Essentials of pedagogical profession. Учебное пособие

Text 11.

What Are the Differences between a Primary and Secondary Education?

«Throughout the world’s education systems, education is generally divided into primary and secondary education with an option for students to also pursue post-secondary education in many systems. The border between each type of education will vary among educational systems.

Many educational systems throughout the world require that a child receive at least a primary level of education. Some systems also make secondary education mandatory. Within the United States, for example, most states require a child to receive both a primary and secondary education. In the developing nations of the world, although primary education may be available, it is often unrealistic for children to attend for reasons such as transportation and the need to help the family earn money or take care of the home.

The line between primary and secondary education can vary among systems, with some educational systems also using a middle school or junior high designation as a transitional period between primary and secondary education. In most systems, primary education begins around the age of five or six and continues until the child enters adolescence at around the age of 12 or 13. Secondary education takes up the next two to four years in most educational systems.

In the United States, for instance, primary education starts at the age of five or six and continues until completion of the sixth grade, in most systems. Middle school then lasts for the next two or three years, and then the student enters secondary education. A student’s compulsory education ends when the student successfully completes four years of secondary education. In other countries, such as Mexico, a student’s secondary education ends closer to the age of 15 or 16, at which time the child may choose to enter a technical school, pursue a college level degree, or seek employment.» (1552)

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Text 12.

What Are the Different Types of Language Qualifications?

«There are many different types of language qualifications for nearly all languages. In some contexts, demonstrated fluency or records of having taken a class may be the only qualifications available. Special language qualifications might cover the ability to teach, translate, or interpret in a language. Countries often offer different qualifications for native speakers than they offer for foreign language learners. Depending on why someone wishes to gain qualification, testing may not be necessary.

Taking courses and achieving a degree in a language is one common type of qualification. When a language is not common enough to be associated with specific tests and ranking procedures, courses may be the only qualification available. This type of representation of skill can be bolstered by grades and demonstrated work in the language.

Testing programs make up some of the most common language qualifications, and there may be several available tests for a language. Many testing programs differentiate between native speakers and foreign language learners. For example, Japan has a Foreign Language Proficiency Test, but also has tests for native speakers on subjects like kanji and other specific topics. While a foreign language learner might be able to pass a test for a native speaker, he or she is typically not expected to excel in the same areas as a native speaker. Foreign language tests tend to have an oral component that native speaker tests lack, as native speakers generally have no trouble expressing ideas in speech.

Special language qualifications may be required for jobs like teaching or translating a language. It is common for these tests to be preceded by extensive educational requirements and sometimes a degree. There are often competing qualifications for language teachers, and the qualification considered most reliable may depend on the area in which a person wishes to work. In some circumstances, however, demonstrating aptitude in a language may be more valuable than any institutionally sanctioned qualification.» (1737)

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Text 13.

What is a Master’s Degree?

«A master’s degree is an academic degree that can be obtained from an accredited college or university right after a bachelor’s degree. A master’s degree can take anything from a year up to three to complete, depending on the courses and practical training require to complete it. In the United Kingdom, master’s degrees are sometimes given to undergraduate students whose careers include a sizeable research assignment on the last year. Certain British universities such as Cambridge, Oxford, and St. Andrews offer Masters of Arts (MA) instead of Bachelors after four years of regular study. A Master of Science (MS) is sometimes more difficult to obtain, although in some cases it can be obtained entirely through research projects rather than through conventional classes.

Most people that get into a Master’s Degree program cite higher salaries as their main reason for wanting to pursue the degree. Most people that get into a Master’s Degree program cite higher salaries as their main reason for wanting to pursue the degree.

To get into a Master’s degree program, a person must hold first a bachelor’s degree, not necessarily in the same field, but in one at least closely related or where the coursework can be somehow linked. In some universities, it is now possible to obtain a combination Bachelor’s/Master’s Degree, which requires a period of study of five years, making the combined degree at least one year shorter than coursing both degrees consecutively.

Master’s degrees have become more popular over the last decade, and now account for one of every four university degrees obtained in the US. The areas of business, education, and health professions make up more than half of all master’s degrees obtained in the US in the year 2006. Other popular areas include public administration and library science. In certain areas such as physical therapy, a master’s degree is now considered as the minimum requirement to obtain a full-time job in the field.» (1648)

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Text 14.

What Is an Interdisciplinary Approach?

«An interdisciplinary approach is a style of education that incorporates knowledge and skills from multiple areas of learning. In childhood education, its primary purpose is to enhance critical thinking skills. Many undergraduate and graduate level programs also use interdisciplinary approaches to accommodate the research interests of their students.

Teachers may also assign projects that are intentionally designed with an interdisciplinary approach. If students read a book that takes place in Antarctica, for instance, they might research polar ecosystems or the social habits of penguins in order to incorporate science. They might also learn about historical explorers who first came in contact with Antarctica. Commonly, they will be required to write, draw or create other forms of artwork to demonstrate their knowledge of all of these different areas of learning. This develops critical thinking skills by encouraging students to see connections between different areas of knowledge.

