body. Amla is a great antioxidant due to high
content of Vitamin C present in it. Amla inhibit the growth of cancer due to its antiproliferative and antioxidant activity. It employs pharmacological activities by different mechanisms. Some mechanisms are listed in Table3.1.
3.7.25 Uses ofAmla AsaHome Remedy
Amla fruit has demonstrated a variety of health advantages and medical worth. It
has long been used as a common household cure for various illnesses. Table 3.2
shows the conditions and how to utilize amla as a home cure.
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Table 3.1
Pharmaceutical activities of Amla and Mechanisms
Pharmaceutical
actions of Amla Description Mechanism
Antimicrobial Useful in treatment of asthma,
Cardio
protective
Diabetes Tannins present in amla,
Anti-oxidant Enhance the body’s natural
Cancer The protective bioactive
bronchitis and tuberculosis
Function as cardiac stimulant
Lowers VLDL, LDL and
cholesterol levels
Raise HDL levels
Prevent atherosclerosis
enhances glucose uptake and
inhibits adipogenesis
Amla and a concentrated portion
of its tannoids can prevent rats
from developing diabetic
cataracts
antioxidant defense enzymes
Acts as a matrix
metalloproteinase inhibitor
Decreases raised levels of;
Urea nitrogen, TBARS
Serum creatinine,
Decreased COX 2, iNOS
expressions
components of amla act as a
preventative against the growth
of cancer
Lessen the adverse effects of
different cancer therapies
Show antibacterial and antiviral activity
by inhibiting Candida albicans adherence
to epithelial cells of buccal cavity [30]
Pentagalloylglucose, a polyphenolic
compound of amla show antiviral activity,
inhibiting replication of inuenza A virus
[31]
Substantial decrease in the colony of E.
coli, S. aureus, Pasteurella multocida by
tube distillation technique [32]
Prevents oxidative stress caused by
ischemia-reperfusion
Emblicanin A, B (tannoid principles in
fruit) have antioxidant property invitro
and invivo and have a cardio protective
effect [33]
E. ofcinalis inhibits oxidative stress and
TGF-β in diabetic rats and show
nephro-protective effect [34]
Ellagic acid in E. ofcinalis fruit show
antioxidant and antidiabetic activity by
inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase
[35]
Aldose reductase activity and sorbitol
production in the lens are both prevented
by preventing the oxidative stress brought
on by the polyol pathway [36]
Scavenging of free radicals (2,2-
diphenylpicrylhydrazyl) [37, 38]
Increase of oxidative stress by
inhibition of nuclear factor (NF-KB)
activation [39]
Polyphenol fraction of E. ofcinalis
inhibit lipid peroxidation, DNA
topoisomerase I in mutant cells of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and cdc25
tyrosine phosphate [40]
Show anti proliferative action and
inhibiting cell proliferation in tumor
cell lines of humans [41]
(continued)
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Table 3.1 (continued)
Pharmaceutical
actions of Amla Description Mechanism
Hepatoprotective
Wound healing Ascorbic acid and tannins have
Ulcer protective Heals and prevent ulcers and
Immunity
booster
Nephro
protective
Memory
enhancer
Hair tonic Increases the absorption of
Skin aging Guard the skin against harmful
Diarrhea Amla extracts are used in the
Helps to purify blood
Strengthens liver and helps the
liver to eliminate toxins from the
body
potent antioxidant properties that
aid in cell repair
Bactericidal mouthwash is made
by a decoction of the leaves.
Honey and amla root bark
mixture is useful for
inammations of the mouth
Laxative to relieve constipation
infections
Enhance ulcer healing due to
anti-inammatory properties
Acts as immunity booster due to
antiviral antibacterial and
anti-fungal properties
Remarkable source of Vitamin C
Protective in age-related renal
disorder
Convenient remedy for the
management of Alzheimer’s
disease
Improves memory
Increase cholinesterase activity
of brain
calcium and makes teeth, bones,
nails, and hair healthier
Inhibits premature graying of
hair
effects of free radicals
Amla extract encourages the
spread of broblasts and help in
the production of procollagen
treatment of diarrhea
Emblicanin A, B, pedunculagin,
puniculagin exhibit antioxidant action,
prevent hepatic lipid peroxidation caused
by iron and show hepatoprotection [42]
Due to anti-inammatory properties, E.
ofcinalis is used as potent drug against
chronic and acute inammation as
compared to diclofenac [43]
Used as gastro protective agent in
NSAIDs-induced gastropathy
Amla extract upregulates antiinammatory (concentration of cytokine)
and capably decrease pro inammatory
TNF-α and 1L-1β (cytokine) levels [44]
Increase the action of natural killer cells
and cellular toxicity caused by antibodies
[45]
Reduce the expression levels of inducible
nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and
cyclooxygenase (COX-2) by inhibition of
renal nuclear factor (NF[39]
Increased acetylcholinesterase activity
increases memory, useful in a reversal of
memory decits [16, 46]
Amla is the second potent inhibitor of
5α-reductase inhibitor, also involve in hair
growth [47]
Extract inhibits the matrix
metalloproteinase-1in broblast of
human skin and promotes the production
of procollagen [48]
Have antidiarrheal activity, causing
blockage of calcium channels and
muscarinic receptors
Inhibit diarrhea induced by castor oil [24]
B) activation
K
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Table 3.2
Home remedies of amla [2, 4]
Home remedy Use
Anti-aging Due to presence of a variety of nutrients, aids in maintaining
Eye tonic Healthy dietary supplement to enhance nearsightedness
Cough remedy Mixture of amla with warm milk or honey is a natural remedy for
Hair growth Amla oil is made by grinding dried amla fruits that have been
Treat white spots on the
nail
Natural treatment for
anemia
Blood sugar stabilizer Regular consumption of bitter gourd juice and amla seeds or dried
Natural cholesterol
remedy
Reduce hypertension High vitamin C intake helps regulate blood pressure
Menstrual disorders
treatment
Treatment of jaundice A fermented uid of amla root is used in treatment of jaundice
For itch A mixture of itch oil with powder of burnt amla seed relieves in itch
stamina in older individuals,
Fresh amla fruit has a refreshing impact on the body
Helpful in the treatment of glaucoma and conjunctivitis
Used in eyewash and eye drops
cough
cooked in coconut oil
Amla oil acts as a powerful conditioner, stops hair greying and
thinning
Useful treatment for vitamin deciency
Addition of amla juice or powder to the diet alleviates this problem
Vitamin C, a crucial component of amla that aids in the absorption
of iron
amla powder in capsule form
It causes a decrease in a reduction of triglycerides, total cholesterol,
LDL and VLDL cholesterol
A daily routine diet might include dried amla powder
Amla powder or Triphala (a recipe of amla and other herbs) is a
potent treatment for hypertension
Amla may be consumed combined with mashed banana or honey
and fennel
3.8 Conclusion
One can understand the abundant phytochemistry of amla as a substantial source of
chemicals with potential health advantages. The undeviating dominance of oxidative processes and the promotion of an antioxidant defense system are two key
effects of the antioxidant. In addition to its antioxidant properties, amla constituents
have a role in promoting health and enhancing resistance to illness. The greatest
source of vitamin C is present in it. The equivalent amount of fresh amla is the same
as 16 bananas or 3 oranges. Numerous phytochemicals, including avonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and alkaloids in amla, have been found to have pharmacological
actions that include antioxidant, anti-cancer, antigenotoxic, anticancer, and anticarcinogenic activities. It is supposedly a safe herbal medicine with no side effects.
Thus, it can be said that amla is a fruit that has been used for centuries and has a long
history of therapeutic success.
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