Английский язык. Ч.1. Учебное пособие по грамматике, чтению и переводу

Exercise 22 Discuss the questions with a partner.

1.What is the difference between proprietary software and open source software?

2.What changes have been made in the area of software during the last ten years?

3.In your opinion, what will be changed in this area in a decade?

Unit 8 What is programming?

8.1Vocabulary: глагол “get”

8.2Grammar 1: Модальные глаголы (Modal verbs). Выражение степени вероятности с помощью модальных глаголов. Относительные местоимения

8.3Reading: “What is programming?”

8.4Word formation: suffix: -ize

8.5 Speaking

8.1 Vocabulary

Exercise 1 Match the following words with their Russian equivalents

Exercise 2 Fill in the gaps with the words from the box.

1.Ok, we are short of time. Let’s get _____ work!

2.This grammar topic is too complicated. I’m not sure that I get _____.

3.They shouldn’t use their position to get _____ the clients’ database. It is unfair.

4.Sometimes it is really good for your mental health to get ____ your house and have some fun outside.

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5.I’m worried about Mike. He still cannot get ________ his groupmates. He feels lonely.

6.We must help this elderly lady to get _____ the bus.

7.You should get ______ your Internet addiction.

8.I have to get ___ earlier – I’m having an interview today.

Exercise 3 Translate the sentences into English

1.Мы отдохнём, когда доберёмся до гостиницы.

2.Я не уверен, что понял.

3.Потребуются годы, чтобы это пережить.

4.Вставай, одевайся и иди в школу!

5.Вчера я купил новый ноутбук.

6.Я подвернул ногу, когда выходил из автобуса.

7.Когда ты можешь приступить к работе?

8.Она всегда хорошо ладила с людьми.

9.Убирайся из лаборатории! Тебе нельзя здесь находиться, это

оборудование очень хрупкое.

10.Когда я, наконец, добрался до правды, было уже поздно.

8.2 Grammar

Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)

Модальные глаголы – особый вид глаголов в английском языке. Они не обозначают активного действия, а только отношение к этому действию (т.е. возможность, вероятность или необходимость совершения действия):

I can play chess. – Я могу играть в шахматы.

We must be here in time. – Мы должны быть здесь вовремя.

При этом само действие выражается инфинитивом смыслового глагола без частицы to: They must follow the instructions.

Различают следующие модальные глаголы: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to, needn’t.

Особенности модальных глаголов:

1.У них нет неличных форм (причастия, герундия и инфинитива).

2.Модальные глаголы называют «недостаточными», т.к. они не имеют форм всех времен. Например, глаголы can (could), may (might) имеют формы только настоящего и прошедшего времени, а глагол must – только форму настоящего времени. Недостающие формы модальных глаголов восполняются с помощью их эквивалентов: can – to be able to, may – to be allowed to, must – to have to, to be to.

3.Модальные глаголы не требуют вспомогательных глаголов в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях.

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4.Модальные глаголы не изменяются по лицам (нет окончания –s в 3 лице единственного числа)

5.Смысловой глагол после модальных всегда без частицы to.

Таблица 8.1 – Основные значения модальных глаголов

Exercise 4 Translate the sentences into Russian

1.You must be quiet during the lesson.

2.You may leave now if you want to.

3.They needn’t buy anything for lunch – we have already prepared it.

4.Shall I do it for you?

5.She will help you with the project if she has time.

6.Jane knows that she mustn’t go there!

7.Will you adjust this equipment for me?

8.We can’t rely on this data – the device is faulty.

9.The current should be as small as possible not to melt the wires.

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10.He could get the Master’s degree two years ago.

Exercise 5 Explain the use of Modal verbs and their equivalents.

1. To make these devices we need electronic components of higher quality along with the newest technologies. 2. I have studied programming for two months and I still cannot develop algorithms without my tutor’s help. 3. We ought to have got all the necessary documents and technical requirements by now. 4 Could I get there by bus? 5. With the location-based services you are able to travel around the world and work from any country. 6. I have to get down to work as soon as possible – the deadline for the project release is tomorrow. 7. Our company shall contact you if the result is positive. 8. You may use this guide to prepare for the test. 9. Would you represent our faculty on the conference? 10. We mustn’t provide the description of our project without having finished it.

Выражение степени вероятности с помощью модальных глаголов

Часто модальные глаголы используют для выражения степени вероятности того или иного события. Минимальная вероятность выражается с помощью глагола might, максимальная вероятность или уверенность – с помощью must или can’t.

