Essentials of pedagogical profession. Учебное пособие

2)Why was Comenius`s Janua Linguarum Reserata so popular in Europe?

3)Why did Comenius accept an offer from the government of Sweden? Why didn`t he accept the invitation of Cardinal Richelieu and the American entrepreneur John Winthrop, Jr.?

4)During the whole life Comenius was seeking for principles by which all knowledge could be harmonized. Why was this important for him?

Unit 2.

Pestalozzi – The Father of Modern Education

1. Fill in the gaps with the given prepositions:

on (2) about to (2) over into (2) for between of with (2)

“Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (born, January 12, 1746, Zürich – died, February 17, 1827, Brugg), Swiss social reformer and educator, is known as the Father of Modern Education. The modern era of education started _____ him and his spirit and ideas led _____

the great educational reforms in Europe in the nineteenth century. (paragraph 1)

Pestalozzi believed in the ability of every individual human being to learn and in the right of every individual to education. He believed that it was the duty of society to put this right _____

practice. His beliefs led to education becoming democratic; in Europe, education became available for everyone. Pestalozzi was particularly concerned _____ the condition of the poor. Some of them did not go to school. If they did, the school education was often useless _____ their needs. He wanted to provide them _____ an education which would make them independent and able to improve their own lives. (paragraph 2)

Pestalozzi believed that education should develop the powers of ‘Head’, ‘Heart’ and ‘Hands’. He believed that this would help create individuals who are capable of knowing what is right and what is wrong and of acting according _____ this knowledge. Thus the well being of every individual could be improved and each individual could become a responsible citizen. He believed that empowering and ennobling every individual in this way was the only way to improve society and bring peace and security to the world. His aim was for a complete theory of education that would lead to a practical way of bringing happiness to humankind. (paragraph 3)

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Pestalozzi saw teaching as a subject worth studying in its own right and he is therefore known as the father of pedagogy (the method and practice of teaching, especially as an academic subject or theoretical concept). He caused education to become a separate branch of knowledge, alongside politics and other recognised areas of knowledge. (paragraph 4)

Pestalozzi’s approach has had massive influence on education, for example, his influence, as well as his relevance to education today, is clear in the importance now put on:

• The interests and needs of the child

• A child-centred rather than teacher-centred approach to teach- ing

• Active rather than passive participation in the learning expe- rience

• The freedom of the child based _____ his or her natural development balanced with the self-discipline to function well as an individual and in society

• The child having direct experience of the world and the use of natural objects in teaching

• The use of the senses in training pupils in observation and judgement

• Cooperation _____ the school and the home and between parents and teachers

• The importance _____ an all-round education – an education of the head, the heart and the hands, but which is led by the heart

• The use of systemized subjects of instruction, which are also carefully graduated and illustrated

• Learning which is cross-curricular and includes a varied school life

• Education which puts emphasis _____ how things are taught as well as what is taught

• Authority based on love, not fear • Teacher training (paragraph 5)

Pestalozzi’s influence _____ the spirit, the methods and the theory of education has continued into the twentieth and twenty-first centuries and most of his principles have been assimilated _____

the modern system of education.” (paragraph 6) [8]

(Abridged from the original text provided by https://www.jhpestalozzi.org/)

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2.Give answers to the following questions:

1)What nickname was Pestalozzi given by his descendants?

2)What for did he get his nickname?

3)What did Pestalozzi believe in?

4)What were the results of his beliefs?

5)Who was Pestalozzi concerned about?

6)What education did Pestalozzi want the poor to be provided with?

7) What three powers should education develop according to Pestalozzi?

8)Why should be these three powers developed?

9)What can improve society and make the world safe?

10)What was Pestalozzi`s aim?

11)What was teaching for Pestalozzi?

12) What are the main principles of education according to Pestalozzi?

13)What is more important – how are things taught or what is taught?

14)What is authority like?

3.Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.

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4. Read the definitions below and find the words in the text for them. Use a dictionary if you need. Translate the words and their definitions into Russian.

