Английский язык. Практика перевода (английский–русский). Часть 2. «Грамматические приемы перевода». Учебное пособие

modern screen versions of tragedies sometimes soften the harsh endings of classic plays, so Tate gave “King Lear” a happy ending in which virtue was rewarded and all was made right. To sweeten the tragedy still further, Tate contrived a love affair between Edgar and Cordelia. Mawkish and sentimental as Tate’s adaptation was, it met with favour. David Garrick in the mid-eighteenth century continued to accept some of Tate’s “improvements” and retained the happy ending. Finally, in 1838, William Charles Macready restored Shakespeare’s text to the acting stage.

TO THE ANCIENT GREEKS...

by D. Nagley

To the ancient Greeks the gods were a means of explaining the otherwise incomprehensible world which surrounded them and helped to make sense of such natural phenomena as earthquakes, floods, droughts, famines and the seasons. The Olympian gods possessed very human characteristics and displayed such mortal vices as jealousy, anger and promiscuity and at times they appeared to act as spoilt children. However they ruled over every aspect of life and the system of the gods was apparently unalterable.

As new tribes and people moved into Greece and brought their deities and traditions with them, the new gods gradually merged with the old leading to a variety of names for the same deity. In addition, individual gods covered more than one function and their roles varied even when their names remained the same. The contradictions in the nature of the gods and their sometimes conflicting, often overlapping roles, worried none but the philosophers. The people learned the stories of the gods as a tradition handed down from generation to generation and adapted them according to their needs.

A major source of the stories and beliefs was epic poetry which dealt initially with the Trojan War, as did Homer’s Iliad, but later with a far greater range of subjects; for example, Hesiod’s Birth of the Gods and Work and Days which were written as epic poems. None of these poems were

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actually put on paper until the sixth century B.C. and were certainly adapted and at times possibly even reworked during centuries of retelling.

Other stories were handed down in the form of lyric poetry, the best example of which is the works of Pindar. Poets moved from city to city, not attached to any particular state or court and the first time fixed, resident poets were attracted to a palace was not until 532 В. C. when Polycrates of Samos set up his cultural court.

There are therefore countless variations of the different stories and many of their origins have been lost with time. Even the great Greek playwrights such as Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripedes, all writing during approximately the same period, had widely differing accounts of the same tale. In addition, the local population would adapt stories to enhance their own town or area and many of the deeds of the gods and heroes were supposed to have taken place in numerous different locations.

SEEING THE ACTORS by J. B. Priestley (1894-1984)

When I was a lad and regularly took my place in the queue for the early door of the gallery in the old Theatre Royal, Bradford, the actors, on their way to the stage door, had to walk past us. I observed them with delight. In those days, actors looked like actors and like nothing else on earth. There was no mistaking them for wool merchants, shipping clerks, and deacons of Baptist chapels, all those familiar figures of my boyhood. They wore suits of staring check pattern, outrageous ties, and preposterous overcoats reaching down to their ankles. They never seemed to remove all their make-up as actors do now, and always had a rim of blue-black round their eyelids. They did not belong to our world and never for a moment pretended to belong to it. They swept past us, fantastically overcoated, with trilbies perched raffishly on brilliantined curls, talking of incredible matters in high tones, merely casting a few sparkling glances ‒ all the more sparkling because of that blueblack ‒ in our direction; and vanished through the stage door, to reappear, but out of all recognition, in the wigs and knee-breeches of David Garrick or

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The Only Way. And my heart, as innocent as an egg, went out to these romantic beings; and perhaps it was then, although I have no recollection of it, that the desire was bom in me to write one day for the Theatre. Now, after working on so many stages, I know all about actors, and I doubt if the very least of their innumerable maddening tricks and absurd egoisms had escaped my observation; but quite apart from the work we do together and without reference to the needs of my profession, I have a soft spot for actors, and probably it is because of that old delight I used to feel as they went swaggering past us on their way to the stage door. And indeed I sometimes wish they would swagger more now, buy bigger overcoats and wilder hats, and retain those traces of make-up that put them outside respectability and kept them rogues and vagabonds, which is what at heart ‒ bless ’em! ‒ they are.

EARTH TAKEN FOR GRANTED from Educational GUARDIAN

No one thought about the planet as a life-support machine until experts realised how serious the greenhouse effect was.

