Essentials of pedagogical profession. Учебное пособие
.pdfI saw him crossing the bridge. (=As I looked, he was crossing it – he was in the middle, on his way across.)
Participles
The participles are:
a)present participles (playing, running, etc.)
b)past participles (played, written, etc.)
c)perfect participles (having written, etc.)
Present and past participles can be used as adjectives. The present participle (-ing) describes what somebody or something is (it answers the question “What kind?”). The past participle (-ed) describes how somebody feels (it answers the question “How do you feel?”).
It`s a very tiring job. (What kind of job? Tiring.) He`s very tired. (How does he feel? Tired.)
Participles can also be used:
• to express time.
After doing/having done his homework, he read a book.
Having done his homework, he read a book. (=After he had done his homework, he read a book.)
He broke his arm while riding a bike. (=He broke his arm while he was riding a bike.)
• to express reasons.
Being cold, James turned on the heater. (=Because he was cold, James turned on the heater.)
Having forgotten to do the shopping, he ate out that night. (=Because he had forgotten to do the shopping, he ate out that night.)
• instead of a relative pronoun and full verb.
The girl sitting next to Alison is Vicky. (=The girl who is sitting next to Alison is Vicky.)
The first book written by J.K. Rowling gave start to the most popular story in the world. (=The first book which was written by J.K. Rowling gave start to the most popular story in the world.)
• instead of the past simple in narratives when we describe actions happening immediately one after the other.
Taking a deep breath Lisa dived into the water. (=Lisa took a deep breath and dived into the water.)
• to avoid repeating the past continuous in the same sentence.
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He was lying on the sofa reading a book. (He was lying on the sofa and he was reading a book.)
PRACTICE
1.Choose the appropriate infinitive or gerund to complete the sentence. In some cases more than one option may be appropriate.
1)We prepared (welcoming/to welcome) them.
2)He begged (to come/coming) with us.
3)I miss (to be/being) with my family.
4)She failed (to return/returning) the book to the library.
5)The men began (to run/running).
6)She recommended (to see/seeing) the show.
7)The men finished (to run/ running).
8)I dislike (driving/to drive) long distances.
9)He swore (telling/to tell) the truth.
10)He risks (losing/to lose) all of his money.
11)I couldn’t resist (to eat/eating) the dessert.
12)She claims (to know/knowing) a famous person.
2.Identify the words given in bold.
A)
1) Samuel decided that missing the lecture every day was hurt-
ing his grade. |
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a) gerund |
b) participle |
c) infinitive |
2)The swimmer, driven by the need to be the best in the world, made himself sick with anxiety.
a) gerund |
b) participle |
c) infinitive |
3)The marathon runner, pushed to the edge of endurance, collapsed at the finish line.
a) gerund b) participle c) infinitive
4) The thief arrested for the robbery shot at the security guard. a) gerund b) participle c) infinitive
5)Delighted with the opportunity to learn, Christine took the internship in New York.
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a) gerund |
b) participle |
c) infinitive |
6) |
Completing the obstacle course is harder than it looks. |
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a) gerund |
b) participle |
c) infinitive |
7) |
Jamal’s confusing message did nothing to solve the mystery. |
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a) gerund |
b) participle |
c) infinitive |
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8) The show offers everyone a chance to be a millionaire. a) gerund b) participle c) infinitive
B)
1)They are sure the extra planning will make a difference in the end.
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a) gerund |
b) participle |
c) infinitive |
2) |
The politician’s broken promises were all that the voters re- |
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membered. |
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a) gerund |
b) participle |
c) infinitive |
3) |
The kittens crouching under the bed have refused to come out. |
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a) gerund |
b) participle |
c) infinitive |
4) |
Fred’s arguing every call is getting frustrating. |
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a) gerund |
b) participle |
c) infinitive |
5) |
The completed meal was so beautiful that we hesitated to eat |
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it. |
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a) gerund |
b) participle |
c) infinitive |
6) |
Al hopes that giving the players a break will improve their |
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attitudes. |
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a) gerund |
b) participle |
c) infinitive |
7)Brenda seemed surprised with the team’s decision to withdraw.
a) gerund b) participle c) infinitive
8) Billy refused to accept the idea that his birthday cake was
gone. |
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a) gerund |
b) participle |
c) infinitive |
3. Fill in the blanks using a gerund (-ing form of verb) or an infinitive (to + verb).
A)
1)They have decided _____ into a new apartment. (move)
2)I need _____ for my geometry exam tomorrow. (study)
3)Liz started _____ about her plans for the weekend. (talk)
4)Please stop _____ so quickly! (drive)
5)The porter offered _____ me with my luggage. (help)
6)Did you remember _____ the door this morning? (lock)
9)Are you planning _____ anyone with you on your road trip? (take)
7)We had just begun _____ dinner when the first trick-or-treat showed up. (eat)
8)He should be here any minute. He promised _____ on time.
