Essentials of pedagogical profession. Учебное пособие
.pdf4. Report the questions.
Example:
Are you glad to be back?
He asked me if I was glad to be back.
1)How are you?
2)How long have you been away?
3)Are you going away again?
4)Why did you come back?
5)What are you doing now?
6)Have you made new friends?
7)What impressed you most in England?
8)When did Rick come home yesterday?
9)Does Megan like travelling?
10)Will you come to my place on Friday?
11)Is it your second visit to England?
12)Why have you come to Scotland?
5.Transform the following indirect questions into direct speech:
Example:
Can you tell me where the bank is?
Where is the bank?
1)Do you know if this bus goes to the city center?
2)Would you mind telling me how much you earn?
3)Can you tell me where the entrance is?
4)I’d like to know if you spoke to John yesterday.
5)I was wondering where you’re from.
6)Do you mind me asking who you live with?
7)I’d be interested to know whether you’ve been to Italy before.
8)What time do you think the show will finish?
9)Do you know if it’s going to rain tomorrow?
10)Would you mind telling me how many people you’ve invited?
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TRANSLATION PRACTICE
Read the texts and do the following tasks:
a)translate the texts into Russian;
b)ask five types of questions to each text – general, special, alternative, tag-question, a question to the subject;
c)find the examples of passive constructions;
d)find all the examples of non-finite forms of the verb (infinitive, gerund, participle I, participle II);
e)underline the modal verbs;
f)make short summaries to the texts (10-15 sentences).
Text 1.
Grammar school
«Grammar school in Great Britain is secondary school that offers an academic course in preparation for university entrance and for the professions. Students usually begin attendance at age 12.
Before 1902, there was no system of publicly funded secondary education in Great Britain, and those students who were educated beyond the primary level attended either private grammar schools or public schools. The Education Act of 1902 established a system of new, publicly funded grammar schools and also provided government aid for some existing grammar schools. Technical training courses, attended mostly by those students who were not academically qualified for admission to the grammar schools, were also begun.
During the period between the two world wars, this system was modified. Students completing primary school at age 11 were required to take a series of examinations called the eleven-plus. Results of these tests determined a student’s placement in a threetrack secondary system. The highest scoring students were admitted to grammar schools and were likely to go on to university studies. The other students attended either modern schools, where they completed a course of higher level elementary studies and did not go on to university, or technical schools, whose most promising graduates were sometimes admitted to university.
After World War II many “comprehensive” schools, which combined elements of grammar, modern, and technical schools, were established, although many highly respected grammar schools sur-
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vive. By the late 20th century the eleven-plus exams had become defunct and the vast majority of secondary-school students attended comprehensive schools, with a much smaller proportion attending grammar schools or technical schools.» (1498)
(Abridged from the original text provided by http://www.wisegeek.com)
Text 2.
What is a PhD?
«A PhD is an academic degree, typically the highest that can be earned in any university. Originally, the degree was awarded to advanced scholars in philosophy, and the degree’s letters still pay tribute to that background – PhD stands for “Doctor of Philosophy.” Nowadays, the degree is awarded in most areas of study. It is sometimes also referred to as a doctorate, and graduates are typically styled “Dr.” At graduation and academic ceremonies, a PhD student may wear distinctive and elaborate robes and cap.
Universities around the world offer doctorate programs in a variety of subject areas. Almost any topic that can be studied at the bachelor’s degree level can also be pursued in doctoral studies. Common PhDs include chemistry, world literature, mathematics, and foreign languages, but the possibilities are nearly limitless.
A doctoral dissertation is a multi-chapter academic paper written by a candidate for a doctorate degree. Most of the time, students pursue PhDs as a way of obtaining maximum knowledge in a particular area, and setting themselves apart as subject matter experts. Teaching at the university level typically requires a PhD, for instance, and the degree is often also essential for top scientific researchers.
Doctoral programs take anywhere from four to eight years to complete. Students typically split their time between advanced courses and independent research. Most of the time, research is designed to culminate in a publishable dissertation, which is often a book-length manuscript of original ideas or new theories. PhD candidates usually defend their dissertation research before a faculty board sometime in their last semester. A successful defense is required in order to earn the doctoral degree; an unsuccessful defense usually requires the candidate to take on at least a semester more to remedy problems and weaknesses.» (1577)
(Abridged from the original text provided by http://www.wisegeek.com)
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Text 3.
What is a Diploma?
«Diploma is Greek for “folded paper”. The term usually applies to the certificate people receive when they complete studies in high school, college, trade or professional schools, or the like. It’s a bit ironic that the word is used currently, since diplomas are seldom folded, and are either handed or mailed to graduating students in flat form.
The US tends to use the term to indicate successful completion of a program of study and to refer to the document received at or after a formal ceremony celebrating completion of study. Generally, high school students, trade school students, people receiving an Associated Arts or Associated Science Degree, and people receiving bachelor’s, master’s and higher degrees all receive diplomas in the US. Canada, conversely, tends to use diploma to refer to graduating from studies at colleges that specialize in arts and technology. In the UK and Australia, diploma may refer specifically to the level of studies completed, while the document you receive in a graduation ceremony may be called a testimonium.
