Пособие по английской грамматике для бакалавров 1–2 курсов
.pdfГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК
РАЗДЕЛ 1
ИМЯ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ.
Образование множественного числа
Единственное число |
Множественное число |
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Cat, flag, computer |
Cats, flags, computers |
Boy, day |
Boys, days |
City |
Cities |
Life |
Lives |
Box, dress, dish, bus |
Boxes, dresses, dishes, buses |
Tomato, hero, echo |
Tomatoes, heroes, echoes |
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Но! |
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Музыкальные инструменты на – о |
pianos, cellos, banjos |
Сокращения на – о |
photos, kilos, autos |
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Исключения |
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man |
men |
woman |
women |
child |
children |
foot |
feet |
tooth |
teeth |
fish |
fish |
deer |
deer |
sheep |
sheep |
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Существительные, имеющие только А) единственное число
News, money, hair, advice, classics, economics, mathematics/maths, physics; gymnastics, aerobics, etc
Б) множественное число
Clothes, trousers, goods, scissors, glasses, jeans, shorts, pyjamas, thanks, congratulations, stairs, surroundings, police
Существительные, которые могут рассматриваться как единственное и как множественное число
Audience, team, public, government, company, family
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The audience was larger than average and the concert was a success. The audience were all cheering wildly
Исчисляемые – неисчисляемые существительные
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Могут употребляться как в един- |
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ном числе |
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1. |
вещества |
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Man, woman, child, foot, boy, day, |
water, sugar, snow, air, bread |
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абстрактные понятия |
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city, life |
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music, time, information, knowledge |
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3. |
собирательные понятия |
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money, furniture, clothes |
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Употребление many, much, few, little
Исчисляемые |
Неисчисляемые |
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Много |
many |
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much |
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a lot of |
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Мало |
few |
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little |
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МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ. |
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Личные местоимения |
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Притяжательные местоимения |
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Именительный |
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Косвенные паде- |
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Простая |
Абсолютная |
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падеж |
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жи (Р, Д, В, Т, П) |
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форма |
форма |
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(кто? что?) |
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I |
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me |
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my |
mine |
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he |
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him |
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his |
his |
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she |
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her |
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her |
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hers |
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it |
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it |
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its |
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its |
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you |
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you |
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your |
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yours |
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we |
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us |
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our |
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ours |
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they |
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them |
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their |
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theirs |
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ИМЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ |
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Степени сравнения имен прилагательных |
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Тип прила- |
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Способ обра- |
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Примеры |
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га-тельного |
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зования |
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Начальная |
Сравнительная |
Превосходная |
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форма |
форма |
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форма |
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Короткое |
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Добавление |
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small |
smaller |
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(the) smallest |
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(1 или 2 |
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суффикса |
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nice |
nicer |
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(the) nicest |
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слога) |
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big |
bigger |
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(the) biggest |
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easy |
easier |
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(the) easiest |
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Длинное |
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С помощью |
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interesting |
more interesting |
(the)most inter- |
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слов more, |
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difficult |
more difficult |
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слогов) |
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the most |
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(the)most difficult |
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Исключения |
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Начальная форма |
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Сравнительная форма |
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Превосходная форма |
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good |
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better |
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the best |
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bad |
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worse |
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the worst |
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little |
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less |
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the least |
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much, many |
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more |
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the most |
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far |
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farther |
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the farthest |
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further |
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the furthest |
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THAN – чем (используется со сравнительной формой)
This street is longer THAN Kirov Avenue.
Your book is more interesting THAN that one.
Today his playing is better THAN it was last week
(NOT) AS….AS – (не)такой же …. как
This street is (not) AS long AS Kirov Avenue. Your book is (not) AS interesting AS that one.
Today his playing is (not) AS good AS it was last week
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ГЛАГОЛ TO BE PRESENT SIMPLE.
