Английский язык. Ч.1. Учебное пособие по грамматике, чтению и переводу

4.What types of applications are available from ASPs?

5.Why is it useful for small businesses to rent specialist tools from ASP?

6.Does using ASPs give you more flexibility?

Exercise 18 Translate the sentence in bold.

Exercise 19 Match a word from column A with a word from column B to make pairs. Translate the expressions.

6.4 Word formation

Exercise 20 Find underlined words in the text. What parts of speech are they?

We use suffix –age to form abstract nouns from verbs.

VERB + AGE

to short – shortage, to use - usage

We use suffix -ity to form nouns from adjectives. The meaning of these nouns -

“condition or state”

ADJECTIVE + ITY

equal – equality, flexible - flexibility

Exercise 21 Complete the table using suffixes –ity or –age to form nouns.

6.5 Speaking

Exercise 22 Discuss the questions with a partner.

1.What problems have you personally had with software packages?

2.What problems have you seen other people or organizations have with their software? How can these problems be fixed?

Unit 7 Open source software

7.1Vocabulary: фразовый глагол ‘turn”

7.2Grammar: Пассивный залог (Passive Voice). Многозначность слов “since”, “as”

7.3Reading: “Open source software”

7.4Word formation: noun suffixes: -ness, -ance (-ence)

7.5Speaking

7.1 Vocabulary

Exercise 1 Match the following words with their Russian equivalents

Exercise 2 Fill in the gaps with the words from the box.

1.The printer didn’t work because I had forgotten to turn it_____.

2.The radio is a bit loud; could you turn it_____, please?

3.They turned the old warehouse _____ a new office block.

4.If you turn ____ the page you will find the answer.

5.After his business failed James turned ___ his father for help and advice.

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6.The cake turned _____ much better than I’d expected. It was delicious.

7.The company’s new CEO claims he’ll be able to turn the company ______ and make it profitable again.

8.You can leave after you’ve turned ___ your exam papers.

9.Turn ____ the road after the bridge and then cross over the railway line.

10.If we get new production machines, we’ll be able to turn ___ over 1000 units a day instead of 500 a day we produce now.

Exercise 3 Match the words and expressions from columns A and B. Translate the expressions.

7.2 Grammar

Пассивный залог (Passive Voice)

В пассивном залоге действие производится над подлежащим, а не им самим.

Пассивный залог используется:

a)когда субъект, выполнивший действие, неизвестен, его личность не важна или известна из контекста;

b)когда объект приложения действия более значим, чем субъект, выполняющий данное действие;

c)когда действие само по себе важнее, чем субъект, выполняющий это действие (например, в новостях);

d)в формальных предложениях как более официальная форма.

Таблица 7.1 – Времена английского глагола. Пассивный залог

Exercise 4 Put the verbs into the correct Passive form. Write the sentences in negative and interrogative forms.

1.This full version of application suite (to buy) by my mom two days ago.

2.Computer-aided design (CAD) (to use) by engineers and architects to design everything from cars and planes to buildings and furniture in the nearest future.

3.The first data center on Mars (to build) by the end of 2050.

4.I developed an application but now it (to change) by other members of our research team.

5.I’m terribly sorry, but at the moment your equipment (to deliver) to another country. Our employees have written the wrong post code.

6.With these new tools the research (to complete) in two weeks instead of a month.

7.The operating system (to release) by the time I bought the old version.

8.When I came to the lab last Friday the big computer (to repair).

9.The latest film (to download) on his computer when our tutor came to check his report.

10.Our business (to turn around) significantly during the last few months.

11.It’s very difficult to predict how technology (to develop) by the end of the decade.

12.The cutting edge smartphone (to design) by our engineers now.

13.Those gloves (to create) by our scientists to check if different materials are dangerous to the environment.

14.Hundreds of new articles on IT (to write) every day. 15.The necessary data (to transmit, just) to our colleagues.

Exercise 6 Translate the sentences into

a)Russian:

1.When I entered the room the lecturer was being listened to with great attention.

2.We know that the experiment will have been completed by the end of the year.

3.Since 1981 over seventy million PCs made by IBM and other manufacturers have been sold.

4.Networks of computers are now being used to make information available on a world-wide scale.

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5.Data in processor are transferred from backing storage to the internal memory or from the internal memory to arithmetic unit by means of conductive channels known as buses.

b)English:

1.Электронные таблицы широко используются различными бухгалтерскими фирмами.

2.Студентам на прошлой неделе задали множество заданий. Сегодня эти задания уже выполнены и сданы.

3.Мне обещают, что мой жесткий диск будет починен к концу месяца.

4.Новое приложение разработано одним из студентов нашего университета. Сейчас приложение дорабатывается, но завтра будет уже готово.