1)c_______ to take an interest in something (par. 2)

2)r_______ to accept and approve of somebody/something officially (par. 4)

3)i_______ to increase the quality or value of something; bring to into a better or more desirable condition (par. 3)

4)e_______ to give somebody more control over their own life or the situation they are in (par. 3)

5)e_______ to give somebody/something a better moral character (par. 3)

6)l_______ to bring or show the way to a person by going in front; to persuade or influence someone to do something (par. 1)

7)d_________ to gradually grow or become bigger, more advanced, stronger, better; to start to have a skill, ability, quality (par. 3)

8)c_________ to make something happen, especially something bad or unpleasant; to make somebody do something (par. 4)

9) g_________ to complete a course in education, especially at high school and get a degree (par. 5)

10)t________ to give lessons to students in a school, college, university, etc.; to help somebody learn something by giving information about it (par. 5)

5.Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

useless available independent capable of responsible worth separate

1)He was not physically ………. climbing out of the window.

2)The country became fully ………. from France in 1960.

3)The school is housed in two ………. buildings.

4)Both parents are equally ……… for raising the children.

5)Critics argued that the space programme was a ………… waste of money.

6)It’s so unimportant it’s hardly ……….. mentioning.

7)This data is still ………. for download on the company’s website.

6.Work in small groups and discuss the following questions. Choose one of the topics and write an essay.

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1)Why did Pestalozzi receive the name of the Father of Modern Education?

2)Which of his ideas are used in modern school?

3)Why do you think his ideas are so popular today?

4)How can you explain the three powers of a human being – “Head”, “Heart” and “Hands”?

5)What is a child-centered approach to teaching? What is a teacher-centered approach?

6)Give the examples of active and passive participation in the learning experience.

7)What is the difference between teaching and learning?

8)What do you think is cross-curricular learning?

Unit 3.

Maria Montessori and her Method

Text 1.

Who Was Maria Montessori?

1. Study the following words and phrases:

Dr. Maria Montessori (1870-1952) was an Italian physician and anthropologist who devoted her life to understanding how children develop socially, intellectually, physically, and spiritually. By carefully observing children all over the world, she discovered universal patterns of development which are found in all children regardless of their culture or the era in which they live. (paragraph 1)

Dr. Montessori was one of the first women to be granted a diploma as a physician in Italy. Following her interest in human development, she assisted at a clinic for children with mental illnesses. She later directed the Orthophrenic School in Rome for children with physical, mental and emotional challenges. During this time Dr. Montessori lectured throughout Europe concerning

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the needs of children and their value to the future of our societies. She stressed the need to change our attitudes about children and their treatment. (paragraph 2)

In 1907, Dr. Montessori was given the responsibility of caring for a group of children in the Rome’s San Lorenzo slum district. She began to see the importance of a positive, nurturing environment that changes with the developmental needs of the child. As she observed the children and their response to the environment, she saw them demonstrate capabilities and interests that exceeded her expectations. The set of materials used in the “Montessori” environment were designed over a period of many years by Dr. Maria Montessori and her associates, creating a concrete, physical representation of the concepts and skills that children are naturally motivated to learn in their normal course of development. (paragraph 3)

Dr. Montessori conducted her first international training course in Italy in 1913 and her first American training course in California in 1915. As she carried her vision around the world, she felt that a time had come to ensure the quality and integrity of what was being handed down in her training courses. For that reason, she founded the Association Montessori Internationale (AMI) in 1929. Today AMI continues to support quality teacher training worldwide. (paragraph 4)

Maria Montessori was a visionary, not easily daunted by the many challenges she faced during her career. She traveled extensively, lecturing and teaching throughout Europe, India and in the United States. She was recognized for her efforts by educators, psychologists and political leaders of the day. Her associates included such people as Anna Freud, Erik Erikson, Mahatma Gandhi, Alexander Graham Bell and Jean Piaget. (paragraph 5)

Dr. Montessori was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1949, 1950 and 1951 and continued working, teaching and writing up to the time of her death. Over the past one hundred years children throughout the world have benefited from this educational approach that supports, nurtures, and protects natural development. Maria Montessori’s legacy lives on in the children whose lives are touched by her discoveries about life. (paragraph 6)

(Abridged from the original text provided by https://montessori-nw.org)

2.Give answers to the following questions:

1)What did Maria Montessori devote her life to?

