Английский язык. Практика перевода (английский–русский). Часть 2. «Грамматические приемы перевода». Учебное пособие
.pdf1.In this century, reason has been understood by many philosophers, psychologists, and others as roughly fitting the model of formal deductive logic [...] (.Lakoff)
2.Although the First World War has usually been taken as marking a turning-point both in the acquisition of the right to vote and in wider opportunities for women, it is clear that the war was as much the occasion as the cause of growing female emancipation. (Stevenson)
3.Linguistic varieties that are linked in this way to the formality of the nation can be termed “styles”, and can be thought of as being sited along a scale ranging from formal to informal. Styles and registers are in principle independent. (Trudgill)
4.Male informants, we can see, are strikingly more accurate than their female counterparts. The women, we can say, report themselves, in very any cases, as using higher-class variants than they actually do ‒ presumably because they wish they did use them or think they ought to and perhaps, therefore, actually believe that they do. (Trudgill)
5.Most words and morphemes have multiple meanings that are related to one another. These meanings can be seen as forming a radial category . (Lakoff)
6.Such observations are often used to justify objectivist metaphysics as being simply a matter of ordinary common sense. (Lakoff)
7.The purpose of the present book, then, is to treat the history of the English language not only as being of interest to the special student but as cultural subject within the view of all educated people [...]. (Bough)
II.Translate into Russian paying special attention to Participle II used attributively.
1.It was a philosophical position arrived at on the basis of a priori speculation. (Lakoff)
2.Consider, for example, the different nuances conveyed by referring a tiger with he alternative expressions tiger and cat. Both are conveniently applied to large, wild, striped felines. In the case of tiger, this conation defines the category prototype. The prototype for cat, by
51
contrast, the conception of a small domestic feline (not necessarily striped) [...]. Mngacker)
3.My objective in this work is to present and support a particular conation of grammatical structure. It emerges organically from a comprehensive and unified view of linguistic organization characterized in terms of cognitive processing. For this reason I will refer to the framework as cognitive grammar. (Langacker)
4.Cognitive grammar is fundamentally at odds with the dominant ends in current linguistic theory. It speaks of imagery at a time when leaning is generally pursued with apparatus derived from formal logic. It aims the inseparability of syntax and semantics at a time when the status Г syntax as an autonomous formal system is accepted by most theorists as established fact. (Langacker)
5.The research reported in the succeeding chapters comes from a wide range of disciplines with differing ideas on what constitutes relevant and acceptable data. (Coulthard)
6.The Greek temple is the most perfect example ever achieved of architecture finding its fulfilment in bodily beauty. Its interior mattered infinitely less than its exterior. The colonnade all round conceals where the entrance lies. The faithful did not enter it and spend hours of communication with the Divine in it, as they do in a church. (Pevsner)
II.Translate the following. Differentiate between Participle II and its homonyms.
1.Three great moments in the past technology are glimpsed in this section [of the book]. The first deals with the construction and voyage of an early type of boat ‒ possibly the first to have crossed the Atlantic.
In the past the design of a boat was controlled by the materials at hand [...]. Irish leather boats of the 6th century were made using wood as a framework and seaworthy ships of more advanced design. Their boats had hulls made from narrow, overlapping planks of wood lashed to a skilfully made framework. (Nawell)
52
2. Our second glimpse of early technology concerns the building of a great cathedral, which was created with all the skill and effort of medieval architect, craftsman and labourer.
