Английский язык. Ч.1. Учебное пособие по грамматике, чтению и переводу

4. ___________

Bioinformatics is the use of programming and software development to build up enormous datasets of biological information for research purposes. Most scientists are sure: bioinformatics carries enormous potential. As this area links big pharmaceutical companies with software companies, it is growing in demand and offers good job prospects for computer science researchers and graduates interested in biology.

5. ___________

According to 2014 data, cyber security jobs in the US grew by 74% between 2007 and 2013 – more than twice the rate of IT jobs overall. This raising concerns about the shortfall in qualified graduates. We live in hyper-connected world, in which everything, from banking to dating to governmental infrastructure – is done online. In today’s world data protection is no longer optional, it’s essential, and cyber security is becoming necessary for everyone.

Exercise 17 Find the following words and expressions in the text. Create sentences using them.

1. противоречивый; 2. успевать за последними тенденциями; 3. вкладывать огромное количество денег; 4. персонализировать услуги; 5. сохраняться высоким; 6. иметь огромный потенциал; 7. нехватка квалифицированных выпускников; 8. посвятить больше времени.

Exercise 18 Find the following verbs in the text, put them into Progressive forms.

1. использовать; 2. улучшать; 3. исследовать; 4. вовлекать; 5. жить; 6. делать; 7. расти; 8. обеспечивать; 9. учиться; 10. хвалить.

Exercise 19 Match a word from column A with a word from column B to make pairs. Translate the expressions.

4.4 Word formation

Exercise 20 Find the words in bold in the text. What parts of speech are they?

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We use suffix –ing to form nouns from verbs or other nouns. The meaning of these words can be different – from “process” and “action” to “material” and “object”.

VERB/NOUN + ING

to absorb – absorbing, to lead – leading, to camp – camping

Exercise 21 Complete the table.

4.5 Speaking

Exercise 22 Find more information on IT professions on the Internet. Choose the most appealing to you and present to the group information on:

a)the tasks that the specialist performs,

b)salary,

c)companies, where he can work,

d)soft and hard skills that you should have to get this job.

Exercise 23 Discuss the questions with a partner.

1.Imagine you are a specialist in the field of cyber-security. What organizations do you often work with? What difficulties do you have in your work?

2.What are the disadvantages of computer-assisted education? Can this type of education replace the traditional one? Why?

Unit 5 Operating systems

5.1Vocabulary: linking words

5.2Grammar: Времена группы Perfect Active. Многозначность слова “it”

5.3Reading: “Linux”

5.4Word formation: suffixes: -ship, -ment

5.5Speaking

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5.1 Vocabulary

Exercise 1 Read the text and translate it. Mind the words in bold.

Yesterday I had a really important meeting at my boss’ office. Therefore, I came to my workplace a little bit earlier to print some documents for my presentation. But I forgot to save the password, and, as a result, I had to restore my account to get the access to the docs in the cloud. Of course, I was late for the meeting due to that delay. In addition, when the lift arrived, I understood that I couldn’t get in, as there were too many people in it. So I had to run upstairs, to the 23rd floor! And when I finally reached the 22nd floor, I slipped and broke my ankle. Thus, I spent the rest of the day at the hospital. Not my best day.

Exercise 2 Match the following words with their Russian equivalents

Exercise 3 Fill in the gaps with the words from the box.

The user is aware of the effects of different applications programs (0) but operating systems are invisible to most users. They lie between applications programs,

(1)________word processors and the hardware. The supervisor program (or the operating system) is the most important. It remains in memory, (2)_________,it is referred to as resident. Others are called non-resident (3)___________they are loaded into memory only when needed. Operating systems manage the computer resources,

(4)__________central processing unit. (5)___________,they establish a user interface, and execute (6)_______ provide services for applications software.

(7)__________input and output operations are invoked by applications programs, they are carried out by the operating system.

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Exercise 4 Match the words from columns A and B. Translate the expressions.

5.2 Grammar

Времена группы Perfect Simple

Аспект Perfect английского глагола используется для обозначения действия, которое завершилось, и его результат виден в настоящем, прошлом или будущем (см. таблицу 5.1)

Exercise 5 Make up some sentences in Present Perfect Simple, expressing:

a)action which has recently finished - Example: I have just set up the computer.

b)action which started in the past and continues up to the present (with verbs live, know, have, be, etc.) - Example: I have lived in Novosibirsk for 10 years.

c)action which has happened today, this week, this month, etc. – Example: I have achieved 5 goals this year.

Exercise 6 Translate the sentences. Explain the use of Perfect forms.

