Иностранный язык (английский язык) профессионально-ориентированная лексика. Учебное пособие

3.XML is purposed … sharing data … different information systems, particularly … the Internet.

4.The reader may navigate … one passage … another … clicking … hyperlinks.

5.HTTP is a request/response protocol … clients and servers.

6.HTML provides a means describe the structure … text–based information … a document.

7.The Consortium is headed … Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the primary author … the original WWW.

8.… dynamic HTML, you can hide images … the document … the user interacts … the page.

9.Static web pages consist … files … text stored … the web server file system.

10.Work … this direction was discontinued … … lack … browser support.

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАНЯТИЕ 7

Тема: World Wide Web Consortium

Цель занятия: развитие навыков самостоятельной работы студентов.

Вопросы:

1.Internet protocol suit characteristics.

2.Artificial intelligence laboratory.

Теоретические материалы по теме:

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an international consortium where member organizations, a full-time staff, and the public work together to develop Web standards. W3C’s mission is:

“To lead the World Wide Web to its full potential by developing protocols and guidelines that ensure long-term growth for the Web (see www.w3.org).” W3C also engages in education and outreach, develops software and serves

as an open forum for discussion about the Web. Nowadays the W3C has more than 400 members.

The W3C was founded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in October 1994. The W3C was established at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the European Commission and the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which had pioneered the Internet.

The W3C was created to ensure compatibility and agreement among industry members in the adoption of new standards. For reaching its full potential,

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the most fundamental Web technologies must be compatible with each other and allow any hardware and software used to access the Web to work together. W3C calls it “Web interoperability.” For example, before W3C creation, incompatible versions of HTML were offered by different vendors, which increased in this way inconsistency between web pages.

The W3C gradually established regional offices around the world, covering organizations in Australia, Europe, Asia, Africa. In Europe the W3C was firstly hosted by INRIA. Later the European host was transferred from the National Research Institute for Informatics and Authomatics INRIA to the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics (ERCIM), an organization that represents European national computer science laboratories.

The W3C primarily discharges its mission as creating Web standards and guidelines. Since 1994 W3C has published more than 110 such standards, called W3C Recommendations. By publishing open (non-proprietary) standards for Web languages and protocols, W3C strives to avoid market fragmentation and then Web fragmentation. The W3C also publishes various kinds of informative Notes, which are not considered standards.

The W3C leaves it up to manufacturers to follow the Recommendations. Many of its standards define only levels of conformance, which the developers must follow if they wish to label their product W3C-compliant. The Recommendations are under a royalty-free patent license, allowing anyone to implement them. The W3C/IETF Standards (over Internet Protocol Suite) are listed at www.w3.org – Standards.

The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP) is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. It is named from two of the most important protocols in the Suite: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in this Suite. Today’s IP networking sums up a synthesis of several developments that began to progress in the 1960s and 1970s. It refers particularly to the Internet and LANs (Local Area Networks), which emerged in the midto late-1980s, together with the arrival of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s.

The W3C has been criticized for being influenced by larger organizations and thus writing standards that answer their interests.

The Consortium is jointly administered by the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) in the USA, the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics ERCIM (in Sophia Antipolis, France), and Keio University (in Japan). The W3C also has

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World Offices in sixteen regions around the world. The W3C Offices work with their regional Web communities to promote W3C technologies in local languages, broaden W3C’s geographical base, and encourage international participation in W3C activities.

The domain w3.org attracts at least 11 million visitors annually according to a Compete.com study „W3C attracts 11m visitors online yearly”.

The Consortium is governed by its membership, which as of February 2019 comprised 452 Members. The list of members is available to the public on the Internet. Members include only businesses, nonprofit organizations, universities, and governmental entities. There is no provision for individual membership.

Membership requirements are transparent except for one requirement. An application for membership must be reviewed and approved by W3C. Many guidelines and requirements are stated in detail, Nevertheless, there is no final instructions about the process or standards by which membership might be finally approved or rejected.

Задания

Exercise 1. Rewrite the text above in your own words (about 100 – 150 words).

Recommendations how to do it

Reread the text above and make notes to express main ideas of the paragraphs.

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Find the key words in each paragraph. They are the words of key importance to the meaning of the paragraph. Use a thesaurus or a dictionary to find synonyms to these words.

Think of alternative phrases for the longer sentences in the paragraphs. Write your own text using the notes you have made and the vocabulary

you have prepared.

Reread again the original text and correct or change anything in the text, which you will write, if necessary.

