Английский язык «Bridge to Confidence». Учебное пособие для студентов всех специальностей

Doctor: You can take these vitamins. But remember - good sleep is the best medicine!

Anna: I understand. I'll try to sleep more. Thank you!

Exercise 2.5. Complete the chart

Exercise 2.6. Choose the right answer

1.Anna feels very...

a) energetic b) tired

c) happy

2.The doctor says Anna needs to...

a) study more b) rest more c) work harder

3.The doctor thinks the best medicine is...

a) vitamins b) good sleep c) warm tea

3. Grammar and Vocabulary

Exercise 3.1. Choose the correct modal verb (should, shouldn't, must, mustn't, have to, don't have to.)

1.You ______ eat so much sugar. It's bad for your teeth.

2.Students ______ wear a uniform at our school. It's the rule.

3.You ______ buy a ticket for the bus. The driver sells them.

4.I ______ finish this project today. My boss needs it tomorrow.

5.You ______ touch that wire! It's very dangerous.

6.We ______ hurry. We have plenty of time before the movie starts.

7.She ______ take a break. She looks very tired.

8.You ______ be late for the interview. It will make a bad impression.

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9.They ______ pay for the museum. It's free on Sundays.

10.I ______ call my parents. I haven't spoken to them all week.

Exercise 3.2. Complete the sentences with a modal verb and your own version of the ending

1.If you have a headache, you ______

2.To be healthy, people ______

3.When you are in a library, you ______

4.If you want to be a pilot, you ______

5.Before an exam, students ______

6.When you meet someone for the first time, you ______

7.If the weather is cold, you ______

8.To improve your English, you ______

9.When you feel sick, you ______

10.If you see a fire, you ______

Exercise 3.3. Find and correct the mistakes. Each sentence has one mistake.

1.You must to drink more water.

2.He doesn't has to work on weekends.

3.They should to arrive early.

4.We mustn't be late. It's important.

5.She have to wear glasses to read.

6.You shouldn't eats fast food every day.

7.I must remember buy milk.

8.He should rests more.

9.We don't have paying for the tickets.

10.You must to listen to the teacher.

Exercise 3.4. Translate the following sentences into English

1.Тебе следует пойти к врачу.

2.Мне нужно закончить работу до пяти часов.

3.Нельзя переходить улицу на красный свет.

4.Ему не нужно носить костюм на работу.

5.Вы должны быть тихими в библиотеке.

6.Тебе не следует смотреть телевизор так много.

7.Им нужно рано вставать завтра.

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8.Нельзя кормить животных в зоопарке.

9.Нам не нужно брать зонт. Солнечно.

10.Следует ли мне надеть платье или брюки?

Exercise 3.5. What would you say in these situations? Use modal verbs.

1.Your friend has a toothache.

2.Your sister wants to be a doctor.

3.Your brother is always late for school.

4.Your friend feels very stressed about exams.

5.Your cousin wants to visit another country.

6.Your classmate is very tired but continues to work.

7.Your neighbor lost their job.

8.Your friend eats too much junk food.

9.Your parents want to learn English.

10.Your friend is going to drive a long way at night.

4.Speaking.

4.1.With a partner, ask and answer the questions

1.What do you usually do to stay healthy?

2.How often do you exercise? What kind of exercise do you do?

3.What is your favorite healthy food? Why do you like it?

4.What is more important for you: healthy eating or regular exercise? Why?

5.Do you think it's important to get enough sleep? How many hours do you usually sleep?

6.What do you do when you feel stressed?

7.Have you ever tried any unusual sports or fitness activities?

8.What healthy habit would you like to develop?

9.Do you prefer exercising at home or at the gym? Why?

10.What advice would you give to someone who wants to start living a healthier life?

5.Writing.

5.1.Write an essay on the topic «Health and Fitness»

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UNIT VIII Laws and Customs of the English-Speaking World

1.Reading

1.1.Read the following text and translate it into Russian

Navigating the Unwritten Rules: Laws and Customs of the

English-Speaking World

Traveling or moving to an English-speaking country is an exciting adventure. However, beyond learning the language, understanding the local laws and customs is crucial for a smooth and respectful experience. While these nations share a common language, their regulations and social norms can vary dramatically. This guide will explore some key legal and cultural aspects of the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, and Australia.

The United Kingdom: Tradition and Order

The United Kingdom, comprising England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, is a land steeped in history and tradition. Its legal system, particularly in England and Wales, is a common law system, heavily based on precedent (previous court decisions).

Important Laws and Customs:

The Queue: Perhaps the most famous British custom is queueing (waiting in line). The British take queueing very seriously. Pushing ahead in a line is considered extremely rude and a serious breach of etiquette. Always look for a line and wait your turn patiently.

