Английский язык. Практика перевода (английский–русский). Часть 2. «Грамматические приемы перевода». Учебное пособие

content was once carried in the smoke signals of American Indians, I can safely guess that it did not include philosophical argument. Puffs of smoke are insufficiently complex to express ideas on the nature of existence, and even if they were not, a Cherokee philosopher would run short of either wood or blankets long before he reached his second axiom. You cannot use smoke to do philosophy. Its form excludes the content. (Postman)

16.The negative aspect of this amateur approach was that the business side of the Firm’s activities was always in a shambles. When

Warington Taylor [...] was employed by Morris as business manager in 1865, he was appalled to discover just how casually the Firm conducted their affairs. There seemed to be total failure to cost jobs or organize the flow of work, to charge enough or keep proper accounts, or to make the best and most economic use of available labour. (Dore)

17.A cathedral often took several hundreds of years to complete. First, the foundations had to be excavated ‒ a giant task. Nowadays we would use mechanical diggers and trucks to shift the earth away but the cathedral builders had to make do with men, picks and shovels, wheelbarrows and baskets. (Nowell)

18.Тhe use of “he” for the inclusive male/female has been shown to be frequently misread, as a privileging of the male sex in the discourses.

II.Revise grammar material and translate the sentences into Russian noting the various possibilities of translating the phrases with used to.

1. ... she had opened The Times which lent itself still to a more leisurely perusal. Not that The Times was what it used to be. The maddening thing about The Times was that you could not find anything any more. (Christie)

2. I was often in trouble. My love of animals was so intense that I used to lure our neighbors’ pets into our garden and there held a sort of zoological court. (Denis)

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3.I used to think you married Thomas for security and status because he was an older man and to get even with Chloe. Now I see you married him for his power. (Murdoch)

4.When it comes to stereotypes, Switzerland is not what it used to be. The trains still run on time, but the post has just gone over to two rates, two speeds, neither of them as reliable as in “the good old days”.

5.– It was probably him. He’s the cause of all the trouble!

–You used to like him, you used to admire him.

–I still do. (Murdoch)

6.I live in the country. A very small place half way between Loomouth and Market Basing. ...It used to be a very pretty old-world village but of course like everything else, it is becoming what they call developed nowadays. (Christie)

7.And he had a villa at Richmond, overlooking the river, with trellises of red roses; and Mademoiselle used to pick one every morning and stick it in his button-hole. (Woolj)

8.5 ‘Nominative with the infinitive’

Оборот «именительный с инфинитивом» широко распространен в английском языке и представляет значительную трудность при переводе, так как в русском языке подобно оборота нет. Предложения с таким оборотом можно переводить только сложноподчиненным предложением.

Опознавать оборот следует по следующему признаку: если после сказуемого в пассивном залоге, выраженного чаще всего глаголами to see, to hear, to feel, to say, to expect, to consider, to believe, to know, to think стоит инфинитив, по последний образует вместе с подлежащим предложения оборот «именительный с инфинитивом». Такой оборот считают эквивалентом придаточного подлежащего. В английском языке предложение с таким оборотом практически всегда простое, но переводить его нужно сложноподчиненным.

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Например:

This man is said to work hard. – Говорят, что этот человек много

работает.

This invention is considered to be of great importance for…

Полагают, что это изобретение имеет очень большое значение

для…

Порядок перевода следующий: надо начинать со сказуемого, выраженного глаголом в пассивной форме, и переводить его отдельным неопределенно-личным предложением в соответствующем времени.

При переводе предложений со сложными формами инфинитива:

The experiment is said to have been completed successfully. – Говорят,

что эксперимент был успешно завершен.

Глагол-сказуемое придаточного предложения должен стоять в прошедшем времени, что указывает на то, его действие предшествовало действию сказуемого.

Задание для самостоятельной работы

Translate into Russian paying special attention to the infinitival construction nominative with infinitive.

1.But he took advantage of the bad luck of his older brothers by ensuring that his offspring were more likely to inherit than theirs. (Horspool)

2.Almost every university originating before 1250 received its formal recognition in a papal bull. One of the reasons for this was that the Pope was the only recognized international authority, and the universities were, from the start, quite cosmopolitan in their student population. [...] Learning, at least, was recognized to have no territorial frontiers. Accordingly, only the Pope could raise a centre of learning above provincial status. {Smith)

3.There were repeated cheerings and salutations interchanged between the shore and the ship, as friends happened to recognize each other. (Irving)

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4.At sea, everything that breaks the monotony of the surrounding expanse attracts attention. It proved to be the mast of a ship that must have been completely wrecked [...]. (Irving)

5.The global demand for food is expected to grow at least as fast as if another Calcutta or Los Angeles were to appear on the planet every two months for the next several decades. Yet the world’s capacity to increase supply is approaching its limit. (Nelson)

6.In the vocabulary exercises, the selected words are those which the average intermediate student is unlikely to have come across but which have a certain frequency and are therefore of some practical value. This does not always mean that they should become part of their active vocabulary, but the students should at least add them to the stock of “passive” words. (Walker)

7.Nearly a hundred years later Blake set out from there to fight de Witt and a large Dutch fleet which was approaching the Thames Estuary. The very closeness of this stretch of coast to France laid it open to invasion. After all, Walmer beach is said to have been Julius

Caesar’s landing place in 55 В. C. (Saunders)

8.He [Isaac Newton] was, however, at home in Lincolnshire, the college having closed during the Great Plague, when he is supposed to have been inspired by a falling apple which led to his formulation of the law of gravity. A tree by the college gate is said to be a descendant of the famous tree. (Cambridge)

9.Phil Collins’s problem is more likely to be over-use of his voice when younger. Most pop singers suffer from three things: lack of training, over-use and abuse of the voice.