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАНЯТИЕ 8

Тема: The Proliferation of Remote Controls

Цель занятия: расширение и закрепление изученного лексикограмматического материла.

Вопросы:

1.Digital video recorder characteristics.

2.Universal remote control features.

Теоретические материалы по теме:

The remote control or simply remote stands for devices used for remote control of different appliances. By the early 2000s, the number of consumer electronic appliances in most homes greatly increased, along with the number of remotes to control those devices. According to the Consumer Electronics Association, an average American home has four remotes. To operate a home theater as many as five or six remotes may be required, including one for a cable or satellite receiver, VCR (videocassette recorder) or DVR (digital video recorder), DVD player, TV and audio amplifier. Several of these remotes may need to be used sequentially. Unfortunately there are no accepted interface guidelines, so the process becomes increasingly awkward. Many specialists note how confusing, unwieldy and frustrating the multiplying remotes have turned out. Because of this proliferation of remote controls, universal remote controls that control multiple devices are becoming more and more popular.

Most control remotes for electronic appliances use the infrared diode to emit a beam of light that reaches the device. This infrared light is invisible to the human eye, but is picked up by sensors on the receiving device. Video cameras see the diode as if it produces visible purple light.

In case of a single-channel remote control the presence of a carrier signal can be used to trigger a function. For multi-channel remote controls more sophisticated procedures are necessary, for instance, modulating the carrier with

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signals of different frequency. After the demodulation of the received signal, the appropriate frequency filters are applied to separate the respective signals. Nowadays digital procedures are more commonly used for these purposes.

Задания

Exercise 1. Make sentences putting the given words into the correct order.

1.extremely – Lately the – increased – electronic – of– number – control– consumer – devices – remotes to – .

2.electronic – remotes – control – use the – for – appliances – diode – infrared – Most – .

3.reaches the – appliance – emits a – electronic – diode – that – The – of light – beam – .

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4.channel – New – APIs – enable – and edit the – each – implement – logos for– line-up – users to –.

5.an – remote – four – has – home – nowadays – USA – average – In the – American –.

6.Center – appear to – Media – in the – Windows – The menus – tractable – be also – more–.

Exercise 2. Make questions beginning with the words in bold.

1.Because of the proliferation of consumer electronic devices universal remote controls are becoming increasingly popular. Why …?

2.In case of a single-channel remote the presence of a carrier signal is used to trigger a function. When …?

3.Multi-channel remotes demand more sophisticated procedures for realisation of their functions. What … for?

4.One of such procedures comprises modulating the carrier with signals of different frequency. What kind of modulating …?

5.After demodulation of the received signal, the appropriate frequency filters separate the respective signals. When …?

6.The infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye, is picked up by sensors on the receiving device. What … by?

Exercise 3. Make sentences putting the given words into the correct order:

1.Running – the – around – denoted – are – border – frame – applications – icon – by a – .

2.default – icon – show – by – buttons – Taskbar –.

3.from – Quick – toolbar – default – configuration – Launch – removed – The – been – has –.

4.pinned – Applications – can – now – taskbar – the – to – be –.

5.clicking – thumbnail – The – corresponding – can – close – preview – on the – the “X“ – by – opened – window – user – any – .

6.only – preview – thumbnail – the – brings – up – the – Peeking – of – Windows –.

7.Explorer – may – Internet – thumbnail – the – in – at in – the – Individual – tabs – be – previews – peeked –.

8.These – available – taskbar – icons – options – menu – any – rightclicking – on the – of – the – are – by – .

9.played – displays – The – recently –, for example, – jump – Windows – tracks – list – Player –.

10.icons to – A – to the – of – triangle – left – displays – notification – the – user – notification – visible – icons – hidden – the – the – .

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11.past – area – side – Windows – In – right – the – versions – on the – ended – of – taskbar – with the – notification –.

12.exhibits – Peek – the – by – same – thumbnail – previews – features – the – used – Aero –.

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences below where Y stands for missing THREE LETTERS in a word.

1.RuYng apYcations are denoted by a border frame around the icon.

2.Taskbar bYons show icons by default.

3.Applications can now be pYed to the taskbar.

4.The user can close any opened window by clicking the “X” on the coYponding thumbnail preview.

5.PYing brings up only the window of the thumbnail preview.

6.A triangle to the left of the visible notification icons displays the hiYn notification icons to the user.

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАНЯТИЕ 9

Тема: Handwriting recognition

Цель занятия: активизация речемыслительной деятельности студентов.

Вопросы:

1.Intelligent Word Recognition characteristics.

2.Optical character recognition features.

