Практикум по методике составления научных статей на английском языке для аспирантов. Учебно-методическое пособие

21

For those majoring in Chemistry

$EVWUDFW %LJ 'DWD LV KDYLQJ DQ LPSDFW RQ PDQ\ DUHDV RI UHVHDUFK QRW WKH OHDVW RI ZKLFK LV ELRPHGLFDO

VFLHQFH ,Q WKLV UHYLHZ SDSHU ELJ GDWD DQG PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ DUH GHILQHG LQ WHUPV DFFHVVLEOH WR WKH

FOLQLFDO FKHPLVWU\ FRPPXQLW\ 6HYHQ P\WKV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ DQG ELJ GDWD DUH WKHQ

SUHVHQWHG ZLWK WKH DLP RI PDQDJLQJ H[SHFWDWLRQ RI PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ DPRQJVW FOLQLFDO FKHPLVWV 7KH

P\WKV DUH LOOXVWUDWHG ZLWK IRXU H[DPSOHV LQYHVWLJDWLQJ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ ELRPDUNHUV LQ OLYHU

IXQFWLRQ WHVWV HQKDQFHG ODERUDWRU\ SUHGLFWLRQ RI KHSDWLWLV YLUXV LQIHFWLRQ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ

ELOLUXELQ DQG ZKLWH FHOO FRXQW DQG WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ UHG FHOO GLVWULEXWLRQ ZLGWK DQG ODERUDWRU\

SUHGLFWLRQ RI DQDHPLD

.H\ZRUGV$QDHPLD ELJ GDWD ELOLUXELQ ELRPDUNHUV KHSDWLWLV OLYHU IXQFWLRQ WHVWV PLVFRQFHSWLRQV SUHGLFWLYH PRGHOOLQJ VWDWLVWLFV

$GDSWHG IURP > @

For those majoring in Physics and Astronomy

$EVWUDFW &RQYHQWLRQDO VRXUFHV RI VXE PLOOLPHWHU ZDYHOHQJWK UDGLDWLRQ VXFK DV WKH 7:7 DQG %:2

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

.H\ZRUGV PLOOLPHWHU ZDYH VRXUFHV VHUSHQWLQH ZDYHJXLGH 7:7

$GDSWHG IURP > @

For those majoring in Informatics and Computational Sciences

$EVWUDFW

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

22

.H\ZRUGV )DFHWHG EURZVLQJ 7HUPLQRORJLHV &DWHJRU\ WKHRU\ ,QIRUPDWLRQ UHXVH$GDSWHG IURP > @

For those majoring in Mathematics and Mechanics

$EVWUDFW 7KHUH KDV EHHQ PXFK ZRUN LQ WKH DUHD RI VXSHUFRQYHUJHQW HUURU DQDO\VLV IRU ILQLWH HOHPHQW DQG

GLVFRQWLQXRXV *DOHUNLQ '* PHWKRGV 7KH SURSHUW\ RI VXSHUFRQYHUJHQFH OHDGV WR WKH TXHVWLRQ RI

KRZ WR H[SORLW WKLV LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ D XVHIXO PDQQHU PDLQO\ WKURXJK VXSHUFRQYHUJHQFH H[WUDFWLRQ

7KHUH DUH PDQ\ PHWKRGV XVHG IRU VXSHUFRQYHUJHQFH H[WUDFWLRQ VXFK DV SURMHFWLRQ LQWHUSRODWLRQ SDWFK

UHFRYHU\ DQG % VSOLQH FRQYROXWLRQ ILOWHUV 7KLV ODVW PHWKRG IDOOV XQGHU WKH FODVV RI 6PRRWKQHVV ,QFUHDVLQJ$FFXUDF\ &RQVHUYLQJ 6,$& ILOWHUV ,W KDV WKH DGYDQWDJH RI LPSURYLQJ ERWK VPRRWKQHVV DQG DFFXUDF\ RI WKH DSSUR[LPDWLRQ 6SHFLILFDOO\ IRU OLQHDU K\SHUEROLF HTXDWLRQV LW FDQ LPSURYH WKH RUGHU RI DFFXUDF\ RI D '* DSSUR[LPDWLRQ IURP N WR N ZKHUH N LV WKH KLJKHVW GHJUHH SRO\QRPLDO XVHG LQ WKH DSSUR[LPDWLRQ DQG FDQ LQFUHDVH WKH VPRRWKQHVV WR N í ,Q WKLV DUWLFOH ZH GLVFXVV WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI RYHUFRPLQJ WKH PDWKHPDWLFDO EDUULHUV LQ PDNLQJ VXSHUFRQYHUJHQFH H[WUDFWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV XVHIXO IRU DSSOLFDWLRQV VSHFLILFDOO\ IRFXVLQJ RQ 6,$& ILOWHULQJ

