Учебное пособие по английскому языку с упражнениями по развитию креативного мышления. Часть 2

Is there anything that actually never changes?

Why or why not?

What is the difference between conserving something and preserving it?

Ex. 4. Find, as much as you can, definition for the following words. Explain your decision.

For example: unemployment – unemployment rate.

1.Industry

2.Price

3.Salary

4.Fiscal policy

5.Globalization

6.Agricultural products

7.Enterprise

8.Advertisement

Ex. 5. Give the interpretations for the following words:

Example: fast, green, full – train.

Ex. 6. Make your own sentences based from four words, in which every word begins with the following letters:

Example: D…A…S… - Demand And Supply.

1)T…O…D…

2)T…O…S…

3)D…A…P…

4)G…R…O…D…

5)C…T…P…F…

6)C…T…P…R…

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Ex. 7. Pay attention to the picture. Explain what you see in it orally.

Ex. 8. Retell the text.

The Theory of Demand for Agricultural Products

The theory of demand as applied to agricultural products is not much different from the general theory of demand.

The quantity of agricultural products demanded per time period is the function of price of that commodity as also the prices of other commodities, average income per head of the population, number of individuals in the population, the tastes and preferences of the population, and distribution of income within the population.

As the income rises from the near subsistence level, first a high degree of income elasticity of demand for food may be exhibited. Inferior goods are left. "The impact on the demand for superior food items increases in a sort of multiplier way. There is a chain of sequences which makes it possible to progressively divert more money towards superior goods, triggered off by an initial decrease in the price of inferior agricultural products.

Vocabulary chain n ɰɟɩɶ

decrease n ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ, ɫɩɚɞ v 1. ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶ 2. ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ, ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ

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distribution n 1. ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ 2. ɜɵɩɥɚɬɚ ɞɢɜɢɞɟɧɞɨɜ 3. ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɫɫɵɥɤɚ 4. ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ (ɡɚɣɦɚ, ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝ) ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ 5. ɩɪɨɞɚɠɚ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ 6. ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ

divert v 1. ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɶ 2. ɨɬɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ elasticity n ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ exhibit v ɜɵɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ impact n ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ

inferior goods – ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ initial adj ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ

superior food – ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ trigger off v ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ

Ex. 9. Make questions on the text above.

Ex. 10. Role play. Are you good at managing your time? Is it a skill which can be taught? If people can't plan their time effectively and delegate the work, if they don't meet their deadlines, their life becomes a nightmare.

You work for Interior Design Concepts. You work hard, but you think you will never get on top of your work. For example, yesterday you had 3 really important things to do: a contract that had to be ready for typing; then there was a mobile sales display that needed to be set up properly; and the other big job was the work assessment report for a

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new member of staff - that was already overdue. You didn't finish any of them. Your work was interrupted several times. You dropped one job and started another but in the end you had to take the assessment report home and work on it until midnight. Your superiors are furious. If this situation persists you may be fired. Speak with a personnel manager and ask him for advice.

Use your target vocabulary and these communication strategies:

—describe your problem

—give your reasons for your failures

—say that you may be wrong

—seek for solidarity

—make a promise

Ex.11.Role play. You are a Personnel manager. You aren't satisfied with your employee's work. He isn't efficient. He is a time-waster. Analyze the mistakes the employee made in his use of time. What held him back and caused him waste time? Criticize him and then give recommendations how to use his time more properly: plan ahead, delegate work, etc.

Use your target vocabulary and these communication strategies:

—appeal to his rationale

—offer smth beneficial to him

—make him pay attention to what you say

—show that you think smth is important

—make a threat

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Meetings and discussions: Presenting alternatives

Ex.12. Present a series of possible solutions to the following problems. Use the phrases above. Follow the example.

EXAMPLE

Problem: How to link Denmark and Sweden by a bridge or tunnel.

Solutions:

•A rail tunnel with transport for cars.

•A bridge only for road traffic.

•A combined rail and road tunnel.

There are clearly several ways of solving this problem. One solution would be to build a rail tunnel with transport for cars. Alternatively, we could build a bridge just for road traffic. Finally, we could build a combined rail and road tunnel.

a) Problem: How to make local industries more profitable.

Solutions:

•Introduce trade barriers.

•Rationalize and streamline production methods.

b) Problem: How to find new management personnel. Solutions:

•Use a head-hunting agency.

•Advertise in the national press.

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ɫ) Problem: How to improve distribution of stock.

Solutions:

•Use one highly automated national warehouse.

•Have a series of regional warehouses.

d) Problem: How to improve productivity.