5.Конфликт между нашими коллегами будет улажен уже в понедельник. Каждый из них получит свой собственный стол.

Exercise 7 Put the words in brackets into appropriate tense form (Passive or Active). Comment on your choice.

1.Papers (to deliver) usually at 8 o’clock in the morning.

2.Differences in education (to take) into account when we (to hire) new specialists a month ago.

3.She (to show) me the kernel her brother (to create). I was really impressed!

4.When the light (to turn on, finally), she (to see) that nothing in the lab (to touch).

5.He (to complete) his experiment by the end of the month.

6.My brother (to read) really slowly. I (to finish) reading five minutes ago and he just (to turn over) the second page!

7.The old motorway (to use) by many people but it is not very convenient, that’s why a new ring-road (to build) in the city.

8.You can’t use the big data computer, it (to fix) at the moment.

9.They (to do) the calculations at last, so our research (to continue).

10.-What are you doing here in the hall? - My room (to clean).

Exercise 8 Put the words in brackets into appropriate tense form (Passive or Active). Translate the text.

Smaller transistors

Intel (to pack) 1.4 billion 3-D transistors onto its next generation processor. The switch to less leaky 3-D transistors (to give) the new chip a big power boost. The 22-nm chips (to run) just as fast as the company’s previous chips, but with an operating voltage that (to be) 200mV lower. Intel (to incorporate, also) designs at the circuit and core level to improve the chip’s power management. A separate system- on-a-chip code (to name) Silvermont; it (to base) on the same transistor-making process. Silvermont soon (to gear) for mobile handsets.

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Таблица 7.2 – Многозначность слова “since”

Слово “since” имеет несколько значений и, соответственно, может выполнять разные функции:

1.Предлог “since”– “с”, “со времени”

This method had been used since the World War II.

2.Союз “since”:

a)“с тех пор как”

Since she started her lessons with a tutor her English is getting better and better.

b)“так как”, “поскольку”

Since this problem is very complicated, it hasn’t been solved yet.

3.Наречие “since” – “с тех пор”

We drank coffee together last Sunday and I haven’t heard anything from her since.

Exercise 9 Translate the sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word since.

1. He went to England in 1988 and he has lived here ever since. 2. Since we had no time we didn’t check our papers before turning them in. 3. Since you don’t have a source code to a program, you can’t modify it to fix bugs or add new features. 4. We saw Mike in July and haven’t seen him ever since. 5. He hasn’t invented anything new since 2007. 6. Since no point in England is more than seventy miles away from the coast, a large part of its inhabitants had some contacts with the sea. 7. It turns out that no one in our team has updated office applications since last year. 8. You haven’t written a line since you left Novosibirsk for Moscow. 9. Since the branches of our company use different software, we have many problems with communication between the departments. 10. We use this enterprise planning tools since 2013 and we haven’t had any problems with it since.

Таблица 7.3 – Многозначность слова “as”

1.“когда”, “по мере того как”, “в то время как”

The train slowed as it approached the station.

2.“как”, “в качестве”

As you know, it’s Tom’s birthday next week.

3.“так как”, “поскольку”, “ибо”

As it was late I stayed at home.

Запомните следующие сочетания

Exercise 10 Translate the sentences into

a) Russian:

1. As he was working as a software engineer, he knew how to solve this problem.

2. As I said yesterday I’m going to turn around this project significantly.

3. We were downloading videos all day yesterday as we had nothing to do. 4. It will supply as much energy as it is needed.

5. The company releases the software pack as soon as it is tested. b) English:

1.Выключай свет, когда идешь на улицу (go out).

2.Мой брат отдал мне свой ноутбук в качестве подарка на день рождения.

3.Насколько я знаю, чтобы менять программу, тебе нужно знать ее код.

4.Надеюсь, наша работа на конференции будет такой же эффективной, как и в прошлый раз.

5.Мы продолжили наш эксперимент на улице, когда закончился дождь.

7.3 Reading

Exercise 11 Answer the questions.

1.What software is called “the open source software”?

2.Is it more convenient for organizations to use traditional or open source products? Why?

Exercise 12 Translate the following expressions into Russian.

Exercise 13 Read the text, translate it into Russian.

Open source software

The term "open source" refers to something people can modify and share because its design is publicly accessible.

The term originated in the context of software development to designate a specific approach to creating computer programs. Today, however, "open source" designates a broader set of values—what we call "the open source way." Open source projects, products, or initiatives embrace and celebrate principles of open exchange, collaborative participation, rapid prototyping, transparency, and community-oriented development.