(be)
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9)The doctor told him to quit _____ before it was too late. (smoke)
10)He doesn’t seem to mind _____ to work every day. (commute)
B)
1)Debbie is considering _____ for that peace group. (volunteer)
2)She always puts off _____ her essays until the last minute. (write)
3)Would you like _____ a movie with me? (see)
4)I was thinking about _____ some Christmas cookies this year. (bake)
5)Don’t forget _____ the door when you leave. (lock)
6)The rude customer refused _____, so I called the police. (leave)
7)He appears _____ a very nice person. (be)
8)Don’t tell her the answer! She’s trying _____ it herself. (solve)
9)Has he finished _____ the dishes yet? (do)
10)I’ve been trying _____ this picture for the last 10 minutes! (hang)
4. Complete the following sentences using an appropriate form of the verbs given in brackets.
Example:
I enjoy dancing. (dance)
1)Where do you want to _____ tomorrow? (go)
2)Have you finished _____ your homework? (do)
3)Don’t forget _____ to your grandmother to thank her. (write)
4)I’m trying _____, but the neighbours won’t stop _____ . (sleep / talk)
5)If the weather is good tomorrow, I suggest we _____ to the beach. (go)
6)I can’t _____ they are late again, they promised to be here on time. (believe)
7)I would like _____ science fiction books all the time. (read)
8)We invited Tom to the meeting but he couldn’t _____. (come)
5.Change these sentences so that they have an infinitive of purpose (to + infinitive)
Example:
I switched on the TV because I want to watch my favourite film. I switched on the TV to watch my favourite film.
1)Amanda is going to the party because she wants to meet new people.
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2)We must study every day because we want to improve our English.
3)The children went to the park because they wanted to play football.
4)We went to France because we wanted to eat lots of nice food.
5)She made a cake because she wanted to please her friend.
6)She got a new computer because she wanted to write a book.
7)Jorge studied German because he wanted to get a new job.
8)I went to Japan because I wanted to learn Japanese.
9)They study a lot because they want to get good marks.
10)He has been running because he wants to lose weight.
6.Choose the right form of the verb. Explain your choice.
1)Dan enjoys reading\to read science fiction.
2)Cheryl suggested seeing\to see a movie after work.
3)I miss working/to work in the travel industry. Maybe I can get my old job back.
4)Where did you learn speaking\to speak Spanish? Was it in Spain or in Latin America?
5)Do you mind helping\to help me translate this letter?
6)You’ve never mentioned living\to live in Japan before. How long did you live there?
7)If he keeps coming\to come to work late, he’s going to get
fired!
8)The models practiced walking\to walk with a book balanced on their heads.
9)Mr. Edwards chose accepting\to accept the management position in Chicago rather than the position in Miami.
10)Witnesses reported seeing\to see the bank robber as he was climbing out of the second-story window.
11)Stephanie dislikes working\to work in front of a computer all day.
12)Mrs. Hubbard appears being\to be the most qualified person for the job.
7.Put the verb into either the gerund (-ing) or the infinitive (with ‘to’) form:
1)I don’t fancy _____ (go) out tonight.
2)She avoided _____ (tell) him about her plans.
3)She helped me _____ (carry) my suitcases.
4)I’ve finished _____ (cook) – come and eat!
5)He decided _____ (study) biology.
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6)I promise _____ (help) you tomorrow.
7)She agreed _____ (bring) the pudding to the dinner.
8)I don’t recommend _____ (take) the bus – it takes forever!
9)She suggested _____ (go) to the museum.
10)She delayed _____ (get) out of bed.
11)She admitted _____ (steal) the money.
12)I really appreciate _____ (be) on holiday.
13)It seems _____ (be) raining.
14)Finally I managed _____ (finish) the work.
15)I really can’t stand _____ (wait) for the bus.
