Иностранный язык (английский язык) профессионально-ориентированная лексика. Учебное пособие

3.This means you have to pay £11.50 a day if you drive through the centre of London.

This means that by driving through the centre of London, you agree __________________ £11.50 a day.

4.So don’t go by car through the city centre if you want to save money. So to save money, avoid ________________by car through the city centre.

5.However, it’s quicker to drive through the city centre than it was a few years ago.

However, a few years ago, it _____________ quick to drive through the city centre as it is now.

6.This is because people are now more likely to take public transport instead.

This is because it has encouraged ______________ public transport instead.

7.Understanding the underground is easier than the bus routes.

It’s __________________ the underground than the bus routes.

8.But of course nothing is cheaper than walking or cycling when getting around town.

But of course _______________ way to get around town is walking or cycling.

9.Personally, I really want to see the sights, so I walk everywhere if possible. Personally I hate ________________ the sights, so I walk everywhere if

possible.

10. Many people think London wasn’t as pleasant before the congestion charge was introduced.

Many people think London __________________ now that the congestion charge has been introduced.

Exercise 5. These people all want to study German. Below them are descriptions of eight language courses (A–H). Decide which two courses would be suitable for each person.

Briony’s company is sending her to work in Germany in three months. Fortunately, the company operates in English, but she doesn’t even have the basic German to talk to people. For this reason, she wants to learn with other students. The company will give her time off if necessary.

1 _____ 2 _____

Francine lives in the countryside, and must make the most of her time when her children are asleep. She wants to start learning German to be able to speak it on holiday and she doesn’t want to spend a fortune.

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3 _____ 4_____

Geoff learned German living in Switzerland. A French teacher, Geoff has to teach a new German class, but he doesn’t feel confident teaching grammar. He thinks aiming for an exam would motivate him, but he only has a couple of hours a week free after work.

5 _____ 6 _____

Philippa is out of work, so she can’t afford many hours. She can study mornings and evenings (not afternoons), and wants to work hard. She has a high level of Spanish, and having already learned some German is motivated to perfect all areas of her German independently, with a little guidance.

7 _____ 8_____

Paul can’t find work so he’s decided to look in Germany. He studied German grammar at school but he’ll need to communicate better to get a job. He looks after his grandfather every morning so classes make a sociable change.

9 _____ 10_____

A Perfect school

Did you learn to speak and listen in your language from a grammar book? No. Learn to speak, from zero to confident, using our new techniques centred on listening and speaking. Students say they feel more confident in everyday situations: shops, restaurants, interviews … Classes evenings and weekends.

B Berlin School

Do you need travel and survival German fast? Our ‘4 3 4’ courses provide an intensive General German immersion experience four hours day, four days a week. Classes are run in 100% German, with expert teachers. Elementaryadvanced levels. Mon-Thurs mornings, 9.00–1.00.

C Einstein Language Institute

We offer challenging, fun and affordable evening classes at higher levels for students of German who want a solid mastery of the formal aspects of the language as well as communication, whether to pass exams, impress at interview or just to feel happy with their progress.

D Get ready for Germany

This year-long course is for people considering moving abroad to improve their career prospects. As well as interview practice and Business German, students will learn everyday phrases for a range of situations. Previous

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knowledge of German is required. Classes 4.00−6.00 pm Monday and Wednesday afternoons. Maximum 10 students per class.

E GoGerman.com

Our online General German courses have the edge over traditional face- to-face classes – flexible hours and competitive prices wherever you are. You’ll be matched to your personal native-German teacher to practise vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. We specialize in beginner and low-level classes.

F Language Coach

I offer online, personalized and small group guidance in language learning. This style suits people who already have some German and know how to learn but need help setting goals and getting organized and motivated. With few contact hours it’s great for people on a budget. Lessons Sat and Sun am only.

G Private lessons

Personalized German classes for people in a hurry. I am a qualified teacher specializing in German grammar. I have experience teaching business German and exam preparation. I can come to you, wherever you are in the city, and at a time to suit.

