Английский язык. Ч.1. Учебное пособие по грамматике, чтению и переводу

installation, configuration, and maintenance of electronic and technical means for data protection. Today, no company can really be without them, so there will always be plenty of work in this field.

So, the IT world is filled with lots of different jobs, some may be more appealing to you than others, but all have their merits.

Exercise 17 Read the text carefully. Translate it.

Exercise 18 Find the following words and expressions in the text. Create 5 sentences using these words.

1. всё больше зависеть от; 2. предлагать множество возможностей для карьерного роста; 3. устранить разрыв между; 4. иметь дело с огромным количеством данных; 5. полный жизненный цикл продукта; 6. обновлять сайты для компаний; 7. дружелюбный по отношению к пользователю; 8. анализировать риски.

Exercise 19 Form comparatives and superlatives for 5 adjectives from the text above.

2.4 Word formation

Exercise 20 Find the words ending in -ic, -ous, -less, -ful in the text above. What parts of speech are they?

We use suffixes –ic, -ful, -less, -ous to form adjectives.

NOUN+ IC – “having the form of ” (metal - metallic)

NOUN+FUL – “characterized by” (beauty - beautiful)

NOUN+LESS – “without” (hope - hopeless)

NOUN+ OUS – “full of” (glory - glorious)

Exercise 21 Complete the chart.

2.5 Speaking

Exercise 22 Group work. In pairs, choose two smartphones or laptops. Find their characteristics on the Internet. Compare the characteristics of the devices. Which one is better?

Exercise 23 Discuss the questions with a partner.

1.Are there any difficulties in becoming successful IT specialist nowadays?

2.Would you prefer analytical or practical IT sphere to work in? Why?

Unit 3 Types of computers

3.1Vocabulary: PC vs. Mac

3.2Grammar: Глагол. Глаголы “to be”, “to have”. Конструкция “there is/there are”. Времена группы Simple Active

3.3Reading: “Types of computers”

3.4Word formation: suffixes -tion, -sion

3.5Speaking

3.1 Vocabulary

Exercise 1 Match the following words with their Russian equivalents

Exercise 2 Fill in the gaps with the words from exercise 1

Personal computers come in two main styles: PC and Mac. Both are fully

___________, but they have a ____________ look, and many people prefer one or the other. PC began with the original IBM PC that was introduced in 1981. Today, this is the most _____________ type of personal computer, and it typically includes the Microsoft Windows operating system.

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The Macintosh computer was introduced in 1984, and it was the first widely sold personal computer with a ____________________, or GUI. All Macs are made by one company (Apple), and they almost always use the Mac OS X operating system. Both PC and Mac have their _____________ and ____________. For example, traditionally Macs had better design and hardware, but nowadays many users say that

Mac’s new design ____________________. On the contrary, Windows PC today offers wide variety of forms to users: traditional laptops and desktops, gaming models, ultra-thin models, or a device that converts between a tablet and PC.

As for software, Windows PC has an____________ amount of applications, so it

___________ that of Macs, but Macs are ___________ with everything a user needs for normal, consumer-level computing.

Exercise 3 Match the words from columns A and B. Translate the expressions.

3.2 Grammar

Глагол в английском языке – это часть речи, которая выражает действие. Характеризуется грамматическими категориями времени, залога, наклонения.

По значению глаголы делятся на смысловые и служебные (глаголысвязки, вспомогательные глаголы и модальные глаголы). Смысловые глаголы обозначают действие, а служебные не имеют собственного значения и выполняют вспомогательную роль для построения более сложных форм глагола или составных сказуемых.

По форме глаголы подразделяются на личные и неличные. Личные формы глагола имеют категорию лица и служат в предложении сказуемым (She speaks English fluently). Неличные формы глагола (инфинитив, причастие, герундий) не могут самостоятельно являться сказуемым (могут служить только частью составного сказуемого) и не имеют категории лица (She can speak

English. Speaking English, he makes lots of mistakes.)

Английский глагол также имеет категорию залога – активного (active voice) или пассивного (passive voice). Глагол в активном залоге используется, когда подлежащее выполняет действие самостоятельно (The computer works really slowly). Пассивный залог показывает, что действие совершается над подлежащим (The computer is being repaired at the moment).

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Помимо времен (настоящего, прошедшего и будущего) глагол в английском языке имеет 4 аспекта действия: Simple (Indefinite) – простое,

Progressive (Continuous) – продолженное, Perfect – завершённое, Perfect Progressive (Perfect Continuous) – продолженное завершённое. Итого можно использовать до 12 видовременных форм глагола.

Кроме того, глагол имеет и категорию наклонения (изъявительное, сослагательное и повелительное). Изъявительное наклонение говорит о том, что действие рассматривается как реальный факт (I usually download music from the Internet). Сослагательное наклонение рассматривает действие как желательное или возможное (I wish I could download this file). Повелительное наклонение отражает волю, побуждение или приказ действовать (Download the file and send it to me).