16)Unfortunately, we can’t afford _____ (buy) a new car this year.
8.Choose the appropriate answer. Explain your choice. What form of the verb is each answer: participle, infinitive or gerund?
A)
1)We are looking forward _____ you again soon.
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a) to have seen |
b) to having seen |
c) to see |
d) to seeing |
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2) |
Did you remember _____ Ann my message? |
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a) give |
b) giving |
c) having given |
d) to give |
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3) |
I saw him _____ the door and leave. I don’t know where |
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he went. |
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a) lock |
b) locking |
c) to have locked |
d) to lock |
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4) |
I regret _____ her about it. She told everyone. |
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a) telling |
b) to have told |
c) to tell |
d) to be telling |
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5) |
Don’t forget _____ some bread. We don’t have any left. |
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a) buy |
b) buying |
c) having bought |
d) to buy |
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6) |
I didn’t mean _____ you. Please forgive me. |
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a) hurt |
b) hurting |
c) to have hurt |
d) to hurt |
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7) |
You were supposed _____ the dishes. |
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a) wash |
b) washing |
c) to be washed |
d) to wash |
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8) |
She was tired. She didn’t feel capable _____ any farther. |
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a) going |
b) about going |
c) for going |
d) of going |
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9) |
I asked him, but he pretended _____ and didn’t answer. |
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a) read |
b) to be read |
c) to be reading |
d) to have read |
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10) He is said _____ for London already. |
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a) to be left b) to have been left |
c) to have left |
d) to leave |
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B) |
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1) |
Too _____ to say anything, he just closed the door and left. |
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a) being surprised |
b) not surprising c) surprised |
d) surpris- |
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2)I warned you _____ anything here.
a) not to touch b) not touched c) not touching d) to touch not
3)The idea _____ there alone scares her.
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a) being gone |
b) going |
c) of going |
d) to go |
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4) |
_____ the door, he put the key into his pocket. |
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a) Being locked |
b) By locking |
c) Having locked |
d) To lock |
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5) |
We have no reason _____ that he will come back. |
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a) having believed b) believing |
c) of believing d) to believe |
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6) |
_____ what he was doing there, the man turned and left with- |
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out saying a word. |
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a) Asked |
b) Asking c) Having asked d) While asking |
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7) |
It was still an hour before dark, but he couldn’t help _____ a |
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little worried. |
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a) been |
b) being |
c) to be |
d) to have been |
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8) |
His telephone was disconnected because he forgot ____ for it. |
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a) having paid |
b) paying |
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c) to have paid |
d) to pay |
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9) |
Two witnesses claim _____ the suspect in the nearby area |
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before the crime. |
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a) being seen |
b) for seeing |
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c) to have seen |
d) to see |
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10) He shouted at the kids and immediately regretted it, seeing
their _____ little faces and tears in their eyes. |
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a) being frightened |
b) frightened |
c) frightening |
d)having frightened
9.Fill in the gaps with an appropriate preposition. What form of the verb does a preposition go with?
1)My friend is good _____ playing volleyball.
2)We are looking _____ _____ going out at the weekend.
3)The girls insisted _____ going out with Kerry.
4)She doesn’t feel _____ working on the computer.
5)I don’t agree _____ hunting.
6)They are afraid _____ losing the match.
7)She complains _____ bullying.
8)Laura dreams _____ living on a small island.
9)Andrew apologized _____ being late.
10)Edward often thinks _____ climbing trees.
10.Fill in the gaps with the verbs from the box. Put the verbs into gerund or infinitive (with or without to…) form.
watch (2) |
do |
be (2) |
buy |
solve |
find |
work go |
behave |
cry |
take |
have |
borrow |
put |
speak |
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1)One day she hopes _____ a landscape gardener.
2)Sometimes, _____ in love is like _____ an illness.
3)Mike can’t stand _____ sports.
4)Amanda suggested _____ to the theatre.
5)My brother made a decision _____ the year off.
6)I’m tired of _____ so much.
7)I wish _____ to the manager.
8)He’s terrible at _____ math.
9)I’m so sorry I made you _____.
10)We had difficulty _____ our way back home.
11)I remember _____ the letter into the mailbox.
12)She concentrating on _____ the problem.
13)The new film I saw yesterday isn’t really worth _____.
14)Somehow the newlywed couple managed _____ a very modern flat.