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2)What method did Maria use to make her discoveries?

3)What diploma was Maria Montessori granted?

4)What occupations did Maria have?

5)What problems did Maria Montessori point out in her lectures?

6)What job was Maria Montessori offered in 1907?

7)What had the great influence on children`s development?

8)What concept did Maria Montessori and her associates create?

9)What countries did Maria Montessori visit with her lectures?

10)Who recognized her for her efforts?

11)What prize was she nominated for? How many times was she nominated?

3.Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.

4. Find the words in the text for the definitions given below. Translate the words and their definitions into Russian.

1)c ______ to organize and/or do a particular activity (par. 4)

2)m ______ to make somebody want to do something, especially something that involves hard work and effort (par. 3)

3)f ______ to start something, such as an organization or an institution, especially by providing money (par. 4)

4)s ______ to give help or assistance to somebody if they need it (par. 4)

5)b _____ to be in a better position because of something (par. 6)

6)t _____ to make somebody feel upset or emotional; to affect somebody/something (par. 6)

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7)n ______ to formally suggest that somebody/something should be chosen for an important role, prize, position, etc. (par. 6)

8)g ______ to agree to give somebody what they ask for, especially formal or legal permission to do something (par. 2)

5.Give the Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases: human development; mental illness; mental and emotional challenges; developmental needs; international training course; daunted by many challenges; educational approach; to be recognized for; to carry one`s vision; nurturing environment

6.Define what part of speech are the words on the left, find in the text and write out the derivatives from these words. And then, translate them into Russian.

1)anthropology

2)regard

3)ill

4)treat

5)represent

6)develop

7)integral

8)educate

9)psychology

10)discover

7.Identify and explain the grammar forms of the words in bold.

8.Discussion. Discuss the following questions in small groups. You may need to use different sources to find the information necessary for argumentative discussion. Then choose one of the topics and write an essay.

1)Why do you think Montessori worked with children with physical, mental and emotional challenges?

2)How were children treated before Montessori?

3)Who influenced Montessori and her pedagogical ideas? Who were her teachers?

4)Why was she recognized by many famous people of the day?

9.Project work. Work in groups of 3-4. Find the information about one of the following people: Alexander Graham Bell, Erik Erikson, Anna Freud, , Mahatma Gandhi, , Jean Piaget. Make a presentation

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to share with your fellow students. You should include information about his/her:

–name, nationality, personal qualities;

–important/amusing facts from biography;

–work and achievements;

–historical importance.

Text 2.

Pedagogy Profile: the Montessori Method

The Montessori Method is particularly prominent in early childhood and primary school education.

Principle 1: Respect for the Child

Respect for the Child is the major principle underlying the entire Montessori Method. Montessori believed children should be respected. Respect is shown for children by not interrupting their concentration. Respect is also shown by giving pupils the freedom to make choices, to do things for themselves, and to learn for themselves. Teachers model respect for all students as well as peaceful conflict resolution, and must learn to observe without judgement.

Principle 2: The Absorbent Mind

Montessori education is based on the principle that, simply by living, children are constantly learning from the world around them. Through their senses children constantly absorb information from their world. They then make sense of it because they are thinking beings.

Principle 3: Sensitive Periods

Montessori pedagogy believes there are certain periods during which children are more ready to learn certain skills. These are known as sensitive periods, and last only as long as is necessary for the child to acquire the skills. The order in which sensitive periods occur (i.e. a sensitive period for writing) as well as the timing of the period varies for each child.

Principle 4: The Prepared Environment

The Montessori Method suggests that children learn best in an environment that has been prepared to enable them to do things for themselves. Always child-centred, the learning environment should promote freedom for children to explore materials of their choice. Teachers should prepare the learning environment by making materials and experiences available to children in an orderly and independent way.

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