1. He has been a doctor for twenty years. 2. The US had hoped to end analogue television broadcasts by December 31, 2006, however this was recently pushed back to February 17, 2009. 3. Gail has been abroad three times this year. 4. The telephone has changed beyond recognition since its invention in 1876. 5. By the time we get there the lecture will have started. 6. He had just finished his report when his boss asked to see him. 7. The article about video telephony will not have been finished until 6 o'clock. 8. Scientists in China have developed a temporary tattoo-like electronic device of sensing the electrical signal and then transmitting the data. 9. The country has made enormous progress this year. The Prime Minister has done so much good. 10. By the end of the year they will have designed a household robot that can accomplish multiple tasks.

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Таблица 5.1 – Времена английского глагола. Perfect simple tenses – завершённое время

Примечание!

I have already set up the router.

She has just written the report.

We haven’t given our opinion on the subject yet.

Exercise 7 Put the verbs into the correct Perfect form.

1.By the start of the conference last month, thousands of engineers and technicians (to assemble) in London to present their inventions.

2.Our company (to purchase, just) the rights to use this application.

3.This year we (to replace, already) physical data storage devices with virtual ones.

4.Before our engineers set up the program they (to save) all the data on the hard drive.

5.European scientists (to set, just) a new record for the phenomenon of quantum teleportation.

6.They (to complete) the research in the field of teleconferencing by the end of last year.

7.I promise you, I (to write) the introductory part of my course project by the beginning of the next term.

8.Recently Intel (to develop) a home energy management system.

9.In our region we (to see, never) the process of wind-power generation.

10.The oil and gas industries (to benefit) from tax relief designed to stimulate exploration.

11.By 2010 China’s carbon-dioxide emissions (to increase) by 800 million metric tons.

12.Some researchers predict that by 2030 Unicode (to become) the universal code for web pages.

13.These days the MIT researchers (to manage) to get the bacterium to produce a bio film that is able to attach to different nano particles.

14.By the beginning of the next lesson Peter (to read) the article and (to write down) some questions to ask the teacher.

15.Don’t touch the microscope! I (to mount, just) the slide.

Exercise 8 Translate the sentences into

a)Russian:

1.The Mars robots, Spirit and Opportunity, have covered over 15 km over the surface of Mars for more than three years.

2.Curiosity has always been a powerful stimulant for creativity and innovation.

3.When I told my friends that they had missed the chance of attending the performance, they were really upset.

4.I have already updated the drivers to make my computer work faster, but this procedure has never been useful.

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5.The Web has revolutionized the way people get information – with such sites as Google and Wikipedia you can find the files you need in seconds.

b)English:

1.Я обещал найти информацию об этом аппаратном обеспечении моему другу, но забыл об этом еще до того, как пришел домой.

2.В последнее время качество электронных плат улучшилось, потому что их транзисторы стали меньше.

3.Как долго у тебя уже есть iPhone?

4.Строители возведут это 20-этажное здание уже к концу следующего года.

5.К тому времени как мы доехали до университета, наши коллеги уже закончили эксперимент.

Таблица 5.2 – Сравнение времён Present Perfect и Past Simple

Exercise 9 Put the words in brackets into appropriate tense form (Past Simple or Present Perfect). Comment on your choice.

1.He (to be) a technician for 5 years. Now he is a professor at our university.

2.I live in Novosibirsk. I (to live) here for 15 years.

3.- What about technical part of the experiment?

- Well, yesterday David (to measure) voltage. And Javier (to finish, just) the testing of equipment.

4.The model (to break down) and the lights (to go out).

5.The computer was damaged and my father (to fix) it.

6.John (to fix, finally) the car! I (to think) he would never do it.

7.In 1998 she (to create) her first electronic device.

8.Recently he (to design) computer software to help apes communicate with people.

9.They (to do) the calculations, so now we can continue the research.

10.We (to prepare) several presentations a month ago, there’s no need to do it again.

Exercise 10 Put the words in brackets into appropriate tense form. Translate the text.

Five years ago Marc Andreessen, the Web pioneer and tech investor, (to predict) that software would eat the world. And now we (to see) that he (to be) right. Nowadays software (to eat) the world, and also (to eat) itself.

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The cannibalization of software (to have) easy explanation. As software (to grow) in importance, code (to become) less visible, less tangible, less understood, and less valuable in monetary terms.

How this great shift (to happen)? Software originally (to co-evolve) with computers themselves. The IBM System/360, the business computer of choice in the 1960s, (to come) bundled with code, and if customers (to need) more or different programs, they (to ask) IBM. In 1980, IBM (to choose) to rely on notably Microsoft, for PC code and (to start) to sell programs as distinct products.

Over the past 20 years, the program as artifact (to vanish). Consumers (to download) new versions, patches, and (to make) improvements as easily as switching on their devices. They rarely (to pay) for this. Software battles now (to occur) over platforms, such as Amazon, Google, or LinkedIn. They (to achieve) competitive advantage through superior software, but it is neither the aim nor the result of the new game.

