Английский язык. Ч.1. Учебное пособие по грамматике, чтению и переводу

Exercise 15 Read the text quickly, find the answers to the following questions.

1.What does the term “CPU” mean?

2.Give some examples of peripherals. What devices can we use a) to enter information; b) to store information; c) to extract information?

3.What does a typical computer consist of?

4.What types of computer memory do you know?

5.What is a touchpad?

Parts of a computer

A computer is an electronic machine that accepts, processes, stores and outputs information. A typical computer consists of two parts: hardware and software. Everything people do on their computers will rely on both hardware and software. For example, when we surf the Internet, we use web browser (software) and our mouse (hardware) to click from page to page. Different types of computers have some differences in their hardware and often use different types of software.

There are three basic hardware sections: the CPU, the main memory and peripherals.

The central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor, is located inside the computer case on the motherboard. It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to process data and coordinate the activities of all the other units. Whenever a user presses a key, clicks the mouse, or starts an application, he is sending instructions to the CPU.

The CPU is usually a two-inch ceramic square with a silicon chip located inside. The chip is usually about the size of a thumbnail. The CPU fits into the motherboard's CPU socket, which is covered by the heat sink, an object that absorbs heat from the CPU.

The main memory holds the instructions and data which are being processed by the CPU. It has two main sections: RAM (random access memory) and ROM (read only memory). RAM is a system's short-term memory. Whenever a computer performs calculations, it temporarily stores the data in the RAM until it is needed.

The short-term memory disappears when the computer is turned off. If we are working on a document, spreadsheet, or other type of file, we will need to save it to avoid losing it. When saving a file, the data is written to the hard drive, which acts as long-term storage. When a user runs a program or opens a file, the computer copies some of the data from the hard drive onto the RAM. Then the data is copied back to the hard drive.

Peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer. They include input devices (keyboard, mouse) which let us enter data and commands, output devices

11

(monitor, printer) which let us extract the results and storage devices which are used to store information permanently. The monitor works with a video card, located inside the computer case, to display images and text on the screen. Most monitors have control buttons that allow us to change the monitor's display settings, and some monitors also have built-in speakers. The keyboard is one of the main ways to communicate with a computer. Another important tool is the mouse. Commonly known as a pointing device, it lets us point to objects on the screen, click on them, and move them. There are other devices that can do the same thing as a mouse, such as a touchpad (also called a trackpad). Touchpad is a touch-sensitive pad that lets us control the pointer by making a drawing motion with a finger. Touchpads are common on laptop computers.

Also, at the computer there are ports into which we can plug external devices. They allow communication between the computer and other devices.

Exercise 16 Read the text carefully. Translate it.

Exercise 17 Find the following words and expressions in the text. Create 5 sentences using these words.

1. переходить со страницы на страницу; 2. обрабатывать данные; 3. запускать приложения; 4. содержать инструкции; 5. производить вычисления; 6. устройство ввода; 7. постоянно хранить информацию; 8. перемещать; 9. делать то же самое; 10. внешние устройства.

Exercise 18 Form the plural for the following nouns from the text (if it is possible).

1. аппаратное обеспечение; 2. панель; 3. дюйм; 4. процессор; 5. клавиша; 6. видеокарта; 7. информация; 8. жёсткий диск; 9. память; 10. ноутбук.

1.4 Word formation

Exercise 19 Find the words ending in -er, -or in the text above. What parts of speech are they?

We use suffixes -er, -or to form nouns from verbs or other nouns. The meaning of these words – “a person or thing that does something”.

VERB/NOUN + ER/OR

to write – a writer, to visit – a visitor, to print – a printer, to cool – a cooler

Exercise 20 Complete the chart.

1.5 Speaking

Exercise 21 Team work. Brainstorm the advantages of using computers in our everyday life. Come up with as many ideas as possible.

Exercise 22 Discuss the questions with a partner.

1.Can you live without a computer? Why? Why not?

2.What computer do you use in your life? What characteristics of your computer are the most important for you?

Unit 2 People in computing

2.1Vocabulary: computer professions.

2.2Grammar: Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий. Сравнительные конструкции. Числительные

2.3Reading: “5 cool jobs in IT”

2.4Word formation: suffixes of adjectives

2.5Speaking

2.1 Vocabulary

Exercise 1 Match the following words with their Russian equivalents

13

Exercise 2 Complete the definitions with the words from exercise 1

1.… stores, orders and protects company data.

2.… designs data communication networks.

3.… streamlines existing IT infrastructures.

4.… manages the creation of computer programs.