H Telephone German

Our courses are perfect for people who cannot commit to travelling long distances because of work, family or disability. Improve your conversation skills with our friendly qualified teachers in real conversations over the phone, at all hours. Private class quality at group class prices.

Exercise 6. Talk in pairs, A and B.

Step 1

Imagine you are both staying at a hotel but you do not know each other. You sit together at breakfast because there are no free tables. You have two minutes to decide together:

• why you are at the hotel (work, holiday, etc.), • what you can talk about,

• who will begin the conversation and how they will start. Have your conversation.

Student A: start the conversation.

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Step 2

You are now going to ask each other for your opinions and give your views on one of these topics:

• a film, TV programme or book you have seen or read, • a place you have visited,

• an advert you have seen.

Decide what you would like to tell each other about.

Student A: ask Student B for their opinion about one of the topics. Student B: when you have finished your conversation, ask Student A for

their opinion about another of the topics.

Exercise 8. You recently went to a new restaurant in town. You decide to write a review about it on a customer review website. Read your notes and write your review.

Business: Luigi’s Pizzeria

Location: central, with good parking

Decoration: colourful, very bright lights – not very romantic atmosphere?? Service: very friendly staff – service a bit slow – 40 minutes’ wait for food!! My dish: mushroom pizza – best I’ve had ☼

My friend’s dish: pasta – nice, but too much tomato sauce. And very spicy! Write your review. Write about 100 words.

Самостоятельная работа 3 Задания

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in CAPITAL LETTERS.

0.This is the caretaker at the school who is in charge of all __maintenance_ . MAINTAIN

1.Civil war broke out and made the country ______________ . STABLE

2.He was feeling very ______________ before the performance. NERVE

3.There was a sudden ______________ that everything was about to go wrong. REALIZE

4.Can you give me some _____________ with regard to those figures? CLARIFY

5.It all began one ______________ day in 1963. FATE

6.The audience weren’t very ____________ when the projector stopped working. SYMPATHY

7.Can you propose a _____________ to this problem? RESOLVE

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8.Everyone has a feeling of ______________ and no one can make a decision. CERTAIN

9.There’s been a lot of ____________ to your new idea. OPPOSITE

10.Your fingers and toes are your ____________ . EXTREME

Exercise 2. Read the text and choose the word (A–D) which best fits each gap.

We are often (0) __A__ at school that if we study hard and go to university,

we’ll get a good job. And many pupils do just that. They play it (11) _____ and fit (12) _____ . Amongst all these people toeing the (13) _____ , one or two stand (14) _____ , in particular because of their qualifications and go on to do well. However, they are not necessarily the people who also achieved real fame and wealth. For those people, you often have to look at the students who (15) _____the boat at a young age. Take for example, the many entrepreneurs who leave school with few qualifications and stick their (16) _____out to start new businesses. Entrepreneurs like Richard Branson, the owner of Virgin for example, have always swum against the (17) _____ and not gone with the (18) _____ . They proved everyone wrong time and time again. (19) _____

these people are different from most of us in that they are able to spot an opportunity where most cannot. In other words, non-conformity and the inability to (20) _____in are not always indicators of future failure.

Exercise 3. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first but becomes a cleft sentence. Use the word given in bold. (2 marks per question).

0. This graph shows a rapid increase. what

____What this graph shows is_____ a rapid increase.

1.Managers need leadership skills more than anything else. it

__________________________ managers need more than anything else.

2.Good directors have a vision. thing

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The________________________________________ a vision. 3. The HR manager is responsible for the staff’s welfare. person

The _____________________________________ the HR manager. 4. He’s especially effective in the area of finance. where

The area ____________________________________ finance. 5. This business needs new investment. what

_____________________________________ new investment.

Exercise 4. Complete the report with a suitable word in each gap.