15)We expected him _____ in a proper way.
16)The librarian let me _____ three books.
11.Use the gerund of the verb given together to complete the sentence. Add a preposition if necessary
1)He succeeded _____ his potatoes (SELL)
2)They talked _____ new weapons (DEVELOP)
3)It´s no use _____ to be deaf (PRETEND).
4)I am not good _____ foreign languages (LEARN)
5)We´re looking forward _____ basketball tomorrow (PLAY).
6)Tom insisted _____ me to the station (DRIVE).
7)Are you interested _____ for us? (WORK)
8)I finally succeeded _____ him to do the right thing (PERSUADE)
9)Jack is not used _____ on the left side of the road (DRIVE)
10)He’s afraid _____ by plane (TRAVEL)
Unit 2.
Passive voice
We form the passive with the verb to be and the past participle
(Participle II) of the main verb. to be + past participle (pp)
Study the following examples to see how the passive is formed in different tenses.
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Tense |
Verb Form |
Active |
Passive |
Present |
am/is/are +pp |
My friend invites |
I am invited to the |
Simple |
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me to the theatre. |
theatre. |
Past Simple |
was/were +pp |
My friend invited |
I was invited to the |
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me to the theatre. |
theatre. |
Future |
will be +pp |
My friend will |
I will be invited |
Simple |
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invite me to the |
to the theatre. |
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theatre. |
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Present Per- |
have/has |
My friend has |
I have been invited |
fect |
+been +pp |
invited me to the |
to the theatre. |
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theatre. |
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Past Perfect |
had + been |
My friend had |
I had been invited |
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+ pp |
invited me to the |
to the theatre. |
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theatre. |
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Present Con- |
am/is/are + |
My friend is in- |
I am being invited |
tinuous |
being + pp |
viting me to the |
to the theatre. |
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theatre. |
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Past Continu- |
was/were + |
My friend was |
I was being invited |
ous |
being + pp |
inviting me to the |
to the theatre. |
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theatre. |
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Conditionals |
would + be + |
My friend would |
I would be invited |
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pp |
invite me to the |
to the theatre. |
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theatre if he had |
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the extra ticket. |
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Modals |
must/may/ |
My friend can |
I can be invited |
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can/could +be |
invite me to the |
to the theatre. |
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+pp |
theatre. |
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We use the passive:
• when the person who carries out the action (the agent) is un- known, unimportant or obvious from the context.
My purse has been stolen. (unknown)
The olive oil is produced in Mediterranean countries. (unimportant)
The bank robbers are being chased. (obvious)
• when the action itself is more important than the agent, especial- ly in news headlines, newspaper articles, formal notices, instructions, advertisements, etc.
This house will be built in a short time.
• When we want to emphasize the agent.
Inspector Maigret was created by novelist Georges Simenon in 1931.
• When we want to make statements more polite or formal.
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My new CD player is broken. (more polite than You`ve broken my new CD player.)
When changing a sentence from the active into the passive:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject in the passive sentence.
• the active verb changes into a passive form.
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the agent and is ei- ther introduced with the preposition by or omitted.
• only transitive verbs can be changed into the passive. active: Mary wrote a letter. (transitive verb)
passive: A letter was written by Mary.
But: She came home late last night. (The verb come is intransitive so the sentence cannot be changed into the passive.)
• by+agent can be omitted in the passive sentence when the agent is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context.
• in the passive, the preposition that follows a verb (accuse of, speak to, break into, etc.) is placed immediately after the verb.
Active Voice |
subject |
verb |
object |
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Lisa |
fed |
the cat. |
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Passive Voice |
subject |
verb |
object |
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The cat |
was fed |
by Lisa. |
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PRACTICE
1. Change the following sentences from active voice to passive voice.
Example:
Gold miners found diamonds in Brazil.
Diamonds were found by gold miners in Brazil.
1)He opened the window. The window _____ by him.
2)My brother walks the dog. The dog _____ by my brother.
3)Someone has stolen my treasure. My treasure _____.
4)They will sell the house. The house _____ by them.
5)Sam is washing the car. The car _____ by Sam.
6)David was buying a book. A book _____ by David.
7)The girls had eaten the cakes. The cakes _____ by the girls.
8)Someone has opened the door. The door _____ (by someone).
9)The tourists didn’t see the lions. The lions _____ by the tourists.
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