Местоимение |
Форма глагола |
Сокращенная |
Отрицательная |
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форма |
форма |
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I |
am |
I’m |
I am not |
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= |
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I’m not |
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He |
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He’s |
Is not |
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She |
is |
She’s |
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It’s |
Isn’t |
It |
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You |
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You’re |
Are not |
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We |
are |
We’re |
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They’re |
Aren’t |
They |
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Examples
I’m a first year student. I’m not from Saratov, I am from Penza She is a pianist. He isn’t a pianist, his major is trumpet
Are you good at singing? – No, I’m not. But my friend is. It’s great pleasure to listen to their choir. They are laureates of many competitions
PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE.
Настоящее простое время. Обозначает действия, которые регулярно или однократно происходят в настоящем.
Сигнальные слова: usually, every (day, Friday, lesson, morning, etc), sometimes, often, seldom, etc.
Тип предложения |
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Пример |
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глагола |
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+ |
He, she, |
Vs |
He plays in the orchestra |
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(повествовательное) |
it |
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You, we, |
V |
They play in the orchestra |
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they |
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- |
He, she, |
Does not (doesn’t) |
He doesn’t play in the or- |
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(отрицательное) |
it |
+V |
chestra |
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You, we, |
Do not (don’t) |
They don’t play in the or- |
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they |
+ V |
chestra |
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? |
He, she, |
Does _____ V? |
Does he play in the or- |
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(вопросительное) |
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chestra? |
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You, we, |
Do _____ V? |
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Do they play in the or- |
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they |
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chestra? |
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ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ |
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Количественные (сколько?) |
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1-12 |
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13-19 |
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Десятки |
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1 |
– one |
13 – thirteen |
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20 |
– twenty |
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2 |
– two |
14 – fourteen |
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30 |
– thirty |
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3 |
– three |
15 – fifteen |
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40 |
– forty |
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4 |
– four |
16 – sixteen |
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50 |
– fifty |
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5 |
– five |
17 – seventeen |
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60 |
– sixty |
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6 |
– six |
18 – eighteen |
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70 |
– seventy |
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7 |
– seven |
19 - nineteen |
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80 |
– eighty |
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8 |
– eight |
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90 |
– ninety |
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9 |
– nine |
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100 – one hundred |
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10 – ten |
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1000 – one thousand |
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11 – eleven |
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12 – twelve |
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Примеры |
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22 – twenty-two |
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58 – fifty-eight |
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36 – thirty-six |
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163 – one hundred (and) sixty-three |
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49 – forty-nine |
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791 – seven hundred (and) ninety-one |
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Порядковые (какой?) |
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Исключения |
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По правилу |
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1 |
– first (1st) |
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4 – fourth (4th) |
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2 |
– second (2nd) |
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9 – ninth (9th) |
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3 |
–third (3rd) |
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12 – twelfth (12th) |
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15 – fifteenth (15th) |
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40 – fortieth (40th) |
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57 – fifty-seventh (57th) |
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61 – sixty-first (61st) |
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72 – seventy-second (72nd) |
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Годы
1996 – nineteen ninety-six
1900 – nineteen hundred
1905 – nineteen “oh” five/ nineteen and five
2000 – two thousand
2007 – two thousand (and) seven
2048 – twenty forty-eight
Даты
Date |
USA |
UK, Russia |
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Month/Day/Year |
Day/Month/Year |
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03.05.04 |
March 5th 2004 |
The 3rd May 2004 |
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46
РАЗДЕЛ 2
PAST SIMPLE TENSE. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE.
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE.
SOME, ANY, NO И ИХ ПРОИЗВОДНЫЕ. ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ.
PAST SIMPLE TENSE.
Прошедшее простое время. Обозначает действия, которые регулярно или однократно происходили в прошлом.