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Open source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and enhance. "Source code" is the part of software that most computer users don't ever see; it's the code computer programmers can manipulate to change how a piece of software – a "program" or "application" – works. Programmers who have access to a computer program's source code are able to improve that program by adding features to it or fixing parts that don't always work correctly.

Some software has source code that only the person, team, or organization who created it can modify. People call this kind of software "proprietary" or "closed source" software. Only the original authors of proprietary software may legally copy, inspect, and alter that software. And in order to use proprietary software, computer users must agree (usually by signing a license) that they will not do anything with the software that the software's authors have not permitted. Microsoft Office and Adobe Photoshop are examples of proprietary software.

Open source software is different. Its authors make its source code available to others who would like to view that code, copy it, learn from it, alter it, or share it. LibreOffice and the GNU Image Manipulation Program are examples of open source software.

As they do with proprietary software, users must accept the terms of a license when they use open source software – but the legal terms of open source licenses differ dramatically from those of proprietary licenses.

Open source licenses affect the way people can use, study, modify, and distribute software. In general, open source licenses grant computer users permission to use open source software for any purpose they wish. Some open source licenses stipulate that anyone who releases a modified open source program should also release the source code for that program alongside it. Moreover, some open source licenses stipulate that anyone who alters and shares a program with others must also share that program's source code without charging a licensing fee for it.

By design, open source software licenses promote collaboration and sharing because they permit other people to make modifications to source code and incorporate those changes into their own projects. Computer programmers may access, view, and modify open source software whenever they like, as long as they let others do the same when they share their work.

Is open source software only important to computer programmers? No. Open source technology and open source thinking both benefit programmers and nonprogrammers.

Early inventors built much of the Internet itself on open source technologies – like the Linux operating system and the Apache Web server application – so anyone using the Internet today benefits from open source software.

Every time computer users view web pages, check email, chat with friends, stream music online, or play multiplayer video games, their computers, mobile phones, or gaming consoles connect to a global network of computers using open source software to route and transmit their data to the "local" devices they have in front of them. The computers that do all this important work are typically located in

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faraway places that users don't actually see or can't physically access—which is why some people call these computers "remote computers."

More and more, people rely on remote computers when performing tasks they might otherwise perform on their local devices. For example, they may use online word processing, email management, and image editing software that they needn’t install and run on their personal computers. Instead, they simply access these programs on remote computers by using a Web browser or mobile phone application. When they do this, they're engaged in "remote computing."

Some people call remote computing "cloud computing", because it involves activities (like storing files, sharing photos, or watching videos) that incorporate not only local devices but also a global network of remote computers that form an "atmosphere" around them.

Cloud computing is an increasingly important aspect of everyday life with Internet-connected devices. Some cloud computing applications, like Google Apps, are proprietary. Others, like ownCloud and Nextcloud, are open source.

The “open source” has great impact on all areas of life—science, education, government, manufacturing, health, law, and organizational dynamics. More and more people nowadays agree that the open source way is the best way, because a friendliness of open source is just like anything else: it's better when it's shared.

Exercise 14 Find the following words and expressions in the text. Create sentences using them.

1. тогда, когда захотят; 2. расположен в удаленном месте; 3. распространять ПО; 4. не всегда работает корректно; 5. система ценностей; 6. открытый обмен; 7. программное обеспечение-редактор изображений; 8. работать на локальных устройствах; 9. заплатить взнос; 10. влиять на то, как люди используют ПО.

Exercise 15 Choose a sentence in Active Voice in the text. Rewrite it in Passive.

Exercise 16 Answer the questions.

1.What does “open source” mean?

2.What values are embraced in the “open source way”?

3.What software is called proprietary?

4.Is open source only important for programmers? Why? Why not?

5.Give some examples of proprietary and open source software.

6.What are the terms of open source licenses?

7.When do people use remote computing?

8.What examples of cloud computing are given in the text?

Exercise 17 Translate the sentences in bold.

Exercise 18 Match a word from column A with a word from column B to make pairs. Translate the expressions.

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7.4 Word formation

Exercise 19 Find two underlined words in the text. What parts of speech are they?

We use suffix –ance (-ence) to form nouns from verbs and adjectives. The meaning of such nouns is “action, movement or feature”.

VERB/ADJECTIVE + ANCE

VERB/ADJECTIVE+ENCE

to appear – appearance, to depend – dependence, elegant - elegance

We use suffix -ness to form abstract nouns from adjectives. The meaning of these nouns - “feature or condition”

ADJECTIVE + NESS

sad – sadness, friendly – friendliness, happy - happiness

Exercise 20 Complete the table using suffixes –ance (-ence) or –ness to form nouns.

7.5 Speaking

Exercise 21 Present to the group your favorite open source application(s).

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