Иностранный язык (английский язык) профессионально-ориентированная лексика. Учебное пособие

Задания

Exercise 1. Fill in gaps in the text with words from the table below.

technological interactive development allow update

1.The term “Web 2.0” concerns the second generation of web … (1) … and design.

2.Web 2.0 suggests a new version of WWW, which does not contain any …

(2)… to any technical specifications.

3.Many of the … (3) … components of Web 2.0 have existed since the early days of the Web.

4.Nonetheless, Web 2.0 websites … (4) … users to do more than just retrieve information.

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5. The users can build their applications on the … (5) … facilities of Web 1.0.

Exercise 2. Use the word in capitals given in brackets at the end of each line to form the related word that fits in the space in the same line.

Example:

Web 2.0 concepts have led to the … and evolution of web-based communities. [expand]

Web 2.0 concepts have led to the expansion and evolution of web-based communities.

1.Web 2.0 allows the users to run software … entirely through a browser. [apply]

2.An architecture of … encourages users to add value to the application as they use it. [participate]

3.The architecture of participation helps users to create network… [effective]

4.Web 2.0 technologies tend to foster … in the assembly of systems and sites. [innovate]

5.Web 2.0 systems and sites are composed by pulling together features from distributed … [development]

Exercise 3. Make questions beginning with the words in bold. Example:

Web 2.0 technologies sustain innovation in the assembly of systems and sites by pulling together features from distributed developers. (How …?)

How do Web 2.0 technologies sustain innovation in the assembly of systems and sites?

1.Only limited number of visitors may view traditional websites. (Who …?)

2.The content of traditional websites can be modified only by the site’s owner. (Who … by?)

3.Web 2.0 sites offer a rich, user-friendly interface and client-side interactivity frameworks. (What…?)

4.Openness, freedom and collective intelligence can also be viewed as essential attributes of Web 2.0. (What else …?)

5.Web 2.0 assumes changes in the ways software developers and end-users utilize the Web (What changes …?)

Exercise 4. Rewrite the text above in your own words (about 100 – 150 words).

Recommendations how to do it

Reread the text and make notes to express main ideas of the paragraphs.

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Find the key words in each paragraph. They are the words of key importance to the meaning of the paragraph. Use a thesaurus or a dictionary to find synonyms to these words.

Think of alternative phrases for the longer sentences in the paragraphs. Write your own text using the notes you have made and the vocabulary

you have prepared.

Reread the original text again and correct or change anything if necessary.

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАНЯТИЕ 3

Тема: Shortly about the WWW history

Цель занятия: совершенствование умений сканирующего чтения.

Вопросы:

1.Multimedia characteristics.

2.Web browser models.

Теоретические материалы по теме:

The World Wide Web (WWW or simply the Web) is a system of interlinked, hypertext documents that runs over the Internet. A Web browser enables a user to view Web pages that may contain text, images, and other multimedia. Moreover, the browser ensures navigation between the pages using hyperlinks. The Web was created around 1990 by the English Tim Berners-Lee and the Belgian Robert Cailliau working at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.

The term Web is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet itself, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, as e-mail does. The history of the Internet dates back significantly further than that of the Web.

The origins of the World Wide Web can be traced back to 1980. Then Tim Berners-Lee and Jedda Smith built ENQUIRE, as a personal database of people and software models at CERN. Each new page of information in ENQUIRE had to be linked to an existing page. Later Berners-Lee considered problems of information sharing among high-energy physicists from around the world. Therefore, in March 1989, he wrote a proposal for “a large hypertext database with typed links”, but it generated little interest. Nevertheless, Berners-Lee began implementing his system on a newly acquired NeXT workstation. The system was called World Wide Web.

Основные термины и понятия

hypertext документ, который содержит видимые ссылки на другой документ в Интернете

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Задания

Exercise 1. Fill in gaps in the text with words from the table below.

mistakenly over linked software hyperlinks

1.The World Wide Web is a system of hypertext documents running …

(1)… the Internet.

2.The Web browser ensures navigation between the Web pages using …

(2)….