5.… studies existing technologies and creates cutting-edge technology.

6.… creates, implements and tests physical computer components.

7.… creates engaging websites.

8.… writes codes to generate programs.

9.… designs the best games.

10.… protects networks from cyberattacks.

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

game designer data architect IT analyst security analyst web developer

1.A _________ could potentially work in lots of different stages, from the mechanics, graphics, story, and characters, to the setting of a game.

2.A __________ is a qualified specialist who writes code, and designs and updates websites for companies. Their main task is to make digital products as user-friendly as possible.

3.____________ analyzes security risks for a company and then develops measures to prevent these security issues from happening. His general responsibilities include; the installation, configuration, and maintenance of technical means for data protection.

4.___________ has to adapt new tools to meet the challenges businesses pose, and he can also develop an entire computer network.

5.In a broader sense, an ____________ is a specialist who collects data and draws conclusions from this data to help businesses move forwards.

2.2 Grammar: Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий

Прилагательные обозначают свойства предмета или явления. Категорий рода и числа английские прилагательные не имеют. Различают три степени сравнения: положительную (Positive), сравнительную (Comparative) и превосходную (Superlative). Положительная степень сравнения является также основной формой прилагательного.

Правила, по которым образуются степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий, зависят от количества слогов в них. Для односложных прилагательных, а также для двусложных прилагательных, имеющих ударение на втором слоге и оканчивающихся на –y, -ow, -le, -er, используют

14

синтетический метод: добавляют к положительной степени окончания –er для сравнительной и –est для превосходной степени сравнения.

При синтетическом методе образования степеней сравнения написание прилагательного может отличаться от основной формы в некоторых случаях:

если прилагательное оканчивается на немое –e, то при присоединении суффикса немое –e опускается (large – larger);

если прилагательное оканчивается на –y, перед которой стоит согласная, то y меняется на i (early – earlier);

если прилагательное оканчивается на согласную, перед которой стоит

краткий гласный звук, то согласная удваивается (hot – hotter). Большинство двусложных и все многосложные прилагательные требуют

аналитического способа образования степеней сравнения. Для этого к положительной степени добавляют слова more и most для образования сравнительной и превосходной степеней соответственно.

Кроме того, существуют прилагательные и наречия, для которых степени сравнения образуются особым способом (путем изменения корня), так называемые «исключения». Такие формы необходимо запомнить.

Степени сравнения наречий образуются аналогично степеням сравнения прилагательных.

Таблица 2.1 – Степени сравнения прилагательных

Таблица 2.3 – Особые случаи образования степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий

Exercise 6 Give degrees of comparison for the following adjectives and adverbs.

Big, slowly, sweet, expensive, warm, correct, intelligent, cheap, convenient, early, hard, quietly, sad, competitive, peacefully, bad, unexpected, tasty, long, busy, significant, active, polite, low, wet, good, little, accurate, healthy, much, funny, effective, dirty, rapidly, necessary, truthful, poetic, secure, enjoyable, nice, badly, correct.

Exercise 7 Use the right form of the adjectives/adverbs in brackets.

1.I’ve just read … (sad) book ever written.

2.I can’t understand you. Could you speak a bit … (slowly)?

3.Of the new personal digital assistants, the Compaq iPAQ is … (powerful).

4.This new access point was … (expensive) than previous one.

5.If you need any … (far) help with your calculations come and see me.

6.Life without Internet is getting … (hard) and … (complicated) with every passing day.

7.Computer technology is … (fast)-growing industry in the world.

8.The portion of international calls in rural areas is … (little) than 10 percent.

9.… (significant) invention during the Second World War was radar, developed in

Britain to locate enemy aircraft and ships.

10.After the update our system works … (well) than we expected.

Таблица 2.4 – Сравнительные конструкции

as+adjective+as (такой же …, как…)

That transmitter is as new as this one.

not as/so+adjective+as (не такой …, как…)

My brother is not so clever as you.

less/more+adjective+than (менее…, чем…)

This article is more useful than the other one we read yesterday.

the+comparative…the+comparative (чем…, тем...)

The more you practice your grammar skills, the better.

16

Exercise 8 Translate the sentences into

a)Russian:

1.The bigger the cities are, the greater the pollution is.

2.The device we have developed has as long battery life as this one, but it is less expensive.

3.The new chips can be run just as fast as the company’s previous chips but with an operating voltage that’s 200 mV lower.

4.The module includes not so slow algorithms for encoding data as we expected.