Many people wonder if they need to keep their diplomas to prove they have graduated from a particular school or program. It’s fairly easy to fake this document, so it is generally more helpful to keep a copy of certified transcripts from your school. A number of people, especially with advanced degrees keep what is called a “vanity wall” in their office, where they frame and display each diploma and board certification document to prove competency to clients.
Students may receive diplomas at graduation ceremonies. Sometimes students who fail to meet all requirements for graduation will receive a document similar to a diploma, called a certificate of completion, and at other times, certain programs only offer completion certificates and do not offer actual graduation or a degree.» (1546)
(Abridged from the original text provided by http://www.wisegeek.com)
Text 4.
What are Elective Courses?
«Elective courses are classes that a student can take which are not specifically required to graduate or to fulfill a degree. They are generally seen as the opposite of core requirements.
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In both college and high school, elective courses give students the chance to take classes outside of a prescribed plan of coursework. This lets students pursue other interests they may have, giving them a more “well-rounded” education. These electives also let students find subjects that might interest them and change the direction they wish to take with their education. A student who takes an elective class in drafting, for example, might discover a love of design and engineering that leads to a career he or she might not otherwise have found.
Some elective courses can be chosen based on the core classes a student focuses on for his or her education. These core classes are those specific courses that every student completing a program has to take. They might include classes on the foundations of language, phonetics, and syntax, as well as an analytical class involving a chosen language.
There are also elective courses that students can choose from that are not connected to their major focus of study. For example, a student pursuing a degree in English might have a few classes that can be taken in any other field. This lets students take classes in subjects like art history or religious studies, to better expand their educations.
At the high school level, the majority of classes taken are generally core requirements. As a result, any degree of specialization a student wants must be achieved through elective courses. Additionally, these electives tend to be much more free form and entertaining than other classes. In this sense, elective courses at high school are often seen as a way to give students a bit of a break, while still keeping them engaged.» (1554)
(Abridged from the original text provided by http://www.wisegeek.com)
Text 5.
What is a Traditional Curriculum?
«A traditional curriculum is an educational curriculum which follows established guidelines and practices. This term can refer both to a curriculum as a whole, as in the set of courses which students must take to graduate and the order in which they are presented, and to the curriculum in the form of the content taught in an individual class. This curriculum is sometimes criticized for being too narrow. Some education professionals have developed al-
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ternative educational methods, or suggestions for teaching a traditional curriculum in a less constricted way.
In the sense of an entire curriculum, a traditional curriculum includes core subjects and electives. Core subjects usually include topics like math, science, history, and English. Students may also take courses in the social sciences, and can expand their curriculum with topics like art, foreign languages, music, acting, and so forth. The curriculum is designed in a progressive way, with each level being slightly more challenging than the last, requiring students to build skills and use them as their work their way through the curriculum.
In an individual classroom, the traditional curriculum involves the presentation of information in the form of blocks which are broken into smaller units of information and presented by the teacher to the students. Traditionally, exchange between students and teachers is less encouraged, and the facilitation of class discussion is also not a part of this curriculum. These are seen as shortcomings by some educators, who feel that students are more likely to develop critical thinking skills and to internalize and apply the information if they have discussions with the class, present projects which allow them to expand the material, etc. Such activities are being accepted into curricula around the world.» (1536)
(Abridged from the original text provided by http://www.wisegeek.com)
Text 6.
What Are the Different Types of Learning Resources for Students?
«Learning resources are often a balance between traditional materials, such as textbooks, and technology. These resources come in a variety of formats, all serving a single purpose – to enhance learning outcomes for students. Resources for a wide variety of subjects can be found online through publishers, independent websites, educational initiatives, and universities. Some resources are supplemental, acting as a general complement to a specific area of study, while others are designed to be developmental, addressing the needs of struggling students.
While there are a variety of learning resources for all education levels, early-childhood learning resources are probably the most prevalent. This is in part because there is so much new material for early learners to be introduced to, but also because the elementary age group is so impressionable. A wide range of websites, software
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and mobile applications are aimed at children and serve as learning resources in math, reading, science, and writing. Many of these products are used in classrooms across the globe; evidence that technology-based learning resources for students is in high demand.
In addition to acting as a supplemental source, many learning resources are designed to reinforce material or simply provide additional help for struggling students. There are also learning resources for students with disabilities, ranging from physical disabilities like deafness or blindness to learning disabilities such as dyslexia and autism.
Discovering learning resources for students is not difficult. Libraries, teachers and other educators, higher learning institutions, and the Internet are all excellent sources for additional learning resources in nearly every area of study and educational development.» (1512)
(Abridged from the original text provided by http://www.wisegeek.com)
Text 7.
What Is the Difference between Skills and Qualifications?
«Identifying the difference between skills and qualifications can be a challenge, particularly when trying to list them for a job application. As a general rule, it is helpful to remember that a skill is typically related to a specific ability, while a qualification might be a more general accomplishment. For instance, typing 70 words per minute is a skill, while possessing a bachelor’s degree in English is a qualification.