They have difficult lives. When they go on tour they do a vast number of concerts, sing in smoke-laden places and then go off to the next gig in an air-conditioned bus or on a plane, both of which have low humidity, which is damaging to the vocal chords. They are expected to do three-month tours, which no opera singer would ever consider doing. (Ferriman)

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10.When she happened to feel ill no one could have been kinder or more thoughtful. She seemed to do him a favour when she gave him the opportunity of doing something tiresome for her. (Maugham)

Тема 9 ‘Sequence of tenses’

Преобразование прямой речи в косвенную требует целого ряда изменений в структуре предложения, однако для носителя русского языка особую трудность при переводе английского предложения подобного типа представляет так называемое «согласование времен», т. е. употребление преимущественно форм прошедшего времени и «будущего в прошедшем», если в главном предложении глагол имеет форму прошедшего времени: Не said finally: “I shall come.” – He said finally that he would come; She kept saying, “I’m a failure.” – She kept saying she was a failure.

Игнорирование этого явления при переводе с английского языка на русский приводит к искажению описываемой ситуации или к появлению стилистически неудачных переводов.

Примеры:

1. Thus I discovered that I did not know my own country. (Stein.)

И вот я вдруг обнаружил, что не знаю своей собственной страны.

2.I was wondering where the ducks went when the lagoon got all icy and frozen over. (Sal.)

Яне мог себе представить, куда деваются утки, когда пруд покрывается льдом и промерзает насквозь. (Р.-К.)

Заданиe для самостоятельной работы

Translate into Russian paying attention to the tense forms chosen in the translation.

1. Vincent Perrin said to himself again and again as he climbed the hill: “It shall be all right this term”.

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2. As she turned into the passage, I said, scarcely knowing why, ‘And the boy?’

For I was suddenly sure that there had been someone behind her as she entered, and that it had been a boy, possibly the one I had glimpsed in the street, on my arrival ‒ though why he interested me, I could not have told. (Hill)

3.Five minutes later he was passing through the gate of the great courtyard. The front door stood hospitably open. He left his bicycle leaning against the wall and walked in. He would take them by surprise. (Huxley)

thought they were not hurrying enough. (Joyce)

4.Several minutes later he was passing through the gate of the great courtyard. The front door stood hospitably open. He left his bicycle leaning against the wall and walked in. He would take them by surprise.(Huxley)

5.“Suddenly,” she said, “the interest goes out of him. He forgets you. He doesn’t care a rap for you ‒ ...” Yet the interest was not always out of him, and when he was holding his attention to a thing Wallace could contrive to be an extremely successful man. His career, indeed, is set with successes... (Wells)

6.“If it had been a girl I would have called it after my mother. My mother had the same name as myself, Margaret.” “My name is Margaret too.” “Indeed!”

“Yes. You are devoted to your mother’s memory, Lady Windermere, your husband tells me.” (Wilde)

7.But at that moment in the street below a barrel-organ struck up... Then they remembered. It didn’t matter. They would never have to stop the organ-grinder again. Never again would she and Constantia be told to make that monkey take his noise somewhere else. Never would sound that loud, strange bellow when father thought they were not hurrying enough.

8.He did not need to get his map out. He knew where he was from the position of the river. (Hemingway)

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9. ...He realized that they had all turned black from living in the burnedover land. He realized that the fire must have come the year before, but the grasshoppers were all black now. He wondered how long they would stay that way. (Hemingway)

10.The room was in total darkness and I lay for several seconds, confused, uncertain where I was or what day or time it might be, my head as heavy as if I had been drugged. The banging came again and then I located it and myself too, and got up to open the door. (Hemingway)

Тема 10 ‘Complex Sentences’

Первой ступенью перевода сложного предложения является его деление на составляющие предложения. Делить сложное предложение на простые следует по наличию союзов и союзных слов, а также по обязательному наличию обоих главных членов – подлежащего и сказуемого – в каждом предложении. Это особенно важно, когда союз или союзное слово отсутствует (бессоюзные предложения).

Порядок расположения простых предложений в сложноподчиненном точно такой же, как и порядок следования членов простого предложения. Каждый член предложения может быть выражен либо одним словом, либо группой слов, либо целым придаточным предложением, и, как правило, независимо от того, чем он выражен, его место в предложении остается относительно постоянным.