.H\ZRUGV 6PRRWKQHVV ,QFUHDVLQJ $FFXUDF\ &RQVHUYLQJ 6,$& GLVFRQWLQXRXV *DOHUNLQ '* PHWKRG VXSHUFRQYHUJHQFH % VSOLQH FRQYROXWLRQ ILOWHU

$GDSWHG IURP > @

$7+&,1* 7+( 9,'(2 ± 5,7,1*$%675$&76 KWWSV ZZZ \RXWXEH FRP ZDWFK"Y V]ZN%HD TY

Study the following words and word combinations. Try to guess the meanings of the phrases.

content —a handout—

to make sense —

opening sentences —Homelessness —

body mass index —housing status —implication —

overall story —

2.Watch the video and answer the following questions.

+RZ PDQ\ VHFWLRQV GR WKH PRVW DEVWUDFWV FRQWDLQ" 1DPH WKH VHFWLRQV:KDW LV WKH SXUSRVH RI WKH RSHQLQJ VHQWHQFHV RI \RXU DEVWUDFW"

7R ZKDW H[WHQW VKRXOG \RX JR LQ GHWDLOV DERXW \RXU PHWKRGRORJ\"2Q ZKLFK UHVXOWV VKRXOG \RX IRFXV RQ LQ \RXU DEVWUDFW"

+RZ VKRXOG \RX GHVFULEH FRQFOXVLRQV DQG LPSOLFDWLRQV LQ \RXU DEVWUDFW":KDW ZDV WKH SXUSRVH RI WKH VWXG\ GHVFULEHG DV DQ H[DPSOH LQ WKH YLGHR":KDW LV %0,"

<RX FDQ ZDWFK DQRWKHU YLGHR DERXW ZULWLQJ DEVWUDFWV ± VHH$SSHQGL[

23

3.Watch the video again and fill in the missing words and word combinations.

7KH BBBBBBBBBBBBBRI \RXU DEVWUDFW QHHG WRBBBBBBBBBBBBB VR FOHDUO\ BBBBBBBBBBBBBDQG FOHDUO\ VWDWH \RXU BBBBBBBBBBBBB

BBBBBBBBBBBBB LV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK PDQ\ BBBBBBBBBBBBB LQFOXGLQJ KLJK BBBBBBBBBBBBB %0, 7KH SXUSRVH RI WKLV VWXG\ ZDV WR__________WKH BBBBBBBBBB EHWZHHQ KRPHOHVVQHVV DQG %0, DPRQJ %DOWLPRUH WHHQDJHUV

1RZ \RX UH QRW JRLQJ WR KDYH D ORW RI VSDFH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDERXW \RXU BBBBBBBBBB,I WKH XVH RI D FHUWDLQ LQVWUXPHQW__________LQ \RXU BBBBBBBBBBB \RX SUREDEO\ GRQ W QHHG

______________DERXW LW

+LJK VFKRROHUV DURXQG WKH FLW\ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB WKHLU FXUUHQW BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB KHLJKW DQG ZHLJKW +HLJKW DQG ZHLJKW ZHUH WKHQ___________%0,

)RFXV RQ WKH UHVXOWV WKDW UHODWH PRVW VWURQJO\ WR \RXU __________ DQG WR \RXU BBBBBBBBBBBBBB

____________________ LVQHHGHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHBBBBBBBBBBBRIKLJK%0,VDPRQJ \RXWKV__________________

+$7 ,6 +$7"

,VVXH QRXQ

x ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ

x DQ LPSRUWDQW WRSLF RU SUREOHP IRU GHEDWH RU GLVFXVVLRQ

x Scientists usually discuss very important issues at the international conferences.

7RSLF QRXQ

x ɬɟɦɚ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ

x D VXEMHFW WKDW LV GLVFXVVHG ZULWWHQ DERXW RU VWXGLHG

x This scientific publication contents multiple articles on different topics.

3UREOHP QRXQ

x ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ, ɡɚɞɚɱɚ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫ

x DQ LQTXLU\ VWDUWLQJ IURP JLYHQ FRQGLWLRQV WR LQYHVWLJDWH RU GHPRQVWUDWH D IDFW UHVXOW RU ODZ

x Solving Kepler’s problem Isaak Newton discovered his law of gravity.

4XHVWLRQ QRXQ

x ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ

x D PDWWHU UHTXLULQJ UHVROXWLRQ RU GLVFXVVLRQ

x In this book authors consider some questions of first tribes’ spread over the continent.

6XEMHFW QRXQ

x ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɬɟɦɚ

x WKH WKLQJ WKDW LV EHLQJ GLVFXVVHG FRQVLGHUHG RU VWXGLHG

x This professor published a lot of papers on the subject of solar radiation.