Another way to identify the difference between skills and qualifications is that in some cases, qualifications are requirements to be eligible for a certain job, while skills are simply a bonus. An individual who wants to become a nurse, for instance, might have to possess certain qualifications such as a certain level of education or certifications. Skills that might make him or her a better nurse might include great communication skills or the ability to take initiative. Sometimes a job will require both skills and qualifications. Moreover, attaining a qualification often involves learning specific skills.
There are a number of ways to increase skills and qualifications for certain jobs. Getting additional education in a certain area, for example, might increase an individual’s qualifications. Completing
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a training or certification program is another way to increase qualifications in a very specific area.
When an individual is submitting an application for a job or discussing the job with a potential employer in an interview, he or she will frequently be asked about his or her skills and qualifications. For this reason, it is important to spend some time in advance considering the answer to this question. Some people find it helpful to make a list, broken down into two categories, listing the skills and qualifications that are most relevant for the particular job.» (1527)
(Abridged from the original text provided by http://www.wisegeek.com)
Text 8.
What is an Academic Year?
«An academic year can be defined as the length of time an academic institution is offering classes during a year. Another potential definition would be the period of days per year that students are attending classes. The start of summer vacation signals the end of an academic year.
Different schools may construct their years differently. Some have year round attendance with small breaks of a few weeks every few months. In these cases, the academic year might be defined as the beginning of the start of the year of school to the end of it.
Other schools have shorter years, defining the beginning of summer as the endpoint of the year. The new year then begins in later summer or fall, depending on how many days the school operates per year. Summer school might be considered as outside of the academic year. Some schools have year-round classes with several academic breaks for students.
All schools also tend to split the year in varying ways. They could divide the year in two semesters, three trimesters, or four quarters, for instance. Sometimes, the year is broken into terms, and there might be summer and winter term. In colleges students may change classes with each new term or division. In high school the year is split, it is usually marked by assessments of students at key points. End of year tends to correspond with a final grading period.
Another consideration in academic year is teacher pay. In year round schools, teachers might receive the same paycheck monthly, but in schools where a several month long break marks the end
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of the school year, teachers may not be paid during this time. Alternately, many schools give the option to teachers of paying them per month a 1/12 share of their year’s salary. This can prove helpful, since it means teachers can expect the same rate of pay during long breaks that they receive during the school year.» (1547)
(Abridged from the original text provided by http://www.wisegeek.com)
Text 9.
Computer Literacy as an Educational Cornerstone
«Technology is playing an increasingly pivotal role in education, which makes learning how to work with computers an essential learning skill. Most major research databases are online, and the Internet also provides a wealth of information on most any topic imaginable. Students who learn how to navigate these sources, as well as how to sort reputable information from illegitimate sites, are the best prepared to succeed in a world that is ever more computer-centric.
Teachers often include academic skills in their lessons to assist students with mastering certain concepts.
Computer skills are often taught at the elementary level through exercises like Web Quests or Internet scavenger hunts. Older students may take research courses that focus on maximizing computer tools for academic purposes. More and more, assignments in all disciplines incorporate word processing, web posting, and Internet research in order to help emphasize these skills.
Impact on Test Scores
While class participation and daily assignments are important parts of academic learning, the bulk of a student’s grade is generally assessed based on test performance. Academic skills are particularly important when it comes to studying for exams. Simply mastering the material is not usually enough: students must also demonstrate that they can synthesize information, draw their own conclusions, and apply lessons learned to new scenarios. All of this requires some sort of academic skill set.
Doing well on exams is also important when it comes to life after school. Standardized tests are used throughout the world as a means of assessing students’ aptitude for college or university admissions. Graduate programs typically make use of entrance exams, too. Students who have learned how to study and concentrate for
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long periods of time are poised to score the best on these sorts of tests. » (1580)
(Abridged from the original text provided by http://www.wisegeek.com)
Text 10.
What is Teacher Professional Development?
«Student achievement is linked to numerous factors, but quality teachers are one of the most important components of student success. To teach effectively, teachers need access to ongoing teacher professional development. This professional development enables teachers to improve their own education through seminars, workshops, and classes.
Teachers often get hands on education in a classroom before becoming fully licensed.
Through teacher professional development, teachers learn new teaching strategies to improve the quality of instruction. This allows them to make changes in the way they teach their students, incorporating innovative teaching methods in the classroom. It teaches them how to work with a variety of learning styles, since not all students learn the same way. It also helps teachers change their day-to-day teaching methods, encouraging them to accept new methods based on accurate education research.
Professional development usually takes place when school is not in session. Most teacher professional development occurs in the evening, on weekends, or during the summer. School districts also schedule professional development days throughout the school year. During these days, students are dismissed early from school or have a day off from school. This provides teachers, teaching assistants, and administrative staff the opportunity to participant in training and workshops.
Professional development should ideally be created by teachers with the support of those who work in the field of education research. All professional development should provide teachers with the necessary resources and support to implement changes in teaching strategies. Finally, professional development should provide teachers with the time they need to understand the new teaching methods and incorporate them in their teaching.» (1575)
(Abridged from the original text provided by http://www.wisegeek.com)
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