stress seems to inuence bruxing activity [155]. Studies that monitored levels of nocturnal bruxing activity recorded a temporal pattern linked to stressful events [130–132]. A recent study, con­ducted in two culturally different countries, aimed to evaluate the effect of the SARS-CoV-2 pan­demic on the possible prevalence and worsening of TMD and bruxism symptoms. The study found that the coronavirus pandemic has caused signi­cant adverse effects on the psychoemotional status of both countries’ populations, resulting in the intensication of their bruxism and TMD symp­toms [62]. These ndings were similar to those of another study that surveyed 506 individuals; half the subjects in the study reported an increase in bruxism behaviors, while up to one-third reported an increase in their symptoms involving the TMJ and jaw muscles [63]. Another study concluded that, because of the increased levels of anxiety and depression, renal failure patients and patients undergoing hemodialysis patients are more sensi­tive to TMD and sleep bruxism than healthy people [65]. A recent study showed that although awake bruxers have larger levels of anxiety, somatization, and neuroticism, they displayed more adapted cop­ing strategies. They concluded that awake bruxism may play a positive role in stress coping, which would be compatible with the hypothesis of masti­cation as a means of relieving psychological ten­sion [156].

signs were expressed signicantly more often in GJH compared to controls with TMD and normal joint mobility [227]. TMD patients with articular disc disorders are more likely to be diagnosed with GJH compared to patients without disc­related disorders [228].