5.Engineers typically run chips at a higher voltage than needed in order to prevent clocking errors.

b)English:

1.Мы предполагаем, что наша команда будет иметь такой же быстрый доступ к материалам исследований, как наши конкуренты.

2.Такой способ добычи нефти менее выгодный, чем традиционный.

3.Чем больше сопротивление в цепи, тем меньше ток.

4.Разработка программного обеспечения для этого робота займет не настолько много времени, как конструирование самого робота.

5.Чем дольше вы откладываете разработку сайта, тем хуже будет результат вашей работы.

Числительные в английском языке

Числительные в английском языке подразделяются на количественные (отвечают на вопрос «Сколько?») и порядковые (отвечают на вопрос «Который по счёту?»). Подробные правила чтения числительных представлены

в таблице 2.5.

Exercise 10 Write down the answers to the following questions:

a)How many times have you cheated during the exams?

b)What is your date of birth?

c)How much is 78+291*2?

d)How many transistors are there on a microchip?

e)When did Popov invent radio?

f)How much system memory does your PC have?

17

Таблица 2.5 – Числительные и правила их чтения

Exercise 11 Read the advertisement paying attention to numbers.

DELL Inspiron 15 Gaming

Processor 6th Generation Intel® Core™ i7-6700HQ Processor (6M Cache, up to 3.50 GHz)]

Operating Windows 10 Home, 64-bit, English

System

Memory 8GB Single channel DDR3L 1600MHz (8GBx1)

Display 15.6-inch FHD (1920 x 1080) Anti-Glare LED-Backlit Display Primary 74 WHr, 6-Cell Battery (Integrated)

Battery

18

Exercise 12 Search for some information on the laptop of your dreams in the Internet. Present some numbers and characteristics to the group.

2.3 Reading

Exercise 13 Answer the questions.

1.Are you interested in building a successful career? Why? /Why not?

2.What is the most suitable profession in IT personally for you? Why?

3.What is the determining factor in choosing your career path?

Exercise 14 Translate the following expressions into Russian.

Exercise 15 Read the text quickly, fill in the gaps in the text with the professions from the list below.

A.Game Designer

B.Web Developer

C.Information System Security Manager

D.Big Data Engineer

E.DevOps Engineer

Exercise 16 Mark the statements True (T) or False (F).

1.New IT professions appear quite rarely.

2.Big Data engineers don’t usually create datasets for other IT specialists.

3.The task of DevOps Engineer is to make the process of software development shorter.

4.Layout designer and Web developer are completely different professions.

5.Security manager is responsible for the whole system protection.

19

5 cool jobs in IT

There are dozens of different IT professions, specializations, and programming languages out there today. New roles appear almost every month, and there are various names for all of the different professions.

The economy is becoming increasingly dependent on the IT field, and this means that there are plenty of jobs out there, in various IT sectors, with some pretty competitive salaries too. Of course, salaries do depend on the area of work, professional experience, and the position held. Nonetheless, there are plenty of IT roles available for everyone to enjoy.

One thing’s for sure, in the next few years the need for IT specialists will only grow. So, many aspiring professionals will choose the information technology world because it's a growing field, and it offers individuals lots of career growth opportunities too.

1. __________________

His task is to implement the DevOps methodology, a set of practices aimed at reducing the time of the software development cycle. In other words, this kind of specialists bridge the gap between the development team and the operations team. The DevOps role ensures that all stages of the software development cycle, from writing code to testing and releasing an application, are covered. This limits any potential errors, and they make sure that the best version of the product reaches the end-user.

2. _________________

This specialist's job is to organize automatically collected incomprehensible information, into information that people can read and act upon. They deal with huge amounts of data, and they must move and store this information correctly. They are also in charge of customization, integration, and creation of data sets for analysts and researchers. Additionally, they control data quality, find and remove useless data.

3. __________________

He could potentially work in lots of different stages, from the mechanic part, graphic images, story, and characters, to the setting of a game. This means that they are responsible not only for the design and creation, but also for the whole life cycle of the product. The work of this IT specialist begins with the creating a concept, and then this is developed as time moves on.

4. ________________

Another one on the list of high-paying jobs in IT. This professional is a qualified specialist who writes code, and designs and updates websites for companies.

The field has many narrower specializations, including; Junior Web Developer, Senior Web Developer, Backender, Web Designer, Front-end Specialist, and Layout Designer. Their main task is to make digital products as user-friendly as possible.

5. ____________________

This specialist is in charge of creating a reliable and helpful security system that protects sensitive data, and to actually keep the whole system secure. They analyze security risks for a company and then develop measures to prevent further security issues from happening. Their general responsibilities include; the

20