3.The term Web is often … (3) … used as a synonym for the Internet itself.

4.Each new page of information in ENQUIRE had to be … (4) … to an existing page.

5.ENQUIRE was a personal database of people and … (5) … models at CERN.

Exercise 2 Use the word in capitals given in brackets at the end of each line to form the related word that fits in the space in the same line

Example:

The _______of the World Wide Web can be traced back to 1980. [ORIGINAL] The origins of the World Wide Web can be traced back to 1980.

1.The Web was created around 1990 by T. Berners-Lee and R. Cailliau ________at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. [WORK]

2.The Web is a service that __________ over the Internet. [OPERATION]

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3.The history of the Internet dates back __________ further than that of the Web. [SIGNIFY]

4.Berners-Lee considered problems of ____________ sharing among high-energy physicists from around the world. [INFORMING]

5.Berners-Lee began implementing his system on a newly ____________

NeXT workstation. [ACQUISITION]

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАНЯТИЕ 4

Тема: The Internet (Part 1)

Цель занятия: развитие творческой активности, инициативы, креативности студентов.

Вопросы:

1.IP addressing characteristics.

2.Internet functions.

Теоретические материалы по теме:

The Internet is a collection of separate and distinct networks, each one operating under a common framework of the globally unique Internet Protocol addressing (IP addressing) and global Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routing. IP address is assigned to devices participating in computer networks under Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes. BGP allows fully decentralized routing. Owing to the fact the Internet functions as a truly decentralized system.

The relationships between Internet networks are generally described by one of the following three categories:

Transit (or pay) – You pay money to another network for the Internet access.

Peer (or swap) – Two networks exchange traffic between each other’s customers freely, and for mutual benefit.

Customer (or sell) – Another network pays you money to provide them with the Internet access.

The Internet is based on the principle of global reach ability. It means that any Internet user can reach any other Internet user as though they were on the same network.

The Internet is extremely heterogeneous, for instance, data transfer rates and physical characteristics of connections vary widely. The Internet exhibits “emergent phenomena” that depend on its large-scale organization. More than one computer can use the Internet through only one its node. It creates the

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possibility for a very deep and hierarchal-based sub-network that can theoretically be extended infinitely.

Задания

Exercise 1. Use the word in capitals given in brackets at the end of each line to form the related word that fits in the space in the same line.

Example:

The Internet is … … of separate and distinct networks. [COLLECT] The Internet is a collection of separate and distinct networks.

1.The relationships between Internet networks are … … described by three categories. [generalize]

2.Transit means you … … money to another network for the Internet access. [payable]

3.Peer means two networks exchange traffic between each other’s customers … … . [free]

4.The Internet is … … on the principle of global reach ability. [basic]

5.Data transfer rates and physical characteristics of … … on the Internet vary widely. [CONNECT]

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ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАНЯТИЕ 5

Тема: The Internet (Part 2)

Цель занятия: развитие исследовательских умений студентов.

Вопросы:

1.Domain name system characteristics.

2.Internet prevalent language.

Теоретические материалы по теме:

The Internet ensures the following main functions: e-mail, file-sharing, instant messaging, internet fax, search engines, World Wide Web.

The Internet, as such, has no governing body. The assignment of unique identifiers on the Internet, including domain names, Internet protocol addresses, and parameter numbers is coordinated by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). A globally unified namespace (i.e. a system of names in which there is one and only one holder of each name) is essential for the Internet to function. ICANN operates the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). IANA supervises global Internet protocol address allocation, Domain Name System (DNS) root zone management, and other Internet protocol assignments.

A DNS root zone is the top DNS zone of the Domain Name System hierarchy for a given DNS system. A combination of limits in the DNS and IP protocols resulted in a limited number of root server addresses that can be accommodated in DNS name query responses. This limit has determined the number of the name server installation at currently 13 clusters, serving the needs of the entire public Internet worldwide.