3.Artificial intelligence.

Теоретические материалы по теме:

Three main kinds of handwriting recognition are distinguished now. Intelligent Word Recognition (IWR) is intended to recognize unconstrained

handwritten words. It recognizes entire handwritten words or phrases instead of character-by-character estimating. IWR technology matches handwritten or handprinted words to a user-defined dictionary, significantly reducing character errors. IWR also eliminates manual data entry of handwritten documents, which in the past could be ensured only by a human. IWR is ideal for processing real-world documents that contain mostly freeform, hard-to-recognize data.

Optical character recognition (OCR) is the conversion of images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text (usually captured by a scanner) into the machine-editable text. Replacing each block of pixels that resembles a particular character (a letter, digit or punctuation mark) or a word with that character, OCR enables to store the text compactly, edit it, display or print a copy of the

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text free of scanning artifacts. OCR is still a field of research in pattern recognition, artificial intelligence and computer vision. In spite of that the focus on OCR has moved to the implementation of proven techniques.

Intelligent character recognition (ICR) is an advanced OCR. Fonts and different styles of handwriting are enabled to be learned by a computer during data processing to improve accuracy and recognition levels. Most ICR software has a self-learning system referred to as a neural network, which automatically updates the recognition database for new handwriting patterns. Even then accuracy levels of handwriting recognition using ICR may not be very good. Nevertheless, reading handwriting in structured forms helps to achieve 97 % accuracy rates.

New technology on the market for handwriting recognition utilizes IWR, OCR, and ICR together, which enables processing either constrained (hand printed or machine printed) or unconstrained (freeform cursive) documents.

As for a conclusion it concerns on-line and off-line handwriting recognition. On-line recognition refers to recognition of handwriting using a real-time digitizing tablet for input. Off-line one pertains optical character recognition of static handwritten symbols from paper.

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ICR (Intelligent Character Recognition) интеллектуальное распознавание

IWR (Intelligent Word Recognition) интеллектуальное распознавание

Задания

Exercise 1. Fill in gaps in the text with words from the list below.

image, function, capture, navigation, comprises, signatures, tablet, drawing, tablets, images

Digitizing tablet

A digitizing tablet (or graphics tablet, graphics pad or pen pad or digitizer, drawing tablet) is a device that allows you to hand-draw … and graphics. These tablets may also be used to … (1) data or handwritten … (2) .

A graphics tablet … (3) a flat surface on which the user “draws” an … (4) with attached stylus, a pen-like … (5) gadget. The image does not usually appear on the …(6) itself but, rather, is displayed on the computer monitor. Some tablets, however …(7) as a secondary computer screen with which you can …

(8)directly using the stylus.

Some …(9) are intended to replace a mouse as the primary pointing and

…(10) device for desktop computers.

Exercise 2. Make questions beginning with the words in bold.

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1.Handwriting recognition enables the computer to receive and interpret handwritten input from different sources. What …?

2.A tablet personal computer is equipped with a digitizer tablet and a stylus. What … with?

3.Handwriting recognition has not achieved widespread use in either desktop computers or laptops yet. Why …?

4.Off-line handwriting recognition involves the automatic conversion of text in an image into letter codes. What conversion …?

5.Off-line handwriting recognition pertains optical character recognition of static handwritten symbols from paper. When …?

6.The quality of recognition can be substantially increased by structuring the documents. How …?

Exercise 3. Transform Actives into Passives.

The kernel tasks include managing the systems resources.

The kernel provides the lowest-level abstraction layer for the resources. The abstraction layers make implementation of the system feasible. The kernel usually provides features for dispatching processes.

The kernel takes responsibility for resolving which of running programs should be allocated to the processor.

Frequently multiple programs demand more memory than the computer has available.

The kernel allocates requests from applications to perform I/O operations to an appropriate device.

Different kernels, depending on their design and implementation, do differently operating system functions.

Monolithic kernels execute all the operating system code in the same address space.

Microkernels run most of the operating system tasks in user space.

Exercise 4. Fill in the gaps with Past Participles of verbs in brackets.

Multi-function devices and Device Containers

As for Windows 10 every device attached to the system was … (treat) as a single functional end-point, which has a set of capabilities and a “status”. This is quite appropriate for single-function devices (such as a keyboard or scanner). But it does not accurately represent multi-function devices such as a combination printer/fax machine/scanner, or web-cams with a built-in microphone. In Windows 10, the drivers and status information for multifunction devices can be … (group) together as a single “Device Container”. Then the user manipulates this container in the new “Devices and Printers”

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