He might/may be right. – Возможно, он прав. (низкая степень уверенности) He could be right. – Вероятно, он прав. (вполне вероятно)

He must be right. – Должно быть, он прав. (почти уверен)

He can’t be right. – Он точно не прав. / Не может быть, чтобы он был прав. (почти уверен в обратном)

Exercise 6 Translate the sentences. Explain the use of Modal verbs.

1. She must be waiting for us in the hall. 2. She may be still waiting for us, but I’m not sure. 3. She must have been waiting for us for a long time already. 4. He looks exhausted. He must have been working all day. 5. They cannot be wasting time on testing this useless device – it is faulty. 6. You should have been more careful with the new MPLS equipment. 7. You needn't have gone to the public library. We've got all the necessary books at home. 8. You needn't have taken a bus. I could have installed you a taxi application. 9. He can't have done such a silly thing. 10. You shouldn't have spoken to me like that. 11. You shouldn't have mentioned that company in your boss’ presence. 12. You ought to have done something about it long ago. 13. She looks sad. She must be having some problem at work. 14. My brother may be coding in his room. 15. He cannot have forgotten about this meeting. 16. They may have moved to some other place. I don’t really know, they don't answer my calls. 17. It must be pouring outside. Do you hear the noise? 18. You should have told me the truth before this happenned. Now it's too late to change anything.

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Exercise 7 Translate the sentences into

a) Russian:

1.My phone isn’t sending and receiving data –the network connections may be off. Could you try to check the settings?

2.I’m not sure what the problem is. It might be a software issue.

3.Your phone is running really slowly. There could be some bloatware on it; you must remove it.

4.This type of devices can perform most of the functions faster. So, your tablet must be faulty.

5.The engineering company should admit non-conformity of the equipment and replace the defective item. But it might take a lot of time to do it.

b) English:

1.Тебе следует ладить с коллегами. Когда тебе будет нужен совет, кто-то из них, возможно, поможет.

2.Ты мог бы стать отличным специалистом: ты умеешь разрабатывать алгоритмы, программировать и управлять своим временем. Ты не должен упускать эту возможность.

3.Не может быть, чтобы она не пришла в университет. Я вижу её в холле каждое утро.

4.Очень вероятно, что это устройство повреждено – экран не должен так мерцать.

5.Запомни, тебе нельзя пропустить эту встречу. Позвони, когда доберёшься до бизнес-центра.

Exercise 8 Put the sentences into Past and Future Simple. Use signal words (yesterday, tomorrow, next week, 2 years ago etc.).

1.The AI cannot do all the work instead of a man.

2.We can get up earlier on Friday.

3.Are you able to translate the text without a dictionary?

4.I must process some requests.

5.You have to test the equipment once more.

6.My sister can reinstall the operating system.

7.You can get the results of the test at any time.

8.We have to call a tech specialist.

9.We must discuss this problem in detail.

10.The passengers have to get off the bus immediately.

Exercise 9 Fill in the gaps with modal verbs can, need, must, may, should, needn’t.

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1. … I borrow your tablet? 2. It isn't certain, but he … be a certified engineer in two years' time. 3. That … be my groupmate. We agreed to meet here. 4. You … get over this situation. You just … more time. 5. The dean … still be in his office, but he usually leaves before six. 6. The laptop service … cost more than the laptop itself. 7. It was so quiet that we … hear a leaf drop. 8. Nobody … leave the hall before the exam has been finished. 9. The professor gave me the instructions in person, so they

… be right. 10. You were lucky. You … have broken your arm, Dean. 11. There … have been the heaviest week in your life; am I right? 12. You … get the driving license before buying a car. 13. She does everything really slowly, so she … be late.

14. His friend … be clever, but he hasn't got much common sense. 15. You … be more attentive. 16. Gabe doesn't go to school so he … get up so early. 17. Their sales assistants … consult you 24/7, it’s really convenient for customers. 18. You … buy only second-hand phones in that shop. 19. All drivers of cars … wear seat belts. Seat belts make driving much safer. 20. This candidate … be interviewed tomorrow.

Относительные местоимения (Relative Pronouns)

Относительные местоимения who, which, where, when, that используются для связи придаточного и главного предложений в составе сложноподчинённого.

Who – «который» – используют, когда говорят о людях (The engineers who designed this machine work in our company).

Which – «который» – используют, когда говорят о предметах (The machine which was designed by our engineers works successfully).