In (0) __a__ new survey, it seems that thousands (1) _________ employees across Europe spend as much (2) _________ a third of their working day not involved in work-related activities. In one of the widest ranging surveys of its kind, the results show that out of (3) _________ three thousand employees in office jobs, (4) _________ least two thirds said they spent an hour or

(5) _________ every day checking their personal emails or using the Internet for (6) _________ other purpose. In such cases where employees regularly used the Internet for their work, one interviewee summed up the situation by saying. ‘It’s (7) _________ of easy to be at work but looking at non-work related content at the same time.’ More or (8) _________ all of the employees in the survey suggested that the problem could be solved with clearer rules and guidelines being issued by employers on Internet and email use at work. In a follow-up survey of employers to gauge their responses to the results,

(9) _________ over three quarters (77%) said they weren’t surprised by the findings and as (10) _________ as 5% of employers said they had strategies in place to solve the problem.

Exercise 5. Read the text. For questions 1-10, in which part of the text (A–G) does the writer mention each of these approaches at work?

0.These people don’t mind change and don’t worry so much about the bigger picture. __D__

1.Tell them how your next plan might make money quickly. _____

2.It’s also a good idea to recognize the thinking style of anyone who works with you. _____

3.Develop multiple thinking styles to improve your performance at work. _____

4.Don’t let their natural disagreement make you feel you are in conflict. _____

5.Knowing how your boss thinks will make life easier. _____

6.Tell them how your next plan might benefit the whole planet. _____

7.They like a boss who explains the challenge and presents a solution. _____

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8.Support your proposals with evidence of your research when talking to these kinds of thinkers. _____

9.The majority of employees think in two or more different ways. _____

10.These people would prefer to ‘do’ a task rather than read the background on it. _____

Five ways of thinking

A

In his book Coping with Difficult Bosses, the author Robert Bramson identifies fivethinkingstyles.Thesearethewaysinwhichweallthinkandthewaysinwhichwe approach problems most of the time. Bramson suggests that if you know what kind of thinker your boss is, then you will find it easier to work with him or her. Arguably, Bramson’s five ways of thinking will also apply to anyone you have to work with such as a colleague or client so it’s always useful to consider their way of thinking.

B Synthesists

People who think like ‘synthesists’ tend to be creative and they often see the world in terms of opposites. So, when you say black, they will think white, when you say long, they will think short. If you work with someone who is like this, then Bramson suggests that you ‘listen appreciatively to their speculation and don’t confuse their arguing nature with resistance’.

C Idealists

These second type of thinkers tend to set goals and challenging objectives. They have high standards. So, when discussing a project at work, you might want to emphasize how a project will help with achieving levels of quality or service or even helping the local community in some way.

D

Pragmatic thinkers

If you work with pragmatic thinkers, then they are likely to be more flexible people. They are resourceful and will choose to find a solution with immediate results rather than worry so much about whether something will change the world. They like short-term objectives rather than grand plans. Naturally, they won’t work so well with ‘idealists’ so the relationship between these two types of people will need managing carefully.

E

Analyst thinkers

Employees who prioritize the importance of accuracy, thoroughness and attention to detail are analyst thinkers. They are the people who gather data,

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measure it, categorize it and calculate the right answer to any problem you come up with. So, if you need to convince them of a plan, you will need to present a logical plan that is supported with evidence and data.

F

Realist thinkers

If you try to communicate with a ‘realist thinker’ as if he or she is an analyst thinker, you won’t get very far. They tend to be people who like action and rely on their senses and emotions; they are much less interested in reading long lists of numbers or a written manual. On the other hand, if you present them with a definition of the problem and a plan of how to fix it, they will tend to follow your lead.

G

Of course, Bramson is not suggesting we are only one or the other. Most of us will tend to think with the characteristics of at least two of these thinking styles though it’s likely that one is always dominant. And although we naturally tend towards one or another, it’s worth trying to develop traits of all five thinking styles in your work in order to become a more rounded thinker.

Exercise 6. Read the situation. You have two minutes to prepare a short presentation for your teacher.

