Английский язык. Ч.1. Учебное пособие по грамматике, чтению и переводу

hitherto common on PCs; it’s a complex distributed windowing system on which people implement graphical interfaces like KDE or Gnome.

As more and more people got to know about Linux they began to port the Linux kernel to run on non-standard computers. Because it’s free, Linux now is the most widely-ported operating system there is.

Exercise 17 Can you explain the meaning of the words in italic? Choose one word and give its definition in English.

Exercise 18 Answer the questions.

1.What did Linus Torvalds use to write the Linux kernel?

2.How did Torvalds make the Linux source code available to the general public?

3.What does a programmer usually do with the source code?

4.Why will most companies not sell you their source code?

5.What utilities and applications are provided in a Linux distribution?

6.What is X?

7.What graphical user interfaces are mentioned in the text?

8.Why did Torvalds call his operating system Linux?

Exercise 19 Translate the sentence in bold.

Exercise 20 Match a word from column A with a word from column B to make pairs. Translate the expressions.

5.4 Word formation

Exercise 21 Find two underlined words in the text. What parts of speech are they?

We use suffix -ship to form abstract or collective nouns from other nouns.

NOUN + SHIP

a captain – captainship, a friend – friendship, a censor - censorship

51

We use suffix -ment to form nouns from verbs. The meaning of these nouns -

“process, action, result or tool”

NOUN + MENT

to manage – management, to achieve – achievement, to treat - treatment

Exercise 22 Complete the table using suffixes -ment or –ship to form nouns.

5.5 Speaking

Exercise 23 Discuss the questions with a partner.

1.What is the difference between applications software and operating systems?

2.What are the main functions of an operating system?

3.What do you think of the Open Source software? What advantages and disadvantages of it can you enumerate?

Unit 6 Applications software

6.1Vocabulary: types of applications programs

6.2Grammar: Времена группы Perfect Continuous Active. Повторение времён активного залога

6.3Reading: “Application service providers”

6.4Word formation: suffixes: -ity, -age

6.5Speaking

6.1 Vocabulary

Exercise 1 Match the following words with their Russian equivalents

Exercise 2 Complete the chart with the tasks that different types of applications perform. Use the reference box.

What application software do you usually use? Give examples.

Exercise 3 Fill the gaps with the words from the box.

Applications are (0) programs written to carry out a specific task or set of tasks, for example: word processors, spreadsheets, accounting packages,

(1)________and games. Applications come in several different types.

(2)________create text based documents. This set of software tools is the most flexible and widely used. We use (3) ________ to create documents and perform calculations for example Excel, Lotus 1-2-3 and more. These programs were

53

initially only used by accountants; now they are used by marketing professionals, students, teachers and financial analysts. (4)__________ is a collection of relational data, which is an electronic equivalent of a filing cabinet. They are used in offices, educational settings and organizations. (5)__________ is a group of application programs, it is a collection of separate application programs bundled and sold as a group. Personal or (6)_________contain personal software applications, programs intended for domestic or personal use.

Exercise 4 Look at the list of applications software in exercise 1. What applications are necessary for the following users? What other types of software do they need?

a)A salesperson who wants to make presentations at conferences;

b)An administrative assistant who need to write office correspondence;

c)A company which wants to analyze all their sales records;

d)A promotions person who wants to edit complex graphics and incorporate them in brochures;

e)A housewife who works at home as an accountant and has her own blog.

6.2 Grammar

Времена группы Perfect Progressive (Perfect Continuous)

Аспект Perfect Progressive английского глагола используется для выражения действия, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается до определённого момента. В данном случае акцент делается на длительности этого действия (см таблицу 6.1).

Exercise 4 Translate the sentences. Explain the use of Perfect Progressive forms.

1. He has been studying this subject for twenty years. 2. How long had they been using this enterprise software before the latest version was released? 3. I have been working on that project all morning. And now I’ve got a headache. 4. By the end of this week they will have been creating this database for eighteen months. 5. By the time he started to write his qualification paper he had been studying operating systems and application software for three years. 6. My sister has been upgrading her PC since my parents bought it. 7. You had been looking for a book on programming for several weeks before my brother bought it for you. 8. Scientists in our company will have been developing robotics for ten years by the end of July. 9. I have been uploading this course on my site for a half an hour. 10. I have been trying to create my own application suites this weekend, and there are some results.