Перевод сложных предложений, состоящих из независимых простых, соединенных сочинительными союзами: and, but, or either…or, neither… nor, особых трудностей не представляет. Такие предложения следует разбить на простые по союзам, после которых обязательно наличие подлежащего и сказуемого. При переводе сложноподчиненных предложений необходимо точно воспроизводить зависимость между простыми предложениями, входящими в состав сложного. Эта зависимость выражается

подчинительными союзами, союзными словами и местом

придаточных предложений в сложноподчиненном предложении.

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1. Так, если придаточное предложение стоит непосредственно

после сказуемого, т.е. занимает место дополнения, то это –

дополнительное придаточное предложение. Такие придаточные вводятся союзами that, if, whether, и союзными словами who, what, which, when, where, how, why. Например:

1. The deputy said // that there are many other opportunities for

2.I know whom he is speaking about. – Я знаю, о ком он говорит.

Ванглийском языке наблюдается тенденция ставить предлог после сказуемого придаточного предложения. При переводе предлог, в соответствии с правилами русской грамматики, возвращается на свое место.

2. Если придаточное стоит после существительного, то это чаще всего определительное придаточное предложение. Если придаточное предложение стоит

в самом начале или в конце сложноподчиненного предложения, то это обычно обстоятельственное придаточное предложение.

Внешним признаком обстоятельственных придаточных предложений являются специфические союзы и запятая, которой они обычно отделяются от главного, если придаточное предложение стоит перед главным. На русский язык они переводятся придаточными предложениями с соответствующими союзами: when, as, although, so that, since, though, but, for, while etc.

Например: аs ‒ многозначный союз, выражающий, наряду с другими, временные отношения. В придаточных предложениях и обстоятельственных оборотах времени as соответствует русским союзам «когда», «в то время как», «по мере того как»: I saw her as I was getting off the bus ‒ я увидел ее, когда выходил из автобуса / выходя из автобуса; she sang as she worked‒ работая, она пела (напевала); в

сочетании с усилительно-ограничительной частицей just: just as he was finishing his speech ‒ как раз в тот момент, когда он заканчивал речь.

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Многофункциональное и многозначное служебное слово as употребляется в различных устойчивых сочетаниях, в частности, в синтаксических фразеологизмах.

As it is соответствует эмоционально-усилительным выражениям «в действительности», «и так», вводному слову «однако»: we hoped things would get better but as it is they are getting worse ‒ мы надеялись, что положение улучшится, но в действительности оно ухудшается; you have too many friends as it is ‒ у вас и так слишком много друзей. То же значение сохраняется в выражении as it was: she was near enough to tears as it was – она и без того чуть не плакала.

As it were ‒ вводное предложение, соответствующее русскому «так сказать»: he is not equal to the task, as it were ‒ он, так сказать, не совсем соответствует назначению.

3. Если придаточное предложение стоит перед сказуемым сложного предложения, то это – придаточное предложение подлежащее.

Предложения этого типа вводятся союзами whether, if, that и союзными словами who, what, which, when, where, how, why. Например:

Whether there be peace or otherwise // depends on the struggle of the peoples for disarmament and the banning of nuclear weapons. – Будет мир или война, это зависит от борьбы народов за разоружение и запрещение атомного оружия.

Если придаточное стоит после глагола-связки, то это – придаточное предложение-предикативный член.

4. Придаточное определительное предложение, как и всякое определение относится только к существительным (и заменяющим их частям речи) и стоит обычно после определяемого существительного. Такое предложение вводится союзными словами that, which, who, where, when.

Придаточное определительное может вводиться союзным словом с предшествующим предлогом.

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Задания для самостоятельной работы

I. Translate into Russian using different constructions corresponding to the clauses introduced by as (temporal conjunction).

1.Now, as he watched the black hopper that was nibbling at the wool of his sock with its four-way lip, he realized that they had all turned black from living in the burned-over land. (Hemingway)

2.As we climbed into the San Jacintos, we entered the realm of the pines...

Mixed with the pines were incense cedars hung with mistletoe; later we saw white fir. (Gray)

3.As he made his way along the waterfront he stopped and examined several advertisements very carefully, but as far as he could make out.

4.For I was suddenly sure that there had been someone behind her as she entered, and that it had been a boy, possibly the one I had glimpsed in the street, on my arrival ‒ though why he interested me, I could not have told. (Hill)

5.As he took in this piece of news Paddington felt more pleased than ever that he’d managed to get hold of a book on the subject and he hurried home to study it. (Bond)

6.I occupied myself with the picture for perhaps a quarter of an hour, during which Wilde smoked reflectively, but uttered not one word. He arose, presently, and sauntered to the door, merely nodding as he left the room. (Hallward)

7.The three women were now on the chapel steps. As I came back towards them I saw Isabel’s face bent upon me with a look of apology and appeal. (Murdoch)

8.We both watched the child as she strolled, head thrown back, as if she were aware of nothing but the brilliant trees and the bright light blue

summer air. (Murdoch)

9. The wind came in gusts, at times shaking the coach as it travelled round the bend of the road... (Du Maurier)

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