The main structural materials of these magnificent cathedrals were wood and stone, often found locally. Architects and builders of the late Middle Ages had come to know much about the ways that stone and timber behave when used in buildings. Even so, building techniques had been learned by trial and error [...]. (Nawell)
3.He was tall and lean, with a face formed of converging planes that gave him a rugged, feral look. He had fashionably styled black hair, a prominent chin with an unexpected dimple in it and deeply set olive-black eyes. He wore a tailored grey suit, a light blue shirt with a darker blue silk tie, and polished, custom-made shoes. (Sheldon)
4.Jennifer called no experts. She said to the jury: “If we want a spaceship built or the distance of a star measured, we call in the experts. But when we want something really important done, we collect twelve ordinary folks to do it. As I recall, the founder of Christianity did the same thing.” Jennifer won the case. (Sheldon)
5.Since the term linguistic anthropology (and its variant anthropological linguistics) is currently understood in a variety of ways, it is important to clarify the way in which it will be used in this book. Engaging in this task at the beginning puts me in a somewhat difficult position given that the entire book is dedicated to the definition of the field and therefore I could never hope to do justice to its many aspects and subfields in a few introductory remarks. At the same time, it is important to recognize the need to give a first, however sketchy, idea of the type of enterprise pursued by the discipline described in this book. (Duranti)
6.Business completed, we went to Kyoto, the old capital, to visit temples and gardens. It’s a three-hour train ride away, passing vast stretches of industrialization. (Drummond)
7.She walks in front of the shelves in the library, eyes closed, and at random pulls out a book. (Ondaatje)
53
8. She nodded obediently and swam back towards the bathing place, the silver object hidden in her hand. (Mortimer)
9.A bleak London dawn, seeping in around the edges of the curtains, found me still in my arm-chair, the finished manuscript fallen into my
lap, and I into a fitful, dream-haunted, uneasy sleep. (Hill)
10.The passengers leant on the rail of the promenade deck or moved restlessly about the ship, in and out of the lounges, up and down to their cabins on the lower decks, making silly jokes, exchanging addresses and telephone numbers, promising to keep in touch while knowing full well that they would not almost certainly meet again. And yet there had been a bond forged between them that would never be entirely forgotten. (Clarke)
11.In different parts of the English-speaking world, then, as well as in Koasati, female speakers have been found to use forms considered to be “better” or more “correct” than those used by men. (TrudgilJ)
12.The Great War itself had several different effects. In terms of output it brought about a small fall in industrial production. This was hardly surprising given the mobilization of nearly six million men in the armed forces [...]. (Stevenson)
13.In 1189 visitors to Worcester passed this way because the City provided the major crossing-point of the River Severn for English travellers on their way to Hereford and so into Wales. Worcester therefore developed as a City based on this early tourism traffic, with its wealth created from the relevant opportunities [...] (Worcester: 800years)
14.Don’t expect shrubs in containers to grow as large as those in good soil in the open ground, but provided they are watered regularly they will at least look healthy. And a little restraint is sometimes no bad thing. (McHoy)
15.Alpines don’t need a rich soil, and they are extremely tolerant provided the drainage is good; even in a small rock garden you can find alpine plants native to a geograph ical area of hundreds of square miles, with many different soils. (McHoy)
54
5.1 Absolute (Nominative) Participial Construction
Независимый номинативный причастный оборот называется «независимым» потому, что имеет свое собственное подлежащее – стоящее перед ним существительное или местоимение. Конструкция может выполнять в предложении функцию обстоятельства времени, причины, условия или сопутствующих обстоятельств, и характерна для официального стиля речи. Переводится соответствующими придаточными предложениями, однако возможны случаи перестройки синтаксической структуры, изменение типа синтаксических связей. Например, в функции сопутствующих обстоятельств конструкция иногда переводится предикативной единицей в составе сложносочиненного предложения с бессоюзной связью, иногда самостоятельным предложением. Независимый номинативный причастный оборот всегда отделяется запятой от того предложения,
к которому он относится.
Для перевода такого оборота необходимо:
а) опознать его по наличию подлежащего перед причастием;
б) установить конец этого оборота – после запятой, перед следующим подлежащим;
в) переводить обстоятельственным придаточным предложением.
Если этот оборот стоит в начале предложения, то он переводится на русский язык:
а) придаточным предложением причины с союзами так как, поскольку, если причастие простое, и
б) придаточным времени с союзами когда, после того как, если причастие перфектное.