Сигнальные слова: yesterday, 1951, last (week, year, Friday, lesson, etc), ago, etc
Правильные и неправильные глаголы По способу образования 2-й и 3-й формы английские глаголы делятся на правильные и неправильные
Тип глагола |
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Способ образования 2-й и 3-й формы |
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V +ed |
Правильный глагол |
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like –liked, stop – stopped, play – |
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played, dry - dried |
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Неправильный глагол |
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Учить!!! (см. таблицу в Приложе- |
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нии) |
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Правила чтения окончания –ed |
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Глагол заканчивается |
Чтение окончания –ed |
Примеры |
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на.. |
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look – looked, like – |
Глухую согласную |
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liked, stop – stopped |
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listen – listened, play – |
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played, dry - dried |
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гласную |
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visit – visited, add – |
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added, decide – decided, |
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want - wanted |
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Правила образования времени
Тип предложения |
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Форма |
Пример |
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глагола |
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Прав. |
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They played very well |
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(повествовательное) |
глагол |
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V2 |
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Неправ. |
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He went to the concert |
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глагол |
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(отрицательное) |
глагол |
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Did not (didn’t) + |
well |
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He didn’t go to the con- |
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глагол |
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Did ___ V? |
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Неправ. |
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Did he go to the concert? |
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глагол |
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Местоимение |
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Форма глагола |
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Отрицательная форма |
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I |
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was not |
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was |
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wasn’t |
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were not |
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were |
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weren’t |
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ФОРМУЛА ВРЕМЕН ГРУППЫ CONTINUOUS
BE +Ving
В этой формуле глагол to be изменяется по временам, лицам и числам, форма Ving несет смысловую нагрузку.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Настоящее продолженное время. Обозначает действия, которые происходят в определенный момент или промежуток времени в настоящем, или действия, запланированные на будущее
Сигнальные слова: now, at the moment, while, Look! Listen!
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Правила образования
Тип предложения |
Форма |
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Пример |
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глагола |
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I am |
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I’m sitting |
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He, she, it is |
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Ving |
He is reading |
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(повествовательное) |
They are dancing |
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You, we, they are |
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I am not |
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I’m not sitting |
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He, she, it is not |
+ |
Ving |
He isn’t reading |
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(отрицательное) |
They aren’t dancing |
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You, we, they are not |
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Am I |
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Am I sitting? |
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Is he, she, it |
+ |
Ving? |
Is he reading? |
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(вопросительное) |
Are they dancing? |
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Are you, we, they |
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PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Прошедшее продолженное время. Обозначает действия, которые происходили в определенный момент или промежуток времени в прошлом.
Сигнальные слова: yesterday at 5 o’clock, while, from 5 till 7 yesterday
Правила образования
Тип предложения |
Форма |
Пример |
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глагола |
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I, he, she, it was+ Ving |
He was reading |
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You, we, they were+ Ving |
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(повествовательное) |
They were dancing |
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-- |
I, he, she, it was not + Ving |
He wasn’t reading |
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(отрицательное) |
You, we, they were not + Ving |
They weren’t dancing |
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Was I, he, she, it + Ving? |
Was he reading? |
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(вопросительное) |
Were You, we, they + Ving? |
Were they dancing? |
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***Существует целый ряд глаголов, которые не употребляются во временах группы Continuous (см. Приложение)
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МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ SOME, ANY, NO И ИХ ПРОИЗВОДНЫЕ
some |
any |
no |
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1) + |
1) ? |
1) -- |
There are some students |
Are there any students here? |
There are no stu- |
here |
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dents here |
2) ? |
2) -- (с not) |
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(если это просьба, покуп- |
There are not any students |
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ки, угощение) |
here |
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Would you like some tea? |
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3) + (любой) |
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You may take any book you |
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like |
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4) если есть if |
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If you have any questions ask |
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me |
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Производные от some, any, no
Тип предложения |
Человек |
Предмет |
Место |
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Повествователь- |
Someone, some- |
Something |
Somewhere |
ное (+) |
body |
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Повествователь- |
Anyone, anybody |
Anything |
Anywhere |
ное (любой) |
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Отрицательное |
Nobody, no one |
Nothing |
Nowhere |
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Отрицательное с |
Not anybody, not |
Not anything |
Not anywhere |
not |
anyone |
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Вопросительное |
Anybody, anyone |
Anything |
Anywhere |
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Вопросительное |
Somebody, some- |
Something |
Somewhere |
(просьба, покупки, |
one |
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угощение) |
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После if |
Anybody, anyone |
anything |
Anywhere |
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Все типы every |
everybody/ every- |
everything |
everywhere |
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one |
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