Английский язык «Bridge to Confidence». Учебное пособие для студентов всех специальностей

7.If I understood blockchain technology, ______

8.He wouldn't have lost all his data if ______

9.If they had better internet connection, ______

10.I would learn programming if ______

Exercise 3.4. Find and correct the mistakes. Each sentence has one mistake.

1.If I would have known about the cyber attack, I would have changed my password.

2.If my phone had more storage, I would downloaded all the updates.

3.She would have backed up her files if she would have thought about it.

4.If they had better equipment, they would have streamed in 4K.

5.I would bought the new gadget if I had enough money.

6.If he had used VPN, his data wouldn't be stolen.

7.We would have joined the online course if we would have time.

8.If I were you, I would have enabled encryption.

9.They wouldn't miss the deadline if they had started earlier.

10.If she had checked the email, she would known about the meeting.

Exercise 3.5. Rephrase the sentences using the correct type of conditionals(Second or Third Conditional).

1.I don't have a VR headset, so I can't try the metaverse.

2.She didn't update her software, so she got a virus.

3.They don't have good cameras, so they can't make quality videos.

4.He forgot to save the document, so he lost all his work.

5.We don't know coding, so we can't create our own app.

6.She didn't back up her photos, so she lost them all.

7.I don't have a fast processor, so my computer works slowly.

8.They didn't read the system requirements, so the program doesn't work.

9.He doesn't have a stable connection, so he can't participate in video calls.

10.She didn't enable two-factor authentication, so her account was hacked.

4.Speaking.

4.1.With a partner, ask and answer the questions

1.What modern technology do you use every day? How does it help you?

2.What are the main advantages and disadvantages of smartphones?

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3.Do you think people spend too much time on social media? Why?

4.How has technology changed the way we communicate with friends and family?

5.What new technology are you most excited about? (AI, electric cars, etc.)

6.Do you prefer reading books on electronic devices or paper books? Why?

7.What problems can technology cause in our lives?

8.How do you protect your personal information online?

9.Do you think robots will replace people in many jobs in the future?

10.If you could invent one new technology, what would it be?

5.Writing.

5.1.Write an essay on the topic «Modern Technologies»

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Грамматический справочник для уровня Pre-Intermediate

1. Present Simple vs. Present Continuous

2. Конструкция to be going to

Используется для выражения: планов, намерений или предсказаний, основанных на очевидных данных или доказательствах.

Формула: am/is/are + going to + V (инфинитив)

Примеры:

We are going to launch a new product next month. (План)

Look at those clouds! It is going to rain. (Предсказание с доказательством)

3. Past Simple

Используется для выражения: действий, совершенных в прошлом, когда известно время совершения действий.

Маркеры: yesterday, last week/month/year, in 2010, an hour ago

Формула:

Утверждение: I/You/He/She/It/We/They + V-ed (или 2-я форма непр.

глаг.)

Отрицание: didn't + V (инфинитив без to) Вопрос: Did + подлежащее + V (инфинитив без to)?

Примеры:

She worked here last year. (правильный глагол)

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I saw him yesterday. (неправильный глагол: see-saw-seen) They didn't have a meeting.

Did you finish the report?

4. Past Continuous

Используется для выражения: действия, длившееся в определенный момент в прошлом или двух действий в прошлом, одно длительное (Past Continuous), а другое краткое (Past Simple), которое прервало его.

Маркеры: while, when, at 5 p.m. yesterday, all day

Формула: was/were + V-ing

Примеры:

I was writing an email when my boss called. (Длинное действие прервано коротким)

While they were discussing the contract, the client arrived.