That – «что, который» – можно использовать и для людей, и для предметов

(Distant learning programs can support people that live in hard-to-reach places).

Where – «где, в котором» – используют для связи придаточного места и главного предложения (I still cannot remember the place where I left my wallet yesterday).

When – «когда» – используют для связи придаточного времени и главного предложения (There were several days when we couldn’t pay online).

Exercise 10 Match the sentences halves using relative pronouns who, which/that, where, when.

Exercise 11 Answer the questions.

1.When did you start learning programming? What was your first computer program?

2.What things in the process of programming for you are a) the most interesting? b) the most challenging? c) the most annoying?

Exercise 12 Translate the following expressions into Russian.

Exercise 13 Read the text quickly and match the titles below with the appropriate paragraphs.

A.Is programming a science?

B.The building blocks in programming.

C.The big challenge.

D.Algorithmic steps.

E.What’s first?

Exercise 14 Read the text again, translate it into Russian.

What is programming?

(1)Programming is the process of taking an algorithm and encoding it into a programming language, so that it can be executed by a computer. There exist many programming languages and many different types of computers, but the most important first step is the same - we should have the solution. So, we need an algorithm. There can be no program without an algorithm.

(2)Computer science is not the study of programming only. Programming, however, is a significant part of what a computer scientist does. Programming is often the way that we create a representation for our solutions. Therefore, this language representation and the process of creating it becomes a fundamental part of the discipline.

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(3)Algorithms must describe the solution to a problem in terms of the data needed to represent the problem and the set of steps necessary to produce the intended result. Programming languages must provide a way to represent both the process and the data. To this end, languages provide control constructs and data types. Control constructs allow algorithmic steps to be represented in a convenient and unambiguous way. At a minimum, algorithms require constructs that perform sequential processing, selection for decision-making, and iteration for repetitive control. As long as the language provides these basic statements, it can be used for algorithm representation.

(4)All data items in the computer are represented as strings of binary digits. In order to give these strings meaning, we need to have data types. Data types provide an interpretation for this binary data so that we could think about the data in terms that make sense with respect to the problem being solved. These low-level, built-in data types (sometimes called the primitive data types) provide the building blocks for algorithm development. For example, most programming languages provide a data type for integers. Strings of binary digits in the computer’s memory can be interpreted as integers and given the typical meanings that we commonly associate with integers (e.g. 23, 654, and -19). In addition, a data type also provides a description of the operations that the data items can participate in. With integers, operations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication are common. We can expect that numeric types of data can participate in these arithmetic operations.

(5)The difficulty that often arises for us is the fact that problems and their solutions are very complex. These simple, language-provided constructs and data types, although certainly sufficient to represent complex solutions, are typically at a disadvantage as we work through the problem-solving process. Thus, we must find more ways to control this complexity and assist with the creation of solutions.

Exercise 15 Match the underlined words from the text with their definitions below.

1.… - any of natural numbers, the negatives of these numbers, or zero.

2.… - the activity of converting data or information into code.

3.… - the process of calculating the total of two or more numbers or amounts.

4.… - the repetition of a mathematical or computational procedure.

5.… - the process of adding the number to itself a particular number of times.

6.… - the structure used to affect the flow of a program.

7.… - the process of taking one number or amount away from other.

8.… - the classifications that specify which type of value a variable has.

Exercise 16 Answer the questions.

1.What is programming?

2.Why do we need algorithms in programming?

3.What is the function of control constructs?

4.What are integers? Give several examples of integers.

5.Name the most common operations with integers.

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Exercise 17 Translate the sentence in bold.

Exercise 18 Match a word from column A with a word from column B to make pairs. Translate the expressions.

8.4 Word formation

Exercise 19 Look at the following words. What parts of speech are they?

Realize, magnetize, emphasize, compromise, organize, generalize.

We use suffix -ize to form verbs from adjectives and nouns.

NOUN + IZE

a magnet – magnetize, optimal – optimize, critics - criticize

Exercise 20 Complete the table using suffix -ize to form verbs.

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8.5 Speaking

Exercise 21 Team work. Write down 10 programming commands that you use all the time. Compare your notes with another team.

Exercise 22 Discuss the questions with a partner.

1.What is the most difficult thing in the process of programming?

2.Whose work is more important – programmers, engineers or technicians? Explain your choice.

3.How do the programmers use mathematics while coding? What basic knowledge do they need?

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