'2 127 &21)86(

24

1)Some set of information related to a particular aspect±D WRSLF

2)Some set of information related to a wider aspect of knowledge ±D VXEMHFW

Subjects cover widely spread areas of knowledge, so they can consist several different topics. For example – «Health» is a subject, «Healthcare crisis» is a topic.

1)Mathematical, physical or chemical set of tasks or exercises, more likely to solve±D

SUREOHP

2)Complicated situation, appeared for researches in Mathematics, Physics or Chemistry, more unlikely to have±DQ LVVXH

86()8/ /$1*8$*(

$EVWUDFWV DQG LQWURGXFWLRQV ,QVHUW WKH ZRUGV EHORZ LQWR WKH VSDFHV

addresses, aim, aimed at, aims to, continuation, feasibility study, framework, propose, scope, targeted, this end, undertook

2XU BBBBBBBB LV WR SURYLGH D VKRUW SUDFWLFDO DQDO\VLV RI KRZ WKLV ODQJXDJH LV XVHG

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µWUDQVLW VWDJH¶XVXDOO\ UHIHUV RIWHQ UHIHUV LV XVXDOO\ UHIHUUHGWR WKH FRQGLWLRQ ZKHQ 9LWRXV > @ KDVSURYLGHG SXW IRUZDUG SXW GRZQ SURSRVHGD QHZ GHILQLWLRQ RI ; LQ ZKLFK

25

,Q WKH OLWHUDWXUHWKHUH ODFNV RI D JHQHUDO GHILQLWLRQ RI ; D JHQHUDO GHILQLWLRQ RI ; LV ODFNLQJ

WKHUH LV QR FOHDU GHILQLWLRQ RI ; ,Q WKHLUVHPLQDO JURXQGEUHDNLQJ FXWWLQJ HGJH VWDWH RI WKH DUWSDSHU RI 3HWHUV DQG -RQHV ([SHULPHQWV RQ ; ZHUHFRQGXFWHG FDUULHG RQ FDUULHG RXW SHUIRUPHG RQ; LQ E\ D JURXS RI UHVHDUFKHUV IURP 0RUH UHFHQW HYLGHQFH >6WRQZHOO @VKRZV VXJJHVWV LQYHVWLJDWHV KLJKOLJKWV UHYHDOV SURSRVHVWKDW +HFODLPV DUJXHV FULWLFL]HV PDLQWDLQV VXJJHVWV SRLQWV RXW XQGHUOLQHVWKDW .HOO\¶V > @ DVVXPSWLRQV VHHP WR EHVHQVLWLYH UHDOLVWLF ZHOOIRXQGHG ZHOO JURXQGHG SODXVLEOH UHDVRQDEOH DFFHSWDEOH 0DQ\ H[SHUWV FRQWHQGKRZHYHU LQVWHDG RQ WKH RQH KDQGWKDW WKLV HYLGHQFH LV QRW FRQFOXVLYH 7KLV KDV OHG DXWKRUVDV VXFK DV IRU H[DPSOH IRU LQVWDQFH0LWKUDQ > @ <DVPLQ > @ DQG ;LRPL > @ WR LQYHVWLJDWH

$GDSWHG IURP > @

29(5 72 <28

ULWH DQ DEVWUDFW

7KLQN DERXW VRPH VFLHQWLILF UHVHDUFK \RX KDYH FRPSOHWHG ULWH

D VHQWHQFH DERXW WKH WRSLFDOLW\ DQG XUJHQF\ RI WKH VXEMHFW

D VHQWHQFH ZKLFK VWDWHV \RXU UHVHDUFK TXHVWLRQ

D VHQWHQFH ZKLFK SUHVHQWV \RXU K\SRWKHVLV

D VHQWHQFH ZKLFK RXWOLQHV \RXU PHWKRG DQG RU DSSURDFK

WZR VHQWHQFHV ZKLFK LGHQWLI\ \RXU NH\ UHVXOWV

D VHQWHQFH ZKLFK VWDWHV WKH SRVVLEOH LPSOLFDWLRQ RI \RXU ILQGLQJV

&RQQHFW WKHVH VHQWHQFHV WR PDNH D GUDIW DEVWUDFW 8VH OLQNLQJ GHYLFHV VHH$SSHQGL[ DQG NH\ ODQJXDJH VHH DERYH WR PDNH \RXU SLHFH FRKHUHQW 6ZDS WKH DEVWUDFWV ZLWK \RXU SHHU 3URRIUHDG WKHLU DVVHVV HDFK RWKHU¶V DEVWUDFW XVLQJ WKH WDEOH EHORZ JLYH <HV 1R DQVZHUV

26

%8,/',1*$&$'(0,& 92&$%8/$5< 12816

6WXG\ WKH ZRUGV WKHLU GHILQLWLRQ DQG H[DPSOH 3URYLGH WKH 5XVVLDQ HTXLYDOHQWV LQWR WKH ODVW

FROXPQ

27

28

29

30