5. Quantifiers (Количественные местоимения)

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6. Сравнительная и превосходная степени прилагательных

Сравнительная степень (сравнение двух объектов):

Односложные и двусложные прилагательные. (1-2 слога): adjective + -er + than (fast → faster than)

Многосложные прилагательные . (3+ слога): more + adjective + than (expensive → more expensive than)

Исключения: good – better than; bad – worse than; far – further/farther than

Превосходная степень (сравнение трех и более объектов):

Короткие прил.: the + adjective + -est (fast → the fastest)

Длинные прил.: the most + adjective (expensive → the most expensive)

Исключения: good – the best; bad – the worst; far – the furthest/farthest

Разница между as...as, too, enough:

as + прил. + as: "такой же... как". She is as tall as her brother. too + прил.: "слишком". It's too expensive to buy.

прил. + enough: "достаточно". He is old enough to drive.

7. Различие между will, be going to, Present Continuous

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8. Present Perfect

Используется для выражения: Действие в прошлом, результат которого важен сейчас, а также для выражения опыта говорящего (без указания конкретного времени), действия, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается до сих пор.

Маркеры: ever, never, just, already, yet, for, since, recently Формула: have/has + V3 (Past Participle)

Примеры:

I have finished the report. (Результат: отчет готов.) She has never been to China. (Опыт)

We have worked here for 5 years. (Действие продолжается)

9. Модальные глаголы для выражения совета и обязательств

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10. Модальные глаголы для запросов и разрешения

11. Past Perfect

Используется для выражения: действия в прошлом, которое произошло раньше другого.

Формула: had + V3 (Past Participle)

Часто используется с: when, after, before, by the time

Пример:

When I arrived at the office, the meeting had already started.

(Сначала встреча началась, потом я прибыл).

12. Second and Third Conditional

Second Conditional

Используется для выражения: маловероятных или воображаемых ситуаций в настоящем/будущем

Формула: If + Past Simple, ... would + V

Пример: If I had more time, I would learn Chinese. (Но времени у меня нет)

Third Conditional

Используется для выражения: ситуаций, относящихся к прошлому, которые уже нельзя изменить

Формула: If + Past Perfect, ... would have + V3

Пример: If you had told me, I would have helped you. (Но ты не сказал,

и я не помог)

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READER’S DIGEST

Think up a suitable headline for each text

The English language has been evolving for centuries, if not for millennia. Conversations from the Middle Ages would be almost unrecognisable today. In particular, the use and meaning of vocabulary is in constant flux. The British charity Oxfam has issued a guide that further pushes for changes in how the language is used, especially by charity workers. Oxfam wants to "decolonise" English, which it considers to be, "the language of a colonising nation". It said English needs to change "in order to decolonise our ways of working and shift power". Oxfam has issued a 92-page "Inclusive Language Guide" to advise employees on the use of language "to support everyone to feel empowered to be inclusive in their work".

Oxfam was founded in 1942 to help alleviate global poverty. It now operates in more than 80 countries worldwide. Its new guide recognises the reality that English is the dominant language used by charity workers in former British colonies. Oxfam said: "This guide aims to support people who have to work and communicate in the English language as part of this colonial legacy." The guide focuses on inclusivity for the disabled, the LGBTQIA+ community, migrants, refugees, and others. Suggested language changes include avoiding "colonial" phrases like "headquarters" and "mankind". It said the latter word could be viewed as being patriarchal as "it is often misunderstood as only referring to men".

Smartphones are a wonder of modern technology. They have many features that we rely on every day. They also have many hidden functions that we are unaware of. One such secret is on the new Apple iPhone 14 Pro. This has the ability to measure someone's height. You just point your phone camera at a person, click on the Measure app, and get an instant measurement of how tall that person is. The person whose height you are measuring must be standing in front of the camera from head to toe. It is possible to measure your own height in a mirror, but this is not so accurate. It would be better for a friend to do it for you. The new Measure app could end arguments about who is the tallest.

The Measure app uses AR (augmented reality) and a special sensor that is inside the camera. The technology behind the sensor is called LiDAR. This is an acronym for "light imaging, detection, and ranging". LiDAR is also called 3D laser scanning. It is used to make digital 3D models of areas of the

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Earth's surface and of the bottom of the ocean. LiDAR measures a person's height by sending out pulses of light. These light pulses bounce off the person being measured and return to the LiDAR sensor. The app measures how long this took. The length of time helps the app to calculate the person's height. The website bgr.com joked that the app, "isn't as cool as drawing lines on a door" to find someone's height.

