Essentials of pedagogical profession. Учебное пособие

b)a person whose job is to fit and repair things such as water pipes

c)a person whose job is teaching, especially in a school

3.Work with the dictionary.

1)Look up the following groups of words in the dictionary. Define the part of speech the words belong to. Pay attention to the suffixes and prefixes which are used to build a word. Translate the words into Russian.

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f)demonstrate demonstrable demonstrator demonstrative demonstration

2)Look up the following words with similar meaning. Then translate the words into Russian and try to make 3 sentences with them for each point.

4. Group-work. Ask and answer the questions and discuss the following problems:

a)The characteristic features of professional communication;

b)The peculiarities of pedagogical communication;

c)Peculiarities of different types of reading;

d)The importance of developing professional communication;

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e)Differences between everyday communication and professional communication;

f)The main functions of professional communication.

VOCABULARY REVISION

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PART II. PEDAGOGICAL IDEAS OF THE PAST

Unit 1.

Educational Reform and Pansophy by Comenius

Text 1.

John Amos Comenius – Czech educator and reformer

John Amos Comenius (born March 28, 1592, Moravia, Habsburg domain (now in Czech Republic) and died in November 14, 1670, Amsterdam, Netherlands) is a “Czech educational reformer and religious leader, remembered mainly for his innovations in methods of teaching, especially languages. He favoured the learning of Latin to facilitate the study of European culture.” (paragraph 1)

“Comenius was the only son of respected members of a Protestant group known as the Bohemian Brethren.” “His parents died when he was age 10, and after four unhappy years spent living with his aunt in Strážnice, he was sent to a secondary school at Přerov. Though the teaching methods there were poor, he was befriended by a headmaster who recognized his gifts and encouraged him to train for the ministry. Following two years at the Herborn Gymnasium in the Nassau region (now part of Germany), he entered the University of Heidelberg (1613). While there he came under the influence of Protestant millennialists, who believed that men could achieve salvation on earth. He also read with enthusiasm the works of Francis Bacon and returned home convinced that the millennium could be attained with the aid of science.” (paragraph 2)

“As a young minister Comenius found life wholly satisfying, but the outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War in 1618 and the emperor Ferdinand II’s determination to re-Catholicize Bohemia forced him and other Protestant leaders to flee. While in hiding, he wrote an allegory, The Labyrinth of the World and the Paradise of the Heart, in which he described both his early despair and his sources of consolation. With a band of Brethren he escaped to Poland and in 1628 settled in Leszno. Believing that the Protestants would eventually win and liberate Bohemia, he began to prepare for the day when it would be possible to rebuild society there through a re-

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formed educational system. He wrote a “Brief Proposal” advocating full-time schooling for all the youth of the nation and maintaining that they should be taught both their native culture and the culture of Europe.” (paragraph 3) [40]

(Abridged from the original text provided by https://biography.yourdictionary.com)

1.Read the questions and answer them:

1)What do we remember about John Amos Comenius?

2)What is known about his childhood?

3)What education did he get? Where did he study?

4)Who influenced John Amos Comenius during his studying?

5)What did Protestant millennialists believe in?

6)What job did Comenius get after finishing his course of education?

7)Why did he have to flee?

8)Where did he live after his escape?

9)What was his first work The Labyrinth of the World and the Paradise of the Heart devoted to?

10)What ideas did Comenius express in his “Brief Proposal”?

2.Match the words given on the left with their definitions on the right.

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3.Find the words in the text for the definitions given below (The first letter is given to help you find the right word). Translate the words and their definitions into Russian.

1)f__________ to make an action or a process possible or easier (par. 1)

2)e__________ to become a member of an institution; to start working in an organization or a profession (par. 2)

3)a__________ to succeed in doing something or causing something to happen or gaining by effort (par. 2)

4)c __________ to make somebody/yourself believe that something is true (par. 2)

5)f__________ to run or hasten away from a person or place, often because of danger (par. 3)

6)l__________ to free a country or a person from the control of somebody else (par. 3)

7)a__________ to speak in favour of (par. 3)

8)b__________ to become a friend of somebody, especially somebody who needs your help (par. 2)

9)f__________ to be unfairly fond of somebody or something (par. 1)

4.Make collocations with the appropriate word from the list below. And then, make sentences with the collocations.

5. Define the grammar form of the words in bold.

Text 2.

John Amos Comenius – Educational Reform and Pansophy

“The reform of the educational system would require two things. First, a revolution in methods of teaching was necessary so that learning might become rapid, pleasant, and thorough. Teachers ought to “follow in the footsteps of nature,” meaning that they ought to pay attention to the mind of the child and to the way the student learned. Comenius made this the theme of The Great

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Didactic and also of The School of Infancy – a book for mothers on the early years of childhood. Second, to make European culture accessible to all children, it was necessary that they learn Latin. But Comenius was certain that there was a better way of teaching Latin than by the inefficient and pedantic methods then in use; he advocated “nature’s way,” that is, learning about things and not about grammar. To this end he wrote Janua Linguarum Reserata (The Door of Languages Unlocked), a textbook that described useful facts about the world in both Latin and Czech, side by side; thus, the pupils could compare the two languages and identify words with things. Translated into German, the Janua soon became famous throughout Europe and was subsequently translated into a number of European and Asian languages. Comenius wrote that he was “encouraged beyond expectation” by the book’s reception. (par. 1)