Drinking Laws: The legal drinking age is 18. However, laws regarding public consumption of alcohol vary. In many places, it is illegal to drink alcohol in public spaces, and police can issue fines for doing so.

Driving: In the UK, people drive on the left-hand side of the road. This often confuses visitors from countries where driving on the right is the norm. Jaywalking (crossing the road away from a designated crossing) is not typically a criminal offence, but it can be dangerous.

Respect for Privacy: The British generally value their privacy. Asking personal questions about salary, relationships, or politics soon after meeting someone is considered intrusive. Small talk often revolves around neutral topics like the weather.

The United States: A Diverse Mosaic

The United States is a vast federal republic, meaning laws can differ from state to state. However, some regulations are consistent across the country.

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Important Laws and Customs:

Tipping Culture: Unlike in many European countries, tipping is not just a custom; it is an essential part of the service industry's economy. Waitstaff, bartenders, taxi drivers, and hairdressers rely on tips. A tip of 15-20% of the total bill in a restaurant is expected. Not tipping for good service is seen as very rude.

Age Restrictions: The legal drinking age is 21 nationwide, strictly enforced with ID checks. The legal age for driving, voting, and signing contracts is 18.

Jaywalking: In many US cities, jaywalking is a punishable offence, and you can receive a fine from law enforcement for crossing the street incorrectly.

Personal Space: Americans tend to value more personal space in public than in some other cultures. Standing too close to someone in a line or during a conversation can make them feel uncomfortable.

Patriotism: Displaying the national flag is common, and shows of patriotism are frequent and generally viewed positively.

Canada: Politeness and Multiculturalism

Canada is known for its politeness, diversity, and stunning natural beauty. Its legal system is a mix of common law and civil law (in Quebec).

Important Laws and Customs:

"Sorry" is not an admission of guilt: Canadians have a reputation for being exceptionally polite and frequently saying "sorry," even for minor incidents. This is a social custom, not a legal admission of wrongdoing.

Strict Alcohol Laws: The legal drinking age is 19 in most provinces and 18 in Alberta, Manitoba, and Quebec. The sale of alcohol is more regulated than in the US; you can typically only buy it from government-run liquor stores or licensed establishments.

Multiculturalism: Canada officially promotes multiculturalism. It is customary and expected to be tolerant and respectful of all cultures, religions, and backgrounds. Discrimination is not only frowned upon but also illegal.

The Great Outdoors: Canadians have a deep respect for nature. Littering is not only illegal but also considered a serious violation of social norms. There are often large fines for leaving trash in public or natural spaces.

Australia: Relaxed and Easy-Going

Australian culture is often described as informal, laid-back, and irreverent. While the people are friendly, their sense of humour can be dry and sarcastic.

Important Laws and Customs:

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Informal Greetings: The Australian greeting "G'day" (Good day) is known worldwide. Australians tend to be very informal; they often use first names immediately and skip formal titles.

Strict Biosecurity Laws: Australia has extremely strict biosecurity laws. When you enter the country, you must declare any food, plant material, or animal products. The penalties for bringing prohibited items into the country are very severe, including large fines. This is to protect its unique ecosystem.

"BYO" Culture: Many restaurants, especially casual ones, are "BYO" (Bring Your Own), meaning you can bring your own wine or beer. There is usually a small "corkage" fee for this service.

A Fair Go: A central Australian value is the concept of a "fair go" – the belief that everyone deserves equal opportunity and should be treated with fairness. Showing off or acting as if you are better than others is strongly frowned upon.

Common Threads and Conclusion

Despite their differences, these countries share some common legal principles, such as the presumption of innocence (innocent until proven guilty) and the right to a fair trial. Socially, punctuality is generally valued. Being on time for appointments, meetings, and social gatherings is a sign of respect.

Understanding these laws and customs is more than just avoiding trouble; it is a sign of respect for the local culture. It shows that you are not just a visitor but a thoughtful guest. Before you travel, always take time to research the specific regulations and social norms of your destination. This knowledge will enrich your experience, help you connect with locals, and ensure your adventure is both safe and unforgettable.

Active Vocabulary List

breach of etiquette - нарушение этикета

BYO (Bring Your Own) - «принеси своё» (напр., алкоголь) civil law - гражданское право

common law system - прецедентное право (система общего права) confuse - сбивать с толку, путать

consumption - потребление

corkage fee - плата за обслуживание (за откупоривание своей бутылки) criminal offence - уголовное преступление

custom - обычай, традиция destination - место назначения discrimination - дискриминация