A study suggests that people feel happiest in the mornings, and that midnight is the time we feel the bluest. Researchers from University College London conducted a comprehensive study on mood, frame of mind, and mental well-being at varying times of the day. They asked test participants to rate their feelings of happiness, overall satisfaction with life, and to what degree they thought life was worthwhile. The researchers concluded that: "Generally, things do seem better in the morning." They said: "Across a…diverse sample, we repeatedly saw mornings align with better mental health…and midnight with the lowest." This was so even when accounting for differences in individual characteristics."

The researchers also investigated which days of the week we felt happiest. They suggested that we feel happiest on Sunday mornings, when feelings of anxiety are more subdued. This is perhaps attributable to people having the chance to unwind on Saturdays. People are also more likely to have fun on Saturdays. Perhaps they splash out on something nice while shopping, or get together with friends. This has a positive impact on making us feel happier the following day. The researchers posited that other "drivers" could affect our feelings of positivity. These include the seasons, "weather

(temperature, precipitation, humidity…) as well as various sociocultural cycles".

Everybody knows that eating carrots is good for our eyesight. A new study suggests that grapes are also good for our eyes. Researchers from the National University of Singapore have found that eating just a few grapes a day can improve our vision. This is especially so for people who are older. Dr Eun Kim, the lead researcher, said: "Our study is the first to show that grape consumption beneficially impacts eye health in humans, which is very exciting, especially with a growing, ageing population." Dr Kim added that, "grapes are an easily accessible fruit that studies have shown can have a beneficial impact" on our eyesight. This is good news for people who don't really like carrots.

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The study is published in the journal "Food & Function". Thirty-four adults took part in a series of experiments over 16 weeks. Half of the participants ate one-and-a-half cups of grapes per day; the other half ate a placebo snack. Dr Kim did not tell the participants or the researchers whether she was testing the grapes or the snack. She thought that not revealing this information would give better test results. She found that people who ate the grapes had improved muscle strength around the retina. The retina passes information about light to the brain via electrical signals. It protects the eyes from damaging blue light. A lot of blue light comes from computer and smartphone screens, and from LED lights.

In today's increasingly hectic world, more and more of us are experiencing tiredness and fatigue. Experts say there is an increase in the condition chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). This is a physical and mental disorder that makes us feel extremely tired. That tiredness does not go away even if we rest. Sleep specialist Sammy Margo said: "Our lifestyles are characterised by constant connectivity, high stress and inadequate sleep." Nutritionist Dr Rohini Patil said people with CFS suffer from a lack of energy that affects every aspect of their day. She said eating better can help, saying: "While there is no cure for CFS, a well-balanced diet can play a significant role in helping manage symptoms and boost energy levels."

Dr Ben Kelly, a specialist in preventative medicine at the UK's biggest healthcare charity, offered some advice about how to deal with fatigue and a lack of sleep. He advised people to try his three-step bedtime plan. Step one is to turn the lights off because light keeps our brain active. He said blue light from phones and laptops is "particularly harmful". The second step is a good room temperature of around 19ºC. He said: "A cool room helps to reduce body temperature, which helps initiate sleep." The final step is to reduce all noise. As for food, life coach Simon Alexander Ong recommends we eat bananas to help us get a better night's rest. He said bananas contain chemicals that encourage sleep.

The Pope has suggested that people who choose to have pets instead of children were acting selfishly. Pope Francis was addressing worshippers in Rome. He told his audience that substituting children for pets was a "denial of fatherhood and motherhood". He added: "Today, we see a form of selfishness. We see that some people do not want to have a child. Sometimes they have just one, and that's it, but they have dogs and cats that take the place

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