Особое место среди английских глаголов занимают глаголы to be – «быть» и to have – «иметь, обладать».

Таблица 3.1 – Глагол “to be” (для времен группы Simple Active)

Present Simple

Функции глагола “to be”

-вспомогательный глагол (не требует перевода, ставится перед смысловым глаголом для обозначения времени и залога) – He is installing new software now.

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-глагол-связка (не требует перевода, ставится перед существительными, числительными, прилагательными и неличными формами) – She is an engineer. He was interested in technology.

-смысловой глагол (“быть”, “находиться”, “располагаться”) – Their Internet provider is in Spain. We will be there in time.

-модальный глагол (“должен” (по договоренности, расписанию)) – The train is to arrive at 5 p.m.

Таблица 3.2 – Глагол “to have” (для времен группы Simple Active)

Функции глагола “to have”

-вспомогательный глагол (не требует перевода, ставится перед смысловым глаголом для обозначения времени и залога) – She will have done some research by the end of the month.

-смысловой глагол (“иметь”, “обладать”) – The trial version has limited functionality.

-модальный глагол (“должен” (вынужден)) – We had to change all settings because of the newest requirements.

Exercise 4 Put the verbs to be, to have into the correct form. Make the sentences negative and interrogative.

1.The Moon ... a natural satellite of the Earth.

2.Computers …two things in common: hardware and software.

3.The 1980s ...a period of introducing IBM and Macintosh computers.

4.Our university ... old and new buildings.

5.Every faculty ...its own computer center.

6.Nowadays we ...greatly interested in developing new software.

7.He ...a wide experience in programming.

8.Laptops ...a great number of users nowadays.

9.Next year all our engineers … involved in the development of smart robots.

10.Our colleagues … pleased to share the results of their work with the students during the conference last September.

11.They changed the date of the conference, so Mark … to publish his scientific work earlier than he expected.

12.Peripherals ...the physical units attached to the computer.

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13.Next summer you … the greatest opportunity to see the process of software testing.

14.Software testing … a process of executing a program or application with the intent of finding the software bugs.

15.We … two ways of solving this problem, but you did nothing.

Exercise 5 Explain the functions of the verbs to be, to have in the sentences.

1. The Moon is devoid of atmosphere or water. 2. Hardware and software are closely connected. 3. Our library has a great number of books and magazines in all branches of science and technology. 4. Computer systems are one example of man's more complex artificial systems. 5. This problem is of great importance. 6. The capacity of the first computer was not high. 7. These laboratories have modern equipment. 8. These laboratories have to buy modern equipment. 9. That part of the country has become a highly industrial one. 10. The quality of these devices is to be very high.

Таблица 3.3 – Конструкция “There is/there are”

Конструкция “there is (there are)” употребляется, когда идет речь о

наличии (существовании, присутствии) объектов в пространстве. При переводе на русский язык подразумевает значения: “имеется”, “есть”,

“находится”.

Порядок слов в предложении с конструкцией “there is/are”: there is/are + subject (what?) + adverbial modifier (where?) – There is a laptop on the desk.

После there могут употребляться и другие глаголы: to live, to exist, to stand, etc. – There exist two methods of solving this problem.

Exercise 6 Translate the sentences into

a) Russian:

1.There is a very good chance that some new devices will replace mobile phones.

2.There were several bugs in the latest version of that application.

3.There exist some serious problems with compatibility of different types of software in the department.

4.There will be new equipment in our company if we finish the project successfully.

5.There are special codes for each letter in ASCII system.

b)English:

1. Существует несколько методов решения этой задачи.

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2.В прошлом году в компьютерном классе было 6 современных ноутбуков и 5 компьютеров.

3.В некоторых школах до сих пор есть устаревшее (obsolete) оборудование.

4.В нашем университете есть несколько ученых, которые исследуют возможность создания искусственного интеллекта.

5.Через 10 лет в мире будет несколько новых механизмов для исследования космоса.

Exercise 7 Use there is/there are construction in the appropriate tense form.

1. There … many universities in Novosibirsk. 2. There … two different opinions on the usefulness of PCs in the middle of the 20th century. 3. There … a chance that mass-produced spacecraft will make space trips possible for everyone. 4. Don’t be so nervous! There … no worries tomorrow when you pass the exam. 5. … there any questions about the computer systems? 6. There … five students in the room when the teacher came. 7. Look! There … several solar batteries on the roof. 8. Scientists predict that by 2030 there … some technologies for reducing oil and coal consumption. 9. There … nothing in this book to help me answer the question. 10. There … a piece of equipment that increased the productivity of our work.

Времена английского глагола

Аспект Simple (Indefinite) английского глагола используется для обозначения простых, повторяющихся действий или действий, происходящих однократно в настоящем, прошлом или будущем. Подробная информация представлена в таблице 3.4.

Exercise 8 Determine the meaning of the verb forms. Translate the sentences.

