Essentials of pedagogical profession. Учебное пособие

2.Give full answers to the questions:

1)What is the educational organization?

2)In what way are pupils usually organized?

3)What types of schools are there in different countries?

4)What is streaming or multi-tracking?

5)What concepts are popular today due to the modern interest in resources for learning?

6)What assumption gave start to the idea of general-purpose classroom?

7)What were ordinary classroom and lesson-period divisions replaced by?

8)What elements does the team plan usually consist of?

9)What are the presumed advantages of team teaching?

10)Why is team teaching good for less able children?

11)What is the most obvious benefit of team teaching?

12)What is the disadvantage of team teaching?

13)What subject areas can team teaching be useful?

14)What do people think about grouping children with the due to tests?

3.Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.

4. Read the definitions below and find the words in the text. Translate the definitions and the words into Russian.

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1)r _____ to support something by putting it on or against something; to be supported in this way

2)p _____ follow with intent to overtake and capture or harm; follow up, carry on further, continue

3)d _____ to change or to make something change so that there is greater variety

4)r _____ to be used instead of somebody/something else; to do something instead of somebody/something else

5)a _____ to make things or people follow one after the other in a repeated pattern

6)e _____ to give something to somebody and at the same time receive the same type of thing from them

7)a _____ to keep away from somebody/something; to try not to do something

8)a _____ to have enough money to be able to buy or do something

5.Complete the sentences with the following words. comprehensive separate available various flexible native

reliable desirable

1)We talked about jobs, family, football and _____ other things.

2)I returned to my _____ city last year to find it little changed since my childhood.

3)The book gives a _____ account of the English Civil War.

4)The two groups are essentially _____ and independent.

5)You need to be more _____ and imaginative in your approach.

6)He was a very _____ and honest man who would never betray anyone.

7)The houses are built using locally _____ materials.

8)Paris was the most _____ place to visit, so I decided to go there.

6.Discussion. Discuss the following questions in small groups. You may need to use different sources to find the information necessary for argumentative discussion.

1)Why do you think pupils are grouped by age?

2)Why do you think children study 10 or 12 years at school?

3)Is team teaching more effective than traditional form of teaching? Why?

4)Is team teaching good for learning languages? Give your rea-

sons.

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5) Do you think grouping of children by ability is effective for learning foreign languages?

Unit 5.

Instructional media

1. Study the following words and phrases:

«In general, instructional media are seen by educators as aids rather than substitutions for the teacher. Teachers spend a disproportionate amount of their time in routine chores – in collecting and assigning books and materials and in marking, or grading – that could be partly obviated if aids could be so constructed as to free them to concentrate on the central job of promoting understanding, intellectual curiosity, and creative activity in the learner.

Speaking-listening media

With in-person lectures and with audiovisual recordings, teachers are able to set out their material as they think best, but usually the audience reception is weakly passive since there is not much opportunity for a two-way communication of ideas. Furthermore, in lectures, much of the students’ energies may be taken up with note writing. Recordings enable one to store lecture material and to use it on occasions when a teacher is not available.

Language laboratories are study rooms equipped with electronic sound-reproduction devices, enabling students to hear model pronunciations of foreign languages and to record and hear their own voices. Such laboratories are effective modes of operant learning; the learning can be converted into a stimulating form of problem solving.

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Visual and observational media

Useful visual materials include physical or electronically presented objects and models, diagrams, charts, graphs, cartoons, posters, maps, globes, and pictures, as well as videos and films. Facilities include electronic whiteboards, traditional blackboards, bulletin boards, display cases, and museums. Such activities as field trips and the use of visiting authorities are considered part of visual and observational programs, and even demonstrations, dramatizations, experiments, and creative activities are usually included.

In general, pictures and diagrams, fieldwork, and contrived experiments and observations are all used as concrete leads to the generalizing, abstracting, and explaining that constitutes human learning.

Reading-writing media

Reading and writing have formed the staple of traditional education. Both assume sophisticated language attainments and the capacity to think formally and respond to another mind, for a textbook is essentially a mode of communication between a remote teacher and a reader. The material in a textbook is a sample of a subject area, simplified to a level suitable for the reader. Because the sampling in both the text and the exercise might be haphazard, and there can be no feedback to the writer, the teacher has to take on the writer’s responsibilities.

Programmed learning is a form of reading and writing. The most basic form of programmed instruction (called linear programming) analyzes a subject into its component parts and arranges the parts in sequential learning order. At each step in their reading, students are required to make a response and are told immediately whether or not the response is correct. The program is usually structured so that right answers are apt to be extremely frequent in order to encourage students and give them a feeling of success. In another kind of programmed instruction (called branching programming) students are given a piece of information, provided with alternative answers to questions, and, on the basis of their decision, detoured, if necessary, to remedial study or sent on to the next section of the program. The two types of program differ fundamentally in their attitudes toward errors and the use of them. The brancher uses them to further the learning; the linearist avoids them. The chief value of programmed instruction in general is that it allows students to learn at their own pace, without much teacher supervision.

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Its chief defect is that it can quickly become dull and mechanical for the student.

Computer-based instruction

Computers have great usefulness in the classroom. They can give instruction to students, call for responses, feedback the results, and modify students’ further learning accordingly. Computers can also be used to measure each student’s attainments, compare them with past performances, and then advise teachers on what parts of the curriculum they should follow next.

In a fully computer-assisted instruction program, the computer takes over from the teacher in providing the learner with drill, practice, and revision, as well as testing and diagnosis. The form of the teaching may be simply linear or branching, or it can be extended to thinking and problem solving by simulation. » [12]

(Abridged from the original text provided by https://www.britannica.com/)

2.Read the questions and give detailed answers:

1)What routine did teachers spend much of their time in?