The prevalent language for communication on the Internet is English. After English (29.1 % of the Internet users) the most-requested languages are Chinese 23.5 %, Spanish 8.2 %, Japanese 5.9 %, French 4.6 %, Portuguese 4.5 %, German 4.1 %, Arabic 2.6 %, Russian 2.4 %, Korean 2.3 % (from Internet World Stats, updated Q1, 2009).

By continent, 36 % of the world’s Internet users are based in Asia, 29 % in Europe, and 21 % in North America (updated January 11, 2007).

The Internet can now be accessed virtually anywhere by numerous means. Mobile phones, cellular routers and others allow users to connect to the Internet from anywhere.

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Задания

Exercise 1. Use the word in capitals given in brackets at the end of each line to form the related word that fits in the space in the same line.

Example:

The Internet, as such, has no … … body. [GOVERN] The Internet, as such, has no governing body.

1.A globally … … namespace means a system of names in which there is one and only one holder of each name.. [UNIFY]

2.A globally unified namespace is … … for the Internet to function. [ESSENCE]

3.A combination of limits in the DNS and IP protocols … … in a limited number of root server addresses. [RESULTING]

4.Root server addresses can be … … in DNS name query responses. [ACCOMMODATION]

5.The Internet can now be accessed … … anywhere by numerous means. [VIRTUAL]

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАНЯТИЕ 6

Тема: Hypertext

Цель занятия: совершенствование коммуникативных умений.

Вопросы:

1.Hypertext characteristics.

2.Hyperlink features.

3.Hypermedia system.

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Теоретические материалы по теме:

Hypertext is a way of organizing material that attempts to overcome the inherent limitations of traditional text, in particular its linearity. The point of hypertext is to deal with the problem of information overload. Regarding to the Internet the most frequent hypertext document contains automated crossreferences to other documents called hyperlinks. Selecting a hyperlink causes the computer to load and display the linked document. The document can be static (prepared and stored in advance) or dynamically generated interactive applications (in response to the user input).

The early 1980s observed a number of experimental hypertext and hypermedia programs. Many features and terminology introduced by these programs were later integrated into the Web. So, in 1980 Tim Berners-Lee originated ENQUIRE, an early hypertext database system. In the late 1980s, he invented the World Wide Web, firstly for automatic information sharing between scientists all over the world. Afterward the Web was admitted for everybody (see also Number 9 – Web Browsers / August 2009, Number 6 – WWW History (Part2) / June 2009 Number 5 – WWW History (Part1) / May 2009). In August 1987 Apple Computer released the HyperCard application for its Macintosh line of computers. The HyperCard was an immediate hit and helped to popularise the concept of hypertext with the general public.

However, all the earlier hypertext systems were overshadowed by the success of the World Wide Web.

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the main markup language for the creation of web pages. It provides a means to describe the structure of text-based information in a document by denoting certain text as headings, paragraphs, lists, and so on. Moreover, it supplements that text with interactive forms, embedded images, and other objects. HTML also describes, to some degree, the appearance and semantics of a document. HTML is written in the form of labels (known as tags).

The original HTML together with many associated protocols such as HTTP were developed by Berners-Lee. At the time, HTML was not a specification, but a collection of tools to solve an immediate problem: the communication and dissemination of ongoing research between Berners-Lee and a group of his colleagues. Later his solution, combined with the emerging international and public Internet, attracted worldwide attention. Nowadays Sir Tim Berners-Lee directs the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which develops and maintains standards for the Web effective running.

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Задания

Exercise 1. Make sentences putting the given words into the correct order using the text above.

1.HTML – document – a web – readable – a text – is – browser – a form – by – in –.

2.passage – from – navigate – another – clicking – on – hyperlinks – one – to – The reader – by – may – .

3.the structure – in – provides – HTML – a means – a document – information – text–based – of – describe – .

4.hide – the page – images – can – interacts – the user – HTML, – until – you – dynamic – With – in – with – the document –.

5.in – was – support – this – Work – lack – due to – of – browser – direction – discontinued.

Exercise 2. Fill in the gaps with proper prepositions.

1.HTTP is a request/response protocol … clients and servers.

2.HTML document is a text … a form readable … a web browser.

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