In higher learning, the interdisciplinary approach is often used in research. Traditionally, students are encouraged to pick a field of study fairly early in their university careers. Students may, however, find that their interests span a variety of different academic areas. International development, for example, might combine economics with international relations and even anthropology.

The interdisciplinary approach is often available to students and researchers in order to bridge these types of gaps in knowledge. Students may take classes from several different colleges in order to complete the requirements of an interdisciplinary degree. In graduate level studies, students may receive research grants that allow them to work with professors in a variety of academic disciplines.» (1530)

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Text 15.

What is a Teaching Fellow?

«A teaching fellow is generally a graduate student at a college or university that teaches undergraduate classes. This educational role requires many of the same responsibilities as a regular pro-

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fessor including course preparation, lecturing, and grading. The purpose is to prepare potential professors for the challenges of leading classes. This job has much more responsibility than a teaching assistant, often including supervision sessions with an experienced professor, and offers a unique financial structure.

Teaching fellows are also known as graduate student instructors (GSIs) by many educational institutions. No matter what the title, this responsibility is taken on by a graduate student attempting to achieve a Master’s or Doctorate degree and is teaching undergraduate classes in a specialized field of study. GSIs are expected to be experts on the subject matter being taught and be able to properly prepare students for that field of study. A teaching fellow must design course material, present lectures, and handle grading.

A teaching assistant is sometimes mistaken for a teaching fellow. A teaching assistant is often a role that many fellows hold first; teaching assistants help professors grade papers, answer student questions, and lead discussion groups, but are not in charge of any individual class. A fellow handles teaching on his or her own, but is frequently also supervised by a full-time professor who provides feedback on the fellow’s performance. In most situations, a fellow receives a contract on a semester-by-semester basis and receives a financial stipend for this work. Teaching fellows are frequently supervised by a full-time professor.

In the United Kingdom, a teaching fellow is a title given to a full member of an academic staff. This person is usually a newcomer to the staff with a lesser amount of experience. This is a gateway role into becoming a professor or lecturer. In other academic situations, referencing a professor as a teaching fellow is simply an additional title or honor bestowed upon that person.» (1741)

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VOCABULARY

Список сокращений:

adj – adjective – имя прилагательное adv – adverb – наречие

n – noun – имя существительное prep – preposition – предлог pron – pronoun – местоимение

v – verb – глагол зд. – здесь

мн.ч. – множественное число

A

abridge (v) – сокращать, ограничивать abrogate (v) – отменить, отвергнуть, отказаться

accept (v) – принимать, соглашаться, признавать accessible (adj) – доступный, поддающийся accommodate (v) – дать пристанище, приют, жилье

accomplishment (n) – 1) выполнение, достижение; 2) воспитание, достоинства

account (n) – отчет, оценка

accurate (adj) – точный, правильный achieve (v) – добиваться, достигать achievement (n) – достижение, выполнение

acquire (v) – приобретать, достигать, овладевать навыком actual (adj) – действительный, подлинный

admission (n) – доступ, принятие, допущение adolescence (n) – юность

adult (n) – взрослый

advanced (adj) – передовой, успевающий, продвинутый affairs (n) – дела, занятия

affect (n) – воздействовать, влиять; трогать, волновать affection (n) – привязанность, любовь

afford (v) – позволить себе, предоставить, доставлять

aid (n) – 1) помощь, поддержка; 2) (мн.ч.) учебные пособия, вспомогательные средства

ally (n) – союзник

alternately (adv) – поочередно, сменяя друг друга amount (n) – количество, итог

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animosity (n) – враждебность, злоба announcement (n) – объявление, уведомление apparent (adj) – очевидный, явный, несомненный appeal (v) – обращаться, взывать, апеллировать application (n) – заявление, применение, старание

apply (v) – 1) обращаться (for), 2) касаться, относиться approach (n) – подход

appropriate (adj) – подходящий, соответствующий (to, for) aptitude (n) – способности, склонность (for)

arrival (n) – 1) прибытие, 2) принятие, достижение assemble (v) – собираться

assess (n) – оценивать (в цифрах) assessment (n) – оценка

assign (v) – назначать, определять assignment (n) – задание, назначение

associate (n) – товарищ, коллега, единомышленник, союзник, партнер

attain (v) – достигнуть, добиться attend (v) – посещать занятия, лекции

attendance (n) – присутствие (at), посещаемость attitude (n) – отношение к чему-либо, кому-либо augment (v) – прибавлять, усиливать, увеличивать

authority (-ies) (n) – 1) власти, 2) крупный специалист, авторитет available (adj) – доступный, наличный

aware of (adj) – знать, осознавать, отдавать себе отчет

B

befriend (v) – дружески относиться, помогать behavior (n) – поведение

benefit (v) – извлекать пользу, выгоду; быть полезным bestow (v) – давать, награждать (on, upon)

blindness (n) – слепота; безрассудство

boldness (n) – наглость, самоуверенность, отвага, смелость, бесстрашие

bolster (v) – поддерживать breed (n) – поколение; порода

bridge (v) – преодолевать препятствия, выходить из затруднения broadcast – (n) радиопередача, радиовещание; (v) вещать, вести