Если оборот стоит в конце предложения, он переводится самостоятельным предложением с союзами причем, а, и. Например:
My sister having finished her work, we went home.
55
Когда (после того как) сестра закончила работу, мы пошли домой.
The design of the vehicle having bee greatly improved, tram travel is much more comfortable that it used to be.
The professor spoke f our economy, his lecture being illustrated with charts.
Профессор говорил о нашей экономике, и его лекция сопровождалась диаграммами.
... when people have heard of you, favorably or not, they change: they become, through shyness or the inspires, something they are not under ordinary circumstances. This being so, my trip demanded that I leave my name and my identity at home.
...если люди знают вас, с хорошей ли, с дурной стороны, их словно подменяют. Робея или испытывая иные ощущения в присутствии известной личности, они становятся сами на себя не похожи. А поскольку это так, мое имя и мою известность лучше было забыть дома.
Подлежащее независимого причастного оборота может быть выражено формальным подлежащим it (this) или there, которые не переводятся:
There being no more time left, we had to hurry.
Так как не оставалось больше времени, нам пришлось поспешить.
Иногда перед подлежащим этого оборота может стоять предлог with, относящийся к этому обороту, в таком случае независимый номинативный причастный оборот следует переводить самостоятельным предложением.
Задания для самостоятельной работы
I.Translate into Russian noting the different ways to render the Absolute participial construction.
56
1. Spying on other people being, according to the books he read, the chief occupation of the people of these islands, it had never occurred to him to look down on a profession conscientiously pursued for seventeen years. (Galsworthy)
2.They are the descendants of Celts, Romans, Saxons, Jutes, Angles, Vikings, Normans; that being more or less the sequence of invaders who left their indelible mark upon the roads, fields, buildings, dialects, and place-names of England. (Peel)
3.Today, Miss Marple had absorbed the front page and a few other items in the daily paper that she had nicknamed “the Daily All-Sorts”, this being a slightly satirical allusion to the fact that her paper, the Daily News giver, owing to a change of proprietor, ...now provided articles on men’s tailoring, women’s dress, female heart-throbs, competitions for children, and complaining letters from women... (Christie)
4.He left me, his brisk footsteps going off down the corridor, out of my hearing. The library was quite silent. (Hill)
5.Morland was not so sought after as he used to be; on the other hand, his pictures were distinctive and of a handy size. If one had not much space left, and wanted that period represented, he was perhaps the most repaying after Constable – good Old Cromes being so infernally rare. (Galsworthy)
6.Nick sat down against the charred stump and smoked a cigarette. ...As he smoked, his legs stretched out in front of him, he noticed a grasshopper walk along the ground and up on to his woollen sock.
(Hemingway)
7.“Tck-tck-tck,” said Dick between his teeth and then laughed softly. “It’s an omen, Bessie, and – a good many things considered – it serves me right for doing what I have done.” (Kipling)
II. Translate into Russian noting the Absolute participial construction with the preposition with.
57
1.[...] Windsor Castle stands on a low hill on the south bank of the Thames with the shops and houses of the town of Windsor coming up to the gates. (Hindley)
2.For the first time people began to see nature for itself, instead of how it might be tailored to serve human purpose. Love of the wild fared especially well in the cities, with New York and San Francisco setting aside parks as green hearts for the urban streets and buildings soon to come. (Yellowstone National Park)
3.The rain had stopped for a moment as he drove across the square by the cinema, and the whole place came suddenly to life, with people rushing out of shops and houses to take advantage of the respite — servants on errands, women bound for the bazaar, merchants bartering, washerwomen hurrying to the great tank. (Bromfield)
4.The three ballets made a good programme. “Rite” is clearly a major work. Massine staged it again in Philadelphia in 1930 with Martha Graham dancing the central role of the Chosen Maiden. What would we not give to see that? (Dromgoole)
5.The Lebanese, I found, cherish this heritage. Many speak of themselves not as Arabs or Moslems or Christians or even Lebanese, but, with emphatic pride, as Phoenicians. With their civilisation flourishing along the coastal strip of Lebanon, the Phoenicians by the ninth century В. C.