With the liberation of Bohemia less certain than before, Comenius turned to an even more ambitious project – the reform of human society through education. Others in Europe shared his vision, among them a German merchant living in London, Samuel Hartlib, who invited Comenius to England to establish a college of pansophic learning. With approval from the Brethren, Comenius went to London in 1641. He met a number of influential men, engaged in much discussion, and wrote essays of which the most notable was The Way of Light, which set out his program. Parliament went so far as to consider setting up a college “for a number of men from all nations.” This prospect was shattered by the outbreak of the English Civil War, however, and Comenius was obliged to leave the country in 1642. He had been invited to France by Cardinal Richelieu; and the American John Winthrop, Jr., who was in Europe looking for an educator-theologian to become president of Harvard College, may have met Comenius. Instead, Comenius accepted an offer from the government of Sweden to help reform its schools by writing a series of textbooks modeled on his Janua. (par. 2)

He interpreted his agreement with the Swedish government as entitling him to base his textbooks on a system of philosophy he had evolved called “pansophy”. After struggling hard to produce them, however, he found that they failed to satisfy anyone. Nevertheless, he tried to lay a philosophical foundation for a science of pedagogy. In The Analytical Didactic, forming part of his Newest Method of Languages, he reinterpreted the principle of nature that he had described in The Great Didactic as a principle of logic. He put forward certain self-evident principles from which he de-

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rived a number of maxims, some of them full of common sense and others rather platitudinous. His chief attention was directed to his system of pansophy. Ever since his student days he had been seeking a basic principle by which all knowledge could be harmonized. He believed that men could be trained to see the underlying harmony of the universe and thus to overcome its apparent disharmony. He wrote that pansophy propounded to itself so to expand and lay open to the eyes of all the wholeness of things that everything might be pleasurable in itself and necessary for the expanding of the appetite. (par. 3)

The “expanding of the appetite” for pansophic understanding became his great aim, spelled out in “A General Consultation Concerning the Improvement of Human Affairs.” (par. 4) [12; 40]

(Abridged from the original text provided by https:// www.britannica.com/)

1.Give detailed answers to the following questions:

1)What two things are necessary for the reform of the educational system?

2)What did Comenius mean when he said that teachers ought to “follow in the footsteps of nature”?

3)Why was it important that children learn Latin?

4)What method of teaching Latin did Comenius consider the best?

5)What was the book Janua Linguarum Reserata about?

6)When did this book become famous throughout Europe?

7)What ambitious project did Comenius try to implement?

8)Why did he go to England?

9)What problems did he face while implementing his project in England?

10)Who invited Comenius to introduce and develop his pedagogical ideas? What countries were ready to meet him?

11)What country did he eventually choose?

12)What new system of philosophy did he Comenius evolve?

13)What principles did he interpret and reinterpret? What principles did he suggest?

14)What was his great aim?

2.Are the following statements true, false or not stated? Correct the statements if needed:

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1)The reform of education could make learning quick, enjoyable and reliable.

2)Comenius`s book The Great Didactic is for mothers of small children.

3)Comenius wrote a textbook in two languages to give pupils an opportunity to compare them.

4)His book The School of Infancy was very popular among European mothers.

5)After liberation of Bohemia Comenius went to England by invitation of an English nobleman Samuel Hartlib.

6)Comenius established a college of pansophic learning in England.

7)In England Comenius wrote his great work The Way of Light which contained his program.

8)The idea of harmonized knowledge is the essence of Comenius`s system of pansophy.

3.Find the English equivalents to the following words.

1)здравый смысл ______

2)банальный, избитый ______

3)обратить внимание ______

4)доступный, достижимый ______

5)неэффективные и схоластические методы ______

6)одновременно, наряду с ______

7)разделять чьи-то взгляды ______

8)влиятельный человек ______

9)вовлекать в дискуссию ______

10)принял предложение ______

11)заложить основы ______

4.Match the words with their definitions.

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5. Find the words in the text for the given definitions. Translate the words and their definitions into Russian.

1)c________ to show or state that somebody/something is similar to somebody/something else (par. 1)

2)i _________ to recognize somebody/something and be able

to say who or what they are; to find or discover somebody/ something (par. 1)

3) e_________ to give somebody support, courage or hope; to persuade somebody to do something by making them believe it is a good thing to do (par. 1)

4) e__________ to create an organization, set up business or start relationship (par. 2)

5)i __________ to ask somebody to come to a social event (par. 2)

6)o__________ to force somebody to do something, by law, because it is a duty, etc. (par. 2)

7)a__________ to take willingly something that is offered; to say ‘yes’ to an offer, invitation, etc.; to agree to or approve of something (par. 2)

8)i__________ to explain the meaning of something (par. 3)

9)f__________ be unsuccessful in achieving something; not to pass a test or an exam (par. 3)

10)r__________ to need something; to depend on somebody/ something (par. 1)

11)s__________ to have part of something while another person or other people also have part (par. 2)

12)o__________ to succeed in dealing with or controlling a problem that has been preventing you from achieving something (par. 3)

6.Discussion. Discuss the following questions in small groups. You may need to use different sources to find the information necessary for argumentative discussion.

1)Why did Comenius pay so much attention to learning languages?

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