радиопередачу

bullying (n) – буллинг, травля в школе, дедовщина

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C

capable of (adj) – способный; поддающийся (чему-либо) caretaker (n) – смотритель, опекун, (зд.) тот, кто присматрива-

ет за детьми

celestial (adj) – божественный, великолепный, небесный challenge (n) – сложная задача, проблема

challenging (adj) – бросающий вызов, интересный, перспективный

in charge of – уполномоченный, ответственный за chart (n) – схема, чертеж, таблица

chores (n) – работа по дому, домашние дела

claim – (n) притязание, требование; (v) претендовать, заявлять права, утверждать

coach (n) – репетитор, тренер, инструктор coercion (n) – принуждение, насилие cognitive (adj) – познавательный

common (adj) – простой, обыкновенный, общепринятый, распространенный

commonality (n) – народ

commute (v) – ездить ежедневно на работу из пригорода в город и обратно

complement (v) – дополнять, укомплектовывать completion (n) – окончание, завершение, заключение complexity (n) – сложность, запутанность; запутанное дело complicated (adj) – запутанный, сложный

compulsory (adj) – обязательный, принудительный conceal (v) – скрывать, утаивать, маскировать

concern – (n) забота, участие, интерес; (v) касаться, иметь отношение, заботиться, беспокоиться

concise (adj) – краткий, сжатый; выразительный conduct – (n) поведение, (v) вести, руководить confidence (n) – доверие, уверенность, самонадеянность confirm (v) – подтверждать, утверждать

consecutively (adv) – последовательно, вследствие

consider (v) – рассматривать, принимать во внимание, учитывать constricted (adj) – стесненный, ограниченный, связанный с consolation (n) – утешение

contrive (v) – придумывать, изобретать, замышлять convenient (adj) – удобный, подходящий

convince (v) – убеждать, уверять

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core (n) – ядро, суть, сердцевина

corporal (adj) – телесный, физический (о наказании) correspond (v) – представлять собой, соответствовать

corrupt (v) – портить, разъедать; разлагаться; искажать (смысл) council (n) – совет

couple (v) – соединять, связывать

coursework (n) – процесс обучения; курсовая работа credit (n) – доверие, признательность, уважение crop (n) – урожай

cross-culture (cross-cultural) (adj) – страноведческий, межкультурный

cross-curricular (adj) – междисциплинарный curiosity (n) – любопытство

curriculum (n) – учебный план, курс обучения

D

dame schools – зд. начальная школа

daunted (adj) – испуганный, запуганный, обескураженный, ошеломленный

deafness (n) – глухота deceit (n) – обман, хитрость

defense (n) – защита, оборона definition (n) – определение; ясность degree (n) – степень, уровень, градус delay (v) – откладывать, задерживать

deliberate (adj) – умышленный, преднамеренный; осторожный demand (v) – требовать; нуждаться

depict (v) – изображать, описывать designation (n) – назначение на должность despair (n) – отчаяние, источник огорчения

determination (n) – решительность; решение, постановление detour () – двигаться в объезд или в обход

development (n) – развитие, эволюция devise (v) – разрабатывать, изобретать differentiate (v) – различать, отличать

dignify (v) – придавать достоинство, удостаивать, величать diligence (n) – усердие, старание, прилежание

disability (-ies) (n) – неспособность, нетрудоспособность dismiss (v) – отпускать, распускать, увольнять dispense (v) – раздавать, распределять (о еде)

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distinct (adj) – отдельный, отличный от других distinctive (adj) – отличительный, характерный distract (v) – отвлекать, сбивать с толку

disturb (v) – беспокоить, нарушать покой, нарушать планы diversity (n) – разнообразие, многообразие

division (n) – разделение; расхождение во взглядах domain (n) – 1) владение, имение; 2) область, сфера donation (n) – пожертвование, дарение

drafting (n) – составление документа, законопроекта drive (n) – тенденция; побуждение, стимул

dual (adj) – двойственный duration (n) – продолжительность

E

efficiency (n) – эффективность, продуктивность, производительность

either (pron) – один из двух, и тот и другой

elaborate (adj) – тщательно продуманный, выработанный, сложный

elective (adj) – факультативный, необязательный, по выбору eligible (for) (adj) – подходящий, желательный

eligibility (n) – приемлемость

eliminate (v) – устранять, уничтожать, ликвидировать emphasis (pl. -ses) (n) – особое внимание, ударение, акцент

emphasize (v) – акцентировать, придавать особое значение, делать особое ударение

employ (v) – 1) нанимать на работу; 2) применять, использовать employment (n) – 1) работа, служба, занятость; 2) применение,

использование

empower (v) – уполномочивать, разрешать encode (v) – кодировать, шифровать encompass (v) – заключать в себе

encounter (n) – неожиданная встреча, столкновение encourage (v) – ободрять, поддерживать, поощрять encouragement (n) – поддержка, поощрение

endeavor – (n) попытка, стремление, порыв; (v) приложить усилия, попытаться

endpoint (n) – предел, конечный пункт engaged (adj) – занятый, заинтересованный

enhance (v) – увеличивать, усиливать, усугублять

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