Imagine that you have a job where you work on your own all the time in your own office. You are very happy in your job. Now your boss has asked if you will start working in a larger team of six people and sharing an office with them. You are not happy about this, but you are willing to try and reach a consensus.

You should include the following in your presentation to your boss (your teacher):

• Explain key advantages of working alone and why it is important in your job. • Disagree with the idea of working in a team and sharing an office. • Propose one or two conditions to your boss that you could agree to. • Start negotiating a resolution with your boss.

• Try to reach a final consensus.

After two minutes, give your presentation to your teacher. Make sure you include all five stages above which will include talking to your boss at the end in order to negotiate and reach a consensus. You can receive ten marks for including all the points above, using a range of language for dealing with disagreement and reaching a consensus.

Exercise 7. Luke and Sylvie work in the same office. At a meeting a month ago Sylvie proposed they reduce the office temperature from 23°C to 20°C and reduce the company’s carbon footprint. Everyone agreed at the meeting, however, a large

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number of staff have since complained to Luke that the office is now too cold. Luke decides to write an email to Sylvie and suggest that they increase the temperature. He knows that she will not be happy about changing it.

Write an email from Luke to Sylvie. Use these notes.

• Acknowledge that email isn’t the best way to communicate, and explain why you’re sending an email rather than having a face-to-face discussion or a phone call.

• Refer to the main reason for writing. • Explain the concerns of the staff.

• State clearly that you would like to increase the temperature.

• invite Sylvie to continue the discussion by email or by phone or in person, if • possible.

Самостоятельная работа 4 Задания

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in CAPITAL LETTERS.

0.Stella Young was a ___comedian____ . COMEDY

1.People with a ______________ don’t have to be an inspiration for the rest of society. ABLE

2.Many famous sports people go on to give _____________ talks to business people. MOTIVATE

3.Some TV shows are guilty of the _____________ of people with certain body types. OBJECT

4.This filter takes out all the bad chemicals from _____________ water. CONTAMINATE

5.How do you make filthy water_________________? DRINK

6.He got angry because he ________________ what I meant to say. INTERPRET

7.How did you manage to _______________ your fear of flying? COME

8.Let’s begin by _______________ some ideas for the party. STORM

9.There’s a strong _______________ that you might be right after all. POSSIBLE

10.Stella Young doesn’t want to be anyone’s ______________ . INSPIRE

Exercise 2. Read the text and choose the word (A–D) which best fits each gap.

New ideas and (0) __A__ can come from the most surprising places. Take

the case of American writer Sylvia Wright who, after many years, eventually got to the (1) _____ of a mistake. When she was a child, she had a favourite old

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folk song which had a line that she (2) _____ as, ‘They have killed the Earl of Moray and Lady Mondegreen.’ Wright didn’t have the 3) _____ idea that the actual line is, ‘They have killed the Earl of Moray and laid him on the green.’ When she realized her mistake some years later, it (14) _____ Wright that there must be a word in English for this sort of lyrical confusion. It never (5) _____

to her that no such word would exist but when she tried to think of the name for the phenomenon, she drew a (6) _____ . Then it dawned (7) _____ her that this was the perfect opportunity to invent a word. So, she (8) _____ up with her own term: ‘Mondegreen’. After many years, the writers of English dictionaries went (9) _____ with her bright (10) _____ and now define it as a misunderstood word or phrase from mishearing the lyrics of a song.

Exercise 3. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the word given in bold.

0.What would happen if someone offered me a new job? supposing

_____Supposing someone offered me_____ a new job?

1.I regret selling my old house. wish

I ________________________________________ my old house. 2. I think I should look for a new job. time

It’s ________________________________________ for a new job. 3. If I hadn’t failed science, I would have become a doctor. only

If _____________________________________ and become a doctor.

4.I would have changed my plans if I’d known. had

______________________________ , I would have changed my plans.

5.If you don’t know where to go, ask someone for directions. should

__________________________________ , ask someone for directions.

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