2)What is teachers` central job?

3)What is the main disadvantage of in-person lectures and au- dio-visual recordings?

4)What is a language laboratory?

5)What is the advantage of a language laboratory?

6)What do visual materials consist of?

7)What are the visual and observational facilities?

8)What activities are also parts of major observational and visual programs?

9)What do using visual media lead to?

10)What do reading-writing media assume? Why?

11)What is the material in a textbook like?

12)Why does the teacher take on the writer`s responsibilities?

13)What is a programmed learning?

14)What is linear programming for?

15)What do students do at each stage of their reading?

16)What encourages students and provides them with a feeling of success?

17)How do you understand the idea of branching programming?

18)What is the difference between linear and branching programming?

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19)What are the main advantage and disadvantage of programmed instruction?

20)Why are computers useful in the classroom? What are computers used for in the classroom?

21)Is it possible to replace a teacher by a computer? When?

22)What forms of teaching does computer-based instruction have?

3.Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.

4. Read the following definitions and find the words in the text. Translate the definitions and the words into Russian.

1)g _____ to give a mark to a student or to a piece of their written work

2)f _____ to allow somebody to leave prison or somewhere they have been kept against their will

3)s _____ keep in store for further use, collect and keep in reserve, form a store, stock or supply of; accumulate

4)e _____ fit out or provide with what is necessary for action or purpose (for example, with arms or apparatus)

5)s _____ to make something easier to do or understand

6)g _____ to use a particular set of facts or ideas in order to form an opinion that is considered relevant to a different situation

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7)c _____ to be considered to be something; to be the parts that together form something

8)m _____ to judge the importance, value or effect of something

9)c _____ to examine people or things to see how they are similar and how they are different

10)a _____ to tell somebody what you think they should do in a particular situation

5.Define the grammar form of the words in bold.

6.Discussion. Discuss the following questions in small groups. You may need to use different sources to find the information necessary for argumentative discussion. Choose one of the questions and write an essay.

1)Which of the instructional media is the most useful?

2)What are the advantages and disadvantages of each group of instructional media?

3)Are all groups of instructional media suitable for all learners? Give your reasons.

4)Which group of instructional media is the most suitable for you? Why?

EXERCISES FOR SELF-CHECK AND ADDITIONAL STUDY

1. Answer the following questions. Look through the texts above if you need.

1)What is pedagogy?

2)Who are the participants of teaching process?

3)What factors affect the edevelopment of the pupil`s intellect?

4)What are the requirements to teacher`s work?

5)Who is the leader in the classroom?

6)What groups can be subject matters divided into?

7)What things influence the efficiency of the teaching-learning process?

8)What are the objectives of teaching?

9)What is the product of cognitive training?

10)What values are taught at school?

11)Is emotional learning important? Why?

12)What is lesson?

13)What are the signs of a good lesson?

14)What problems can a teacher have during a lesson?

15)How are pupils usually grouped?

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16)What schools systems are used in the world?

17)What is team-teaching?

18)What problems does team-teaching have?

19)What for is instructional media needed?

20)What types of instructional media can you remember of?

2.Which definition is right for each point?

1) experience a) reports of recent events that appear in newspapers or on television, radio or the internet

b)a strong feeling such as love, fear or anger

c)actual observation of or practical acquaintance with facts or events, considered as a source of knowledge

2) memorize a) to be unable to remember the past events or information and facts that you knew in the past

b)to learn something carefully so that you can remember it exactly

c)to gain knowledge or skill by studying, from experience, from being taught

3) humanity a) a particular group of people or animals living in a particular area

b)people in general

c)people who have the legal right to belong to a particular country

4) workshop a) a room or building in which things are made or repaired using tools or machines

b)a building or group of buildings where goods are made, mainly by machine

c)a building in which collections of books, newspapers, etc. and sometimes films and recorded music are kept for people to read, study or borrow

5) experiment a) a test of a person`s knowledge or proficiency in which he or she is required to answer questions or perform tasks

b)reports of recent events that appear in newspapers or on television, radio or the internet

c)a scientific test that is done in order to study what happens and to gain new knowledge

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6)laboratory a) a place where children go to be educated

b)a room or building used for scientific research, experiments, testing, etc.

c)a building in which collections of books, newspapers, etc. and sometimes films and recorded music are kept for people to read, study or borrow

8) resource a) a thing known for certain to have occurred or to be true; a datum of experience

b)reports of recent events that appear in newspapers or on television, radio or the internet

c)a stock or reserve which can be drawn on when necessary; some equipment or aid for students and teachers

3.Work with the dictionary.

1)Look up the following groups of words in the dictionary. What part of speech are the words (are they nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs)? Pay attention to the suffixes and prefixes which are used to build a word.

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2)Look up the following words with similar meaning in the dictionary. Choose five words and make your own sentences with

them.

4. Role-play tasks. Work in pairs, prepare and act a dialogue for each of the following situations.

Situation 1.

A tourist in Rostov

Student A: You are a tourist who has lost his way in an unknown city (Rostov-on-Don). Student B is a passer-by. Ask the passer-by questions to find out the way to your hotel.

• Apologise and ask for help.

• Say you have lost your way and ask how you can get to the In- tourist hotel (You are at the Embankment near Voroshilovsky bridge).

• How you can get to the bus stop.

• What bus you can take at the bus stop in Bolshaya Sadovaya

Street.

• Ask how many bus stops you should pass • Where you have to get off the bus. • How much the fare is.

• How long it will take you to go to the hotel. Thank the passer- by.

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