54

Таблица 6.1 – Времена английского глагола. Perfect Progressive (Perfect Continuous) tenses – продолженное завершённое время

Exercise 5 Put the verbs into the correct Perfect Progressive form.

1.For many centuries scientists of the world (to work) successfully to uncover still unsolved secrets of nature.

2.The builders (to construct) this data center since 2014.

3.I (to download) this new software for two hours and I haven’t succeeded yet.

4.By the end of 2025 our company (to set up) a new computer network for 3 years.

5.When the student entered the hall the professor (to speak) already for ten minutes.

6.By the end of August my dad (to work) at the research institute for fifteen years.

55

7.IBM (to lay off) tech workers around the world throughout last year and into this year, continuing their workforce rebalancing program.

8.Microsoft (to hire) software engineers since last year to start some new projects.

9.Our team (to study) big data problem for several months and we can say that the

amount of data is growing faster and faster.

10.We (to use) our touch screen technology in smartphones, mp3 devices, laptops, industrial and home appliances since 2014.

11.Google (to develop) this software for a long time before they announced it. 12.The idea of storing data in space (to attract) attention of scientists since first data

centers appeared.

13.By 2038 I (to work) with spreadsheets for ten years.

14.You (to finish) your report since early morning, but it is not finished yet. 15.When we entered the university she (to make) this application software for two

months.

Таблица 6.2 – Сравнение времён Present Perfect Simple и Present Perfect Progressive

Exercise 6 Put the verbs into Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive form.

1.I (to test, never) this software before.

2.Angela is still in the lab. She (to test) new equipment all morning.

3.He (to type) his report for the conference since yesterday, and he is only half way through.

4.Their team (to build up, recently) this website, so it is available for the clients.

5.The IT department built the website two months ago, and they (to fix) the bugs since then.

6.According to the annual data update our company (to achieve) all of the goals for this year.

7.The group of scientists (to come up, just) with a new theory of neural networks.

8.We (to work) on goal setting since Friday and still have nothing!

Exercise 7 Translate the sentences into

a)Russian:

1.Scientists have been developing a workflow management system for analyzing large genomics datasets with computers. We can see some results in this report.

56

2.They had been trying to achieve their company objective for five months before they realized that it was impossible.

3.By the time we arrived to the concert hall our friends had been standing in line for thirty minutes.

4.Sue has been updating the drivers since she came from school, so her report is not ready yet.

5.You look awful! How long have you been surfing the Internet?

b)English:

1.Ты говорил, что найдешь нужный файл за минуту. Но ты ищешь его уже полтора часа.

2.Весь этот год наша компания тестирует новые виды программного обеспечения. Мы уже нашли несколько лучших вариантов.

3.Вы обучаете сотрудников работе с корпоративным ПО с начала этого года. Есть ли какие-то результаты?

4.Инженеры конструировали робота уже четыре года, когда я пришел в этот проект.

5.К тому времени как мы доехали до университета, наш профессор читал лекцию уже полчаса.

Revision of Active Tenses

Exercise 8 Match the sentences with the translation. Pay attention to signal words in brackets to make the right choice.

3.The programmers were с) Программисты разрабатывали

Exercise 9 Put the words in brackets into appropriate tense form. Comment on your choice.

1.How time (to fly)! At this time yesterday we (to present) our project at Google’s conference.

2.My colleagues always (to ask) me how to use spreadsheets.

3.I (to update) my application suites since 2012.

4.You (to know, never) English well if you (not to work) hard.

5.On that day Tom (to finish) his calculations early.

6.What you (to do) when I (to come) to your office last Friday?

7.Mike (to return, just) from his business trip and tomorrow he (to tell) us about the meeting.

8.Last year she (to understand) how to change the source code only after she (to read) this book.

9.I (to be sure) I (to translate) this text by Tuesday.

10.Yesterday he (to find) the application he (to look for) so long.

Exercise 10 Put the words in brackets into appropriate tense form. Translate the text.

Google’s chick geek

Marissa Mayer (to be) the first female engineer hired at Google several years ago. For 10 years, she (to run) its core search business while the company (to demolish) such competitors as AltaVista, Lycos, and Excite. Now, at age 37, she (to be) in charge of Google’s location and local services. She (to oversee, already) more than 1000 engineers and product managers who nowadays (to refine) Google Maps, Google Places, and Google Earth and also (to develop) the technology behind applications that may revolutionize the mobile Web.