Environmentalists and scientists have been urging world governments to cut carbon dioxide emissions drastically. They also want to see massive replanting of forests and woodlands.

Both of these things are possible and will even be helpful to national economies. For instance, much energy from fossil fuel burning is wasted ‒ in fuel that is not burned properly, in the heat that goes up the chimney, in the lights needlessly left on. If buildings were properly insulated and managed, if wasteful car journeys were discouraged and public transport made more efficient, if waste heat from power plants was used to heat greenhouses or even homes, if coal was burned so that more energy was extracted from it, most nations could not only cut carbon dioxide output considerably, they could also save enormous sums of money. Added to that, there could be a

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switch to hydro-electric, solar, wind or tidal power which, once running, produces no carbon dioxide. Nor does nuclear power, but this has proved expensive and politically alarming.

Tree planting, too, has benefits. About a quarter of the carbon dioxide created by people comes from clearing and burning forests. Growing trees soak up carbon dioxide; if the world stopped clearing forests and started to plant new ones the trees would help absorb greenhouse gases. Trees are also sources of food, building materials, fibres and medicines. They stabilise soil, protect watersheds and shelter wildlife. They, too, are a bonus to a nation’s economy.

But the world’s energy is unevenly shared. The rich nations use about 70 per cent of all the world’s energy. Developing nations make up three quarters of the global population and they use the other 30 per cent of the world’s energy. A monopoly of energy is therefore the same as a monopoly of wealth. And the greenhouse effect is a problem created by the rich nations. These now have to persuade developing nations not to start using energy in greater quantities, which will be politically difficult, because developing nations cannot make their people better off without using more energy. For instance if China carries out plans to expand its coal use in the next 35 years it will put into the atmosphere about half as much carbon dioxide again as the whole world dumps now.

There is another political difficulty. Nations in South America, Africa and South-East Asia are being urged to protect their own rainforests. But those urging them to do this are the rich nations which cut down almost all their own wild forests centuries ago.

There are other colossal pressures for growth. The world’s population is growing faster than ever before. In 1800 there were one billion people on the planet; by 1940 the total was 2.5 billion. Now there are more than five billion. Before the decade ends there will be six. Every year there are another 92 million people in the world. Most of these are born into the developing regions. They will need food, housing, transport, communications, education, hospitals and jobs. All these things require energy. They will need land, and

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this means more forest clearance. They will need fertilisers for their crops, and this means more nitrous oxide in the atmosphere.

The final problem is that although most climate scientists are fairly sure about the broad problem of the greenhouse effect, almost every detail is a matter of debate. For the first time, questions have to be asked not about what is good for a country but what is good for the planet. Scientists are only now beginning to ask, for instance, whether rainforests are there because of rainfall, or rain is there because of forests. They are beginning to discover that a slight drop in average temperature in one part of the southern hemisphere may be causing droughts in, say, the sahel in north Africa. Some of these questions have been studied piecemeal already. But, until the last few years, no one has thought about the planet as a kind of life-support machine. It has been simply taken for granted.

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Список использованной литературы

1.Алексеева И.С. Профессиональный тренинг переводчика. СПб: Изд-во «Союз», 2008.

2.Дмитриева Л.Ф., Кунцевич С.Е. и др. Английский язык. Курс перевода. Москва-Ростов-на-Дону: Изд.центр «МарТ», 2005.

3.Казакова Т.А. Практические основы перевода. СПб: Изд-во

«Союз», 2002.

4.Миньяр-Белоручев Р.К. Теория и методы перевода. М: 1996

5.Федорова Н.П., Варшавская А.И. Advanced English for Translation.СПб; М. «Академия», 2004.

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Учебное пособие

Хохлова Лариса Николаевна Жарский Игорь Константинович

Английский язык Практика перевода (английский–русский)

Часть 2

«Грамматические приемы перевода»

Учебное пособие для студентов, обучающихся по направлению «Лингвистика», профиль «Перевод и переводоведение»

Компьютерная верстка: Л.Н.Хохлова Редактор: Г.В.Яковлев Корректор: Г.В.Яковлев

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РИО ЮИМ, 350040, Краснодар, ул.Ставропольская, 216 Тел.(861)2338859

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