1. People invented transistors, the electronic amplifiers and switches in 1947. 2. Most engineers today think that the start of the microprocessor revolution began in 1971 with Intel’s 4-bit 4004. 3. The ionosphere consists of several layers of ions and electrons. 4. His flight arrives at six o'clock tomorrow morning. 5. Janet works on her computer every day. 6. She left university six years ago. 7. Mr. Jones worked in a factory when he was younger. 8. The engineers will install new software in the office tomorrow. 9. I'm sure we will win the competition. 10. Immediately after the First World War, electronics received a push that then gained strength. 11. You will also have the option to connect a regular mouse, larger monitor, and other peripherals to your laptop.12. The electronic industry produces several types of minicomputers. 13. Modern communication owes its existence to the evolution in digital electronics. 14. Electronic engineers designed circuits to perform specific tasks. 15. We will use control systems extensively in aircraft and ships, in military and in robotics.

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Таблица 3.4 – Времена английского глагола. Simple (Indefinite) tense (простое (неопределённое) время)

Exercise 9 Put the sentences into Past and Future Simple. Add the appropriate signal words (tomorrow, yesterday, last/next year, etc.) if necessary.

1.The scientists of the world universities try to solve the problem of air pollution.

2.This device uses a new sensor mechanism.

3.After lectures I go to the Internet Café.

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4.My engineering studies begin at eight o'clock.

5.Our team researches the neural networks.

6.My colleague develops next-generation memory technologies in his lab.

7.We need a lot of storage space to process this information.

8.Every year engineers increase power efficiency of this device.

9.Google runs new services and applications regularly.

10.She sends me a link because she wants to share some information.

Exercise 10 Make questions to the following sentences.

1. He entered the University last year. 2. My sister studies at the University. 3. We accompany the study of theory by practical training. 4. Our group mate brought the diagrams. 5. Our university opened a new laboratory last year. 6. The service will deliver hundreds of megabits of bandwidth to your house. 7. We will discuss this question at the meeting tomorrow. 8. The developers used a wide range of facilities for this modern personal communication device. 9. The motherboard connects directly or indirectly to every part of the computer. 10. A single chip can hold about 1 billion transistors.

Exercise 11 Use the necessary form of the verbs in brackets. Translate the sentences.

1. More countries (have) reliable mobile phone networks in 2 years. 2. Most students (use) the Internet for their studies.3. Nowadays electronics (be) an essential part of modern control systems. 4. Those days our company (send) hundreds - probably thousands of e-mails round the world. 5. In modern Earth-based telephone and data transmission systems, engineers (use) hair-thin glass fibers instead of conventional wires. 6. The short-term memory (disappear) every time you (turn off) the computer. 7. Electronic engineering (deal) with the research, design, integration, and application of circuits and devices used in the transmission and processing of information. 8. The use of this “software as a service” (SaaS) model means that we (need) such powerful computers in the future. 9. Many students (attend) the lecture on math yesterday. 10. We (not have) the software on our hardware last month, but we (visit) an Internet site and (use) this application as a service.

3.3 Reading

Exercise 12 Answer the questions.

1.How many devices do you usually use every day? What are they?

2.What is the difference between desktop and laptop computers?

Exercise 13 Translate the following expressions into Russian.

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Exercise 14 Read the text quickly. How many types of computers are mentioned in the text? Find the names of these devices in the text and create a mind map.

Exercise 15 Mark the following statements TRUE (T) or FALSE (F).

1.The first real computer was the tiny machine called ENIAC.

2.Desktop computers can be used not only at the office.

3.Every computer nowadays has touch-sensitive screen.

4.A server is a computer that provides other computers of the network with information.

5.We can’t use “wearables” everywhere.

6.The computer revolution is connected with the invention of a transistor.

Exercise 16 Read the text carefully and translate it.

Types of computers

When most people hear the word “computer”, they think of a personal computer such as a desktop or laptop. However, computers differ from each other, and they perform many functions in our daily lives. When we withdraw cash from an ATM, scan food at the store, or use a calculator, we're using a type of computer.

The first substantial computer was the giant ENIAC machine. ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) used a word of 10 decimal digits instead of binary ones like previous automated calculators/computers. ENIAC was also the first machine to use more than 2,000 vacuum tubes; it used nearly 18,000 vacuum tubes.

The invention of transistors in 1947 improved the computer field and set in motion the beginning of the computer revolution. Transistors completely replaced vacuum tubes and computers became more sophisticated. But they had nothing common with the computers which we are used to. Today’s computers are thousands of times more portable, more efficient and easier to use than the computers in 1960s, and we can’t imagine our everyday lives without PCs and laptops.

Many people use desktop computers at work, home, and school. Desktop computers can be placed on a desk, and they're typically made up of a few different parts, including the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. IBM PC and Apple Macintosh are typical examples of desktop computers.

The second type of computer we are familiar with is a laptop computer, commonly called a laptop. Laptops are battery-powered computers that are more portable than desktops. They allow you to use them almost anywhere.

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