Solutions:

•Introduce more automation.

•Organize employees into smaller teams.

•Give bonuses for targets met.

e) Problem: How to improve the quality of production

Solutions:

•Introduce quality circles.

•Increase the sampling rate of finished products.

Language Summary 2

Justifying choices and alternatives

Also in the meeting several people gave reasons to justify one or other of the alternative solutions, sometimes arguing for and sometimes against. The following phrases were used.

For one thing we've just completed work on a new building. . .

But even more important. . .is. . .

If a move to Paris goes ahead I won't be surprised if some people look for other jobs.

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(Moving everything to Paris) will cause personal disruption and be expensive. Keeping some functions in Strasbourg means that our recent investment in a new building won't be wasted.

Other phrases that can be used here are:

The advantage of X is that. . .

Another advantage is that. . .

If we do X it'll have the advantage of. . .

By doing X we'll be able to...

Ex. 13. Read the following extract from another meeting at which the Personnel Manager of Anker France tries to convince the management of the Technical and Distribution departments that they should agree to move to Strasbourg. Complete the sentences with some of the phrases above.

Personnel Manager: So you see the best solution is to move to Strasbourg.

(a)______ most of the bottling plants are based in that part of France which

(b)_______ you'll be near the points of production and distribution,

(c)_______that you'll be able to work more closely with the research group who are already based in Alsace.

Technical Manager: I can see the obvious advantages but there are clearly disadvantages. Moving to Strasbourg (d)_______ we'll be out of touch with our other colleagues in sales and marketing who will be based in Paris.

Distribution Manager: But apart from the professional side there's the personal aspect. Most of our families are settled in Paris and moving to Strasbourg

(e)_______ a lot of disruption to children's education, (f)____is the fact that many of our wives or husbands have jobs in Paris, and they wouldn't be able to get new jobs if we moved. I can easily see some people leaving if the move goes ahead.

Language Summary 3 Contrasting alternatives

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One way to argue for one solution in favour of another is to contrast the benefits of one solution with the disadvantages of another. The following example is from the extract.

Keeping some functions in Strasbourg means that our recent investment in a new building won't be wasted, whereas a total move to Paris would not make financial sense.

Other ways to contrast alternatives are:

X means better profits. In contrast, Y could cause a lot ot problems.

X would mean. . . On the other hand if we do Yit'll cause. . .

X would give certain benefits, but Y is much better from the company's point of view.

X does have some advantages. However there's no doubt that Y is a much better choice.

Ex. 14. Make contrasts between the following alternatives to problems, using the suggestions that are listed.

EXAMPLE

Problem: Where to locate the new offices.

Solutions:

A:Move to a provincial centre – cheaper and more attractive for staff.

B:Stay in London - expensive for rents and salaries.

Moving to a provincial centre would be cheaper and more attractive for staff, whereas staying in London is expensive both for rents and salaries.

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a) Problem: How to inform people of a new magazine.

Solutions:

A:Direct Mail - able to target with precision.

B:Advertising in the press - expensive and unsure of targets.

b) Problem: Ways of getting photocopiers for a company.

Solutions:

A:Leasing - more flexible for upgrading, and better for cash flow.

B:Buying - ties up capital and difficult to change.

LESSON 11

Ex. 1. Answer the following questions.

1. In spite of a fatal accident in his youth, Ned went on to become one of the country's top racing drivers.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

2.All in all, Jerry has two sisters and three brothers-in-law.

________________________________________________________________

3.Since Mr. Green is a Republican, his son is also a Republican.

__________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

4.Blind children often have difficulty in learning to speak.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

5.An object either has color or it has no color.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

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6. The Jackson twins were seen riding to town alone in their car, with Phil in the middle.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

7.Some birds do not build nests.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

8.A six-legged animal with wings may be an insect.

__________________________________________________________________

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Ex.2. Answer the following questions.

1.Why is it necessary for the presidents of all countries to meet often each other?

2.Why must we elect people to the government?

3.Art is creative, but hurricane is…?

4.Sunlight shines, but moonlight…?

5.How can you understand proverb: “no pains, no gains”.

6.What does the word “favorable” mean?

Ex. 3. Imagine yourself a philosopher. What would you do or say?

Ex. 4. Find, as much as you can, definition for the following words. Explain your decision.

For example: decision – right decision.

1.Shortage

2.Complement good

3.Substitute good

4.Input

5.Consumer demand

6.To maximize

7.Marginal utility

8.Expenditure

Ex. 5. Give the answers interpreting the following words.

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