Тема 6 ‘The Passive Voice’
Пассивная конструкция английского языка представляет некоторую трудность при переводе на русский язык прежде всего потому, что форма страдательного залога be + participle II и параллельная форма русского глагола различаются функционированием. В английском языке эта форма употребляется во всех стилях речи и разнообразных типах текста, в то время как в русском языке форма «быть + страдательное причастие» характерна скорее для официального стиля речи, для текстов делового и научного характера. При переводе английской
58
пассивной конструкции на русский язык используется целый ряд эквивалентных структур: предложения с глаголом-сказуемым в личной форме действительного залога и глаголом с суффиксом -ся, неопределенно-личные предложения, а также параллельная структура страдательного залога.
Например: This book was translated by a good friend of mine (quite recently, many times, into several languages, etc.).
а) Эту книгу перевел мой хороший знакомый.
б) Эту книгу перевели совсем недавно (на несколько языков, и т. д.).
в) Эта книга переводилась совсем недавно (много раз, на несколько языков, и т. п.).
г) Эта книга была переведена моим хорошим знакомым (совсем недавно и т. п.).
Изменение формы глагола-сказуемого может сопровождаться другими трансформациями, прежде всего, заменой членов предложения (подлежащего, прямого и косвенного дополнений). Иногда имеет место лексическая трансформация, например, замена глагола-сказуемого на конверсив с одновременной заменой пассивной конструкции на активную: I was sent a book parcel ‒ мне прислали бандероль ‒ я получил бандероль.
Регулярная замена пассивной конструкции на активную при переводе с английского языка на русский имеет место в случаях, когда:
а) английскому прямо-переходному глаголу в русском переводе соответствует непереходный глагол, например, affect (smb.) ‒ воздействовать (на кого-л.); join (smb.) ‒ присоединяться (к кому-л.); treat (smb.) ‒ обращаться (с кем-л.): She knew she was being watched. ‒ Она знала, что за ней наблюдают.
б) форма страдательного залога образована от глагола с предложным управлением, что не свойственно глаголу в русском языке, или от фразеологического сочетания: he was taken care of by her grandmother ‒ о
ней заботилась ее бабушка.
59
Кроме того, регулярная трансформация с возможной заменой пассивной формы имеет место в том случае, когда подлежащее в предложении с пассивной конструкцией обозначает адресата, а не объект действия: I was told an intriguing story about the castle – мне рассказали занимательную историю (мне была рассказана занимательная история) об этом замке.
Замена пассивной конструкции на активную может быть результатом лексико-семантического перефразирования, например:
It was a big order for a little store. The owner was impressed. (Stein.)
Для такой маленькой лавочки закупка была солидная. Хозяин проникся уважением ко мне. (Волж.)
В переводах с русского языка на английский мы наблюдаем обратное явление, когда форма глагола действительного залога заменяется на форму страдательного залога, как в нижеследующем примере:
В разломанной печке разложили огонь. Достали доску и, утвердив ее на двух седлах, покрыли попоной, достали самоварчик, погребец и полбутылки рому, и, попросив Марью Генриховну быть хозяйкой, все столпились около нее. (Тол.)
They made a fire in the dilapidated stove. A board was found and placed across two saddles and covered with a horse cloth, a small samovar and a bottle case with half a bottle of rum were produced, and having asked Marya Hendrikhovna to preside, they all crowded around her. (Dunn.)
Задание для самостоятельной работы
Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the Russian equivalents of the passive constructions.
1.Football is played all over the world.
2.She was born in September and was called September.
3.That was the principle upon which his attitude to all the problems was formed.
60