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ecosystem - экосистема

enter the country - въезжать в страну establishment - заведение (напр., ресторан) expected - ожидаемый, предполагаемый fine - штраф

frowned upon - неодобрительный greeting - приветствие

ID check - проверка документов, удостоверяющих личность Illegal - незаконный

informal / laid-back - неформальный / расслабленный intrusive - навязчивый, вторгающийся в личное пространство irreverent - непочтительный

issue a fine - выписать штраф

jaywalking - переход дороги в неположенном месте law - закон

law enforcement - правоохранительные органы left-hand side - левая сторона

legal - законный, юридический

legal drinking age - возраст, с которого разрешено употребление алкоголя

littering - мусорить norm - норма patriotism - патриотизм

penalty - наказание, взыскание police - полиция

precedent - прецедент (судебный)

presumption of innocence - презумпция невиновности prohibited items - запрещённые предметы

promote - продвигать, поощрять province - провинция (в Канаде) punctuality - пунктуальность

punishable offence - наказуемое правонарушение queueing (to queue) - стоять в очереди

regulated - регулируемый

regulation - правило, норма, регламент republic - республика

reputation - репутация

right to a fair trial - право на справедливое судебное разбирательство rude - грубый, невежливый

sarcastic - саркастический

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sense of humour - чувство юмора skip - пропускать

small talk - светская беседа, разговор о пустяках state - штат (в США, Австралии)

strict biosecurity laws - строгие законы биобезопасности tipping (to tip) - давать чаевые

trouble - проблема, неприятность value - ценность

violation - нарушение

1.2. Read the text again and say which facts in the sentences (1-10) are true, false or not stated

1.In the UK, queueing is just a friendly suggestion, and it's acceptable to skip the line if you are in a hurry.

2.The legal drinking age is the same (21 years old) across all

English-speaking countries mentioned in the text.

3.In Canada, saying "sorry" can be used as formal evidence of guilt in a court of law.

4.Not leaving a tip in a US restaurant for good service is considered a violation of the law.

5.Australia has very strict rules about bringing food and plants into the country to protect its environment.

6.The text states that the common law system is used exclusively in the United States.

7.In Australia, it is common to use formal titles and last names when addressing someone you have just met.

8.The concept of a "fair go" in Australian culture means that everyone is guaranteed equal success in life.

9.The text suggests that researching local laws and customs before traveling is unnecessary for tourists.

10.Punctuality is generally valued and considered a sign of respect in all the countries discussed.

2.Dialogues

Tipping in the USA

Maria: I'm so confused about tipping in American restaurants. John: It's easy! You always leave 15-20% of the bill for the waiter.

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Maria: Really? Even if the service isn't perfect?

John: Well, you can leave less for bad service. But tipping is really important here - waiters get low salaries.

Maria: In my country, we only tip for exceptional service. What about taxis? John: Yes, for taxis too - usually 10-15%. It's a custom here.

Maria: Thanks for explaining! I don't want to be rude.

Exercise 2.1. Answer the questions

1.How much should you tip in American restaurants?

2.Why is tipping important in the USA?

3.Do you need to tip taxi drivers?

4.What's different about tipping in Maria's country?

Exercise 2.2. True or false?

1.Tipping isn't important in the USA.

2.Waiters in America get high salaries.

3.You should tip taxi drivers too.

4.Maria understands tipping customs now.

Queueing in Britain

Tom: I saw something funny today at the bus stop. Emma: What happened?

Tom: A tourist tried to skip the queue! Everyone was so upset. Emma: Oh no! Queueing is serious in Britain. We always wait in line politely.

Tom: I know! Even if there's no actual line, people remember who came first. Emma: Exactly! It's one of our most important customs.

Tom: The tourist looked very embarrassed when people told him to go to the back.

Exercise 2.3. Fill in the blanks

1.Queueing is very ______ in Britain.

2.People always wait in line ______.

3.The tourist tried to ______ the queue.

4.Everyone was ______ when the tourist skipped the queue.

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Exercise 2.4. Answer the questions

1.What did the tourist do wrong?

2.How do British people feel about queueing?

3.What happened when people noticed?

4.Where did this happen?

Drinking Laws in Canada

Lisa: Can we buy some beer for the party?

David: We need to go to the LCBO - that's the government liquor store. Lisa: Why can't we buy it in a supermarket?

David: It's the law here. Alcohol is only sold in special stores. Lisa: That's different! What's the drinking age?

David: It's 19 in Ontario. They always check ID if you look young. Lisa: Good to know. The laws are much stricter here than in my country.

Exercise 2.5. True or false?

1.You can buy alcohol in Canadian supermarkets.

2.The drinking age is 18 in Ontario.

3.LCBO is a government store.

4.Lisa finds the laws similar to her country.

Exercise 2.6. Find the following words in the dialogue

1.алкоголь ______

2.проверяют удостоверение ______

3.специальные магазины ______

4.строгие законы ______

3. Grammar and Vocabulary

Exercise 3.1. Choose the correct modal verb can, could, may, would to make up questions

1.______ you please pass me the salt?

2.______ I use your phone? My battery is dead.

3.______ you help me with this heavy box?

4.______ I ask you a personal question?

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