Таблица 5.3 – Многозначность слова «it»

Местоимение “it” имеет несколько значений и поэтому может выполнять разные функции в предложении:

1) личное местоимение “it”– “он”, “она”, “оно”

This video card has good characteristics. I want to buy it.

2)указательное местоимение “it” – “это”

It is the best way to store information.

3)формальное подлежащее в некоторых предложениях – не требует

перевода

It is cold.

It is desirable not to reboot the system now.

4) часть конструкции “it is (was) … that (who, which, where, why)” –

начинаем перевод со слова “именно”

It is your brother who uploaded that video on YouTube yesterday.

Exercise 11 Translate the sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word it.

1.Mac OS X is a Unix-based operating system. It includes memory protection, preemptive multitasking and symmetric multiprocessing support. 2. It turns out even your biometric identities (such as fingerprints) can be stolen by hackers. 3. If you don’t have a source code to a program, you can’t modify it to fix bugs or add new features. 4. It is a special program; it helps you get on the Internet and download files. 5. It was yesterday when he obtained the desired result. 6. It takes big computers to explore every single possibility that meets your criteria – millions of them. 7. It is Linus Torvalds who wrote the Linux kernel. 8. It is cloud computing that is widely used by many companies and people all over the world. 9. It is believed that modern

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computer technologies are more secure but it’s not true. 10. It was Bremen where he presented his project for the first time.

Exercise 12 Translate the sentences into

a) Russian:

1.It is a microwave high-speed wireless link system that is designed to work with portable equipment. We call it Bluetooth.

2.It is known that you shouldn’t give out your passwords.

3.It is today when I’ve finished my course paper on cryptography.

4.It is an offence to make unauthorized access to computer material.

5.Application service provider is really useful if you need more storage space. It also gives you more flexibility.

b) English:

1.Необходимо понимать основы программирования, чтобы создавать приложения.

2.Именно студент исправил ошибки в этом программном обеспечении.

3.Интересно вспоминать прогнозы о компьютерных технологиях, которые ученые делали десять лет назад.

4.Это новый предмет. Он очень важен для нашей будущей специализации.

5.Компания утверждает, что именно их продукция изменит мир информационных технологий.

5.3 Reading

Exercise 13 Answer the questions.

1.What is an operating system? What operating systems do you know?

2.What applications or programs do you use for a) your studies; b) your work; c) your hobbies?

Exercise 14 Translate the following expressions into Russian.

Exercise 15 Read the text quickly and match the names and titles with their meanings.

Exercise 16 Read the text again, translate it into Russian.

LINUX

Linux has its roots in a student project. In 1992, an undergraduate called Linus Torvalds was studying computer science in Helsinki, Finland. Like most computer science courses, a big component of was taught on (and about) Unix. Unix was the wonder operating system of the 1970s 1980s: both a textbook example of the principles of operating system design and sufficiently robust to be the standard OS in engineering and scientific computing. But Unix was a commercial product (licensed by AT&T to a number of resellers), and cost more than a student could pay.

Annoyed by the shortcomings of Minix (a compact Unix clone written as a teaching aid by professor Andy Tannenbaum) Linus set out to write his own “kernel”- the core of an operating system that handles memory allocation, talks to hardware devices, and makes sure everything keeps running. He used the GNU programming tools developed by an organization of volunteers dedicated to making good software that anyone could use without paying. When he had written basic kernel, he released the source code to the Linux kernel on the Internet.

Source code is important. It’s the original from which programmers generate compiled programs. If you don’t have the source code to a program, you can’t modify it to fix bugs or add new features. Most software companies won’t sell you their source code, or will only do so for an eye-watering price, because they believe that if they make it available it will destroy their revenue stream.

What happened next was incredible, from the conventional point of view. Programmers (mostly professorship and students) began using Linux. They found that it didn’t do things they wanted it to do – so they fixed it. And where they improved it they sent the improvements to Linus, who rolled them into the kernel. And Linux began to grow.

There’s a term for this model of software development – it’s called Open Source. Anyone can have the source code – it’s free. Anyone can contribute to it. If you use it heavily you may want to extend or develop or fix bugs in it – and it’s so easy to give your fixes back to the community that most people do so.

An operating system kernel on its own isn’t a lot of use; but Linux was purposefully designed as a near-clone of Unix, and there is a lot of software out there that is free and was designed to compile the Linux. By about 1992 the first

‘distributions’ appeared.

A distribution is the Linux-user term for an operating system kit, complete with the utilities and applications you need – command interpreters, programming tools, text editors, typesetting tools, and graphical user interfaces based on the X windowing system. X is a standard in scientific and academic computing, but not

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