Mayer (to be) also one of the world’s more unusual pop stars, a brainy blond paparazzi magnet. She (to be, already) on the cover of Newsweek. For her wedding two years ago super chef Jean-Georges Vongerichten personally (to prepare) the food. Her laugh (to be) downloadable as a ringtone. Her speech (to come) at you in a rapid-fire volley, as she (to pull) precise dates and statistics from the encyclopedia of her brain without a pause.

Exercise 11 Translate the sentences into

a) Russian:

1.My colleagues have been frustrated by the problems we have with our technology.

2.In our company some departments have been slow to upgrade, which means that different departments have different software applications.

3.Google rapidly became the most widely used search engine in 1990s.

4.We have seen the impact of off-shoring and the rise of India as the world center of software development and application management.

58

5. Spreadsheets have many built-in functions, pre-written instructions that can be carried out by referring to the function by name.

b) English:

1.Мой руководитель говорит, что я написал очень хорошую курсовую работу.

2.Они встретят тебя возле университета после того, как ты защитишь лабораторные работы?

3.В условиях рынка выжили только те компании, которые понимают своих клиентов и обладают достаточными ресурсами, чтобы успевать за быстрым развитием технологий.

4.Компания Майкрософт продолжает продажи программного обеспечения, даже сейчас, когда любой может загрузить приложения в смартфон.

5.Назови преимущества и недостатки программного обеспечения, которое ты в данный момент используешь для работы над проектом.

6.3 Reading

Exercise 12 Answer the questions.

1.Imagine that you are the owner of a small business. What applications do you need for successful work? Give your ideas.

2.In your opinion what problems with applications do people face?

Exercise 13 Translate the following expressions into Russian.

Exercise 14 Read the text quickly and fill in the gaps 1-4 with the appropriate sentences A-D.

A.There are a lot of advantages to this approach.

B.However, there are some potential pitfalls.

C.Instead, they lease space from data storage specialists.

D.There’s a wide variety of applications available for use via ASP.

Exercise 15 Read the text again, translate it into Russian.

Application Service Providers

If your hard disk is packed to bursting point, the IT department is far too busy to fix your email problems, and your business can’t afford to buy the tools to develop the company website, then it’s time to think about using an

59

application service provider (ASP). Rather than installing software on each machine or server within your organization, you rent applications from the ASP, which provide remote access to the software and manages the hardware required to run the applications.

(1)_____________________ The danger caused by viruses makes the idea of outsourcing your email and office suite services an attractive option. It also gives you more flexibility – you pay for applications as and when you need them, rather than investing in a lot of costly software which you are then tied to for years. When businesses don’t have to worry about upgrading to the latest version of their office suite, they have more time. Time to focus on what they do best.

(2)__________________ Remote work with applications requires a lot of bandwidth, which is only really available from a broadband connection. It is also important to ensure that the ASP will be able to provide a secure, reliable service which will be available whenever you need it.

Providing applications and storage space for vast numbers of users requires some powerful technology. This includes security controls and data storage as well as providing physical links to customers. Mostly, ASPs don’t own the data centers that store the information. (3) ___________________ In this way they can be confident of meeting customers’ increasing storage requirements by buying more space as it’s needed.

(4)__________________ Office suite applications and email services are two of the most generic applications available through ASPs. Large, complex business applications such as enterprise resource planning tools like SAP are popular for delivery through an ASP. Other business services, such as payroll and accounting systems are also available. This is particularly beneficial to businesses which grow quickly and don’t want to deal with the problems that are caused by outgrowing their existing system. ASPs also offer a means of using specialist tools that would otherwise prove really expensive. Small businesses have the opportunity to use such tools for short periods of time as and when they need them.

Exercise 16 Find the following words and expressions in the text. Create some sentences using them.

1. вместо того, чтобы; 2. обеспечить удаленный доступ; 3. вызванный вирусами; 4. обновить до последней версии; 5. удостовериться; 6. надежный сервис; 7. использовать инструменты; 8. системы бухгалтерского учета; 9. быстро реагировать на изменения.

Exercise 17 Answer the questions.

1.How do you pay for the applications provided by an ASP?

2.What two main services does an ASP provide?

3.How does an ASP ensure that they have enough storage space for the changing needs of the customers?

60