Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5182_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана

Micromycetes were mainly model objects when studying the photobiology of fungi. The rst works devoted to studying the spectral dependence of photoreactions of macromycetes began to be carried out in the 80s of the twentieth century (Durand & Furuya, 1985; Leatham & Stahmann, 1987). The main attention was paid to studying the inuence of light on various aspects of the morphogenesis and metabolism of edible and medicinal macromycetes, such as the accumulation of secondary metabolites and the formation of fruiting bodies (Huang et al., 2017; Idnurm & Heitman, 2005; Kanda et al., 2007; Kojima et al., 2015; Li et al., 2023; Sakamoto et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2022).

It is widely known that light intensity can positively inuence the photochemical accumulation of bioactive metabolites (Li & Kubota, 2009). Miyazaki et al. (2011) studied the spectral sensitivity of six species of cultivated mushrooms (Flammulina

The spectral sensitivity of fruiting body development during vegetative growth, morphology, and nutritional quality of Pleurotus eryngii was studied (Yue et al., 2022). In this research, LED light sources were selected to supplement the light in the pro­duction of P. eryngii. The results showed that the yield and nutritional quality of the red- light treatment fruiting body were higher than those of the white light control, the commercial properties were good, and the energy consumption of the red LED light source was the lowest under the same light intensity. Oguntoyinbo et al. (2016) studied the effect of different wavelengths on the morphogenesis of the fruiting body of the edible medicinal mushroom Grifola frondosa (maitake). The wavelength range used in the study was from 360 to 700 nm. Maitake morphogenesis under the inuence of blue light (400– 480 nm) led to the appearance of large pilei and short stems. Green illumin­ation with a wavelength of λ = 540 nm led to similar morphogenesis and a slightly lower mass of the fruiting body. However, the color of the resulting fruiting body was much lighter than that of the control mushroom. Generally, lighter- colored maitake is more desirable in the market. Based on the results obtained, the authors recommend the use of green light to stimulate fruiting and obtain high- quality fruiting bodies when cultivating G. frondosa (Oguntoyinbo et al., 2016). Damaso et al. (2018) studied the effect of LED on vegetative mycelium growth, fruiting body formation, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of Lentinus tigrinus fruiting body extracts. Mycelium under blue LED light showed the highest growth rate, while uorescent light showed the lowest mycelial growth. In addition, when exposed to blue light, the shortest periods of incu­bation (12.33 days) and primary initiation (17.67 days), the highest number of fruiting bodies (27.67), yield (37.59 g), and biological efciency (12.53%) were recorded. Moreover, among color LEDs, the highest phenolic content (25.04 mg gallic acid equiva­lent per g sample dry weight) and radical scavenging activity (61.29%) were observed in mushrooms grown under blue and red LEDs, respectively (Damaso et al., 2018). Tiniola et al. (2021) assessed the effects of LED on biomass accumulation, fruiting body production, total phenolic content, and antioxidant properties of Lentinus swartzii. The most signicant effect on the synthesis of the mycelial mass was observed when the mycelium was irradiated with red light under deep cultivation conditions. When

green light on mycelial mass growth and extracellular enzyme activity of Pleurotus species under submerged culture conditions. The light source was LED. During the experiment, it was found that green light reduced the growth of mycelial biomass of all species studied but increased the cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities. The cellulolytic activity of most strains increased in the presence of green light, ranging from 1.5- fold to 8- fold depending on the mushroom species. Green light reduces the laccase activity of most strains. Mykchaylova et al. (2023) presented new data on photostimulatory modes quasi- monochromatic light of biosynthetic activity for edible medicinal mush­room Hericium erinaceus IBK 977 in vitro. An articial lighting setup based on light- emitting diode (LED) arrays with wavelengths λ = 470 nm (blue), λ = 530 nm (green), and λ = 650 nm (red) was used. Authors report that the mycelium of H. erinaceus irradi­ation by low- intensity light at wavelengths of 470 nm, and 650 nm resulted in the reduc­tion of the lag phase and an increase of the culture’s growth rate. The highest biomass yield (12.1 g/ L) on the 12th day of cultivation was achieved with irradiation at a blue light. Irradiation of the mycelium of H. erinaceus by all used wavelength ranges led to an increase in the synthesis of both extra- and intracellular polysaccharides (Table 14.1). The modes of irradiation with λ = 470 nm turned out to be the most effective.

above uctuations in the content of SFA, MUFA, and PUFA can be considered as the result of enzymatic reactions of the inducible type. In response to the inuence of such an environmental factor as irradiation, the cell synthesizes inducible enzymes, in this case – desaturase (catalyzes the transformation of a single bond between carbon atoms in acyl chains (C‒C) into double bonds (C= C). Selected modes of photostimulation of biosynthetic activity can be used in the biotechnology of submerged cultivation of the edible medicinal macromycete H. erinaceus to intensify the technological stages and increase the yield of the nal product (mycelial mass, polysaccharides, and the group of essential fatty acids).

There is a hypothesis that the biostimulation effect of helium- neon laser (He- Ne laser) radiation is associated with its absorption by the porphyrin- containing enzyme catalase, which has a light absorption maximum of about 628 nm. Based on this assumption, the parameters of laser radiation largely determine the body’s response. The effect of stimulating growth and biological activity under the inuence of low­intensity radiation has been found in some bacteria and yeasts, as well as in many species of higher plants and animals (Karu, 1994). When cells are exposed to a laser, photophysical and photochemical reactions occur, associated with the absorption of light energy and the disruption of weak molecular bonds, as well as the perception and transfer of the effect of laser radiation by liquid media of the body. The presence of spe­cic photoacceptors in biological tissues, in particular, porphyrins, cyclic nucleotides, iron- and copper- containing enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase), redox cycle enzymes, cytochromes, pigments, and other substances), increases the susceptibility of biological tissues to laser radiation. The laser radiation causes; increased energization of mitochondria (Atlante et al., 2021; Greco et al., 1991; Pastore et al., 1996; Vacca et al., 1996); increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation; increased activity of respiratory enzymes (catalase, cytochrome oxidase); activation of cell metabolism and increase in their functional activity. The nal result of the photobiological process, which consists of short- or long- term adaptation of the organism, is the response of a biological object to laser exposure at the cellular and tissue level, and the exposure itself plays the role of a trigger that starts the entire chain of transformations in the biological object (Atlante et al., 2021; Scandalios et al., 2005). Therefore, secondary manifestations and nal results expressed in the body’s reaction are diverse, although the primary photoacceptor acts are quite simple and few. Stimulation of biosynthetic processes can be an important point determining the effect of low- intensity laser radi­ation on the most essential functions of cells and tissues, vital processes, and regener­ation (recovery). Low- intensity laser radiation stimulates the production of the universal energy source ATP in mitochondria, accelerates the rate of its formation, and increases the efciency of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. At the same time, the amount of oxygen consumed decreases. Restructurings occur in mitochondrial membranes. Low­intensity laser radiation has an antioxidant effect.