Учебное пособие по английскому языку с упражнениями по развитию креативного мышления. Часть 2

Checking accounts

Clerk: Now this is the checking account ledger. Each page is a record of a customer's deposits and withdrawals.

Cashier: And you give a copy of this to the customer.

Clerk: That's right. That's his statement, which he receives with all his canceled checks. Then he reconciles it with his own records.

Cashier: This one is a joint account, isn't it? And pretty active.

Clerk: Yes, it is.

Cashier: What's this debit?

Clerk: That's our service charge.

Cashier: I notice an overdraft here in February.

Cashier: I'm afraid we've had to remind this man and his wife several times that they must keep a sufficient balance to cover all outstanding checks.

Clerk: Will I have to learn to recognize all our customers' signatures?

Cashier: Yes, you will. Any check we cash must have a genuine signature. But we keep a file of them that you can refer to.

Clerk: Will I be doing any posting of this ledger?

Cashier: Oh, yes.

LESSON 17

Ex. 1. Imagine, if you were the President, what would you do first of all? Explain your decisions orally.

Ex. 2. Find, as much as you can, definition for the following words. Explain your decision.

For example: book – beautiful book.

1.Liberty

2.Discovery

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3.Invention

4.Theory

5.Application

6.Competitiveness

7.Management

8.Wealth

Ex. 3. Give the answers interpreting the following words.

Example: fast, green, full – train.

Ex. 4. Make your own sentences based from four words, in which every word begins with the following letters:

Example: N…B…W…T... – Nice boy watched TV.

1.M…R…P…I…F…

2.M…E…P…O…

3.A…D…O…T…S…

4.A…D…O…C…

5.A…D…O…W…C…

6.E…A…O…T…C…S…

Ex. 5. Explain what you see in the picture.

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Ex. 6. Retell the text.

International customer

The international customer does not exist except as a consumer of a few global brands like Coca-Cola and L'Oreal. The international market has to be segmented, or to have an identifiable niche, to be meaningful for the vast majority of companies. Again, the division between developed and developing countries is a useful distinction to make. People in developing countries often do not have the spare cash to buy what international companies are offering. In these circumstances, it may be necessary to embrace alternative technologies to satisfy that market. This can involve designing for a particular market, e.g. by building a cheap, simple load-carrying vehicle suitable for local needs or a washing machine that replicates in cold water and hand-operated mode the action of the automatic washing machine at an affordable price. The alternative is to target only that percentage of the population with the money to pay for an automatic machine. The distribution of income among a population can be a significant factor in this decision, but such data are not available in most countries. It has already been demonstrated that in India, despite a GNI per capita of only US $2,340 (PPP), income distribution is heavily skewed and conceals a large and accessible wealthy sector. A country's population as a bare statistic is only a starting point for understanding markets. The Irish population is the youngest in the EU but it is no longer growing at the rate it did ten years ago. The youth market is in excess of what its population might indicate. Ireland is the country with the highest average annual growth rate in Europe in private consumption per capita, indicating a latent demand at the luxury end of the market.

Vocabulary accessible adj ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɣ affordable adj ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɣ

cash n 1. ɧɚɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ, ɧɚɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ 2. ɧɚɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ

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conceal v ɫɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ, ɭɬɚɢɜɚɬɶ

distinction n 1. ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ 2. ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɧɚɤ

niche n ɧɢɲɚ, ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ segment n 1. ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɞɨɥɹ 2. ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ

skew v ɢɫɤɚɠɚɬɶ

spare adj ɡɚɩɚɫɧɨɣ, ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɣ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ

vehicle n 1. ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ (ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶ, ɜɚɝɨɧ, ɬɟɥɟɠɤɚ) 2. ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ, ɨɪɭɞɢɟ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ

wealthy adj 1. ɛɨɝɚɬɵɣ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ 2. ɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ

Ex. 7. Make questions on the text above.

Ex. 8. Retell the text.

Social and Economic Aspects of The Capitalist System

The heart of the capitalist system is the organization of society around invention and discovery, even around the humble acts of enterprise. You can best organize a society in this way under conditions of democracy and of openness. In order to develop a creative, inventive, productive, dynamic economic system, you need to have a compatible, nourishing, and supporting political system. If the cause of wealth is ideas and invention, then you simply must have free and open discussion.

When you have an enterprising, inventive people, they very soon no longer want to be ruled by generals or by aristocrats. They think they are just as smart as the generals or the aristocrats, and they demand selfgovernment. And this capacity of human beings to rule themselves by their own consent — a democratic political order, if you wish — is the most compatible with an inventive and mind-based economic order. These three orders — the moral order, the political order, the economic order— all revel in freedom and creativity, they are mutually supportive, and over the long

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run of history they mutually correct one another. If one gets out of balance, the other two will speedily show signs of weakness.

There have been nourished, over the centuries, the institutions of moral liberty, religious liberty, intellectual liberty; of political liberty—freedom from torture, freedom from tyranny—and of, finally, economic liberty, the liberty of enterprise, of invention, of discovery. They have produced what we call the modern and advancing growth.

Vocabulary

humble adj ɫɤɪɨɦɧɵɣ compatible adj ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɣ nourishing adj ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ

sign v ɩɨɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ n 1. ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ 2. ɡɧɚɤ weakness n ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɶ

Ex. 9. Make report on the text above.

Ex. 10. Discuss the text above with group.

Ex. 11. Retell the text.

Agricultural Economics

Agricultural economics has its own pure and abstract theory, polemic policy issues and inter-temporal and inter-regional empirical studies. Like other tranches of economics it also aims at optimisation and establishing integrated linkages. One should not fall into the trap of believing that applied economics is more practical than theoretical economics. Theory is to be applied to the problem again and again. Application is relevant to a specific problem only so long as the problem lasts. Theory has longer usefulness than applied science.

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Agricultural science and agricultural economics are different. The technology of agriculture is also different. An agricultural economist cannot take the driver's seat with all other experts as passengers. He can act as a co-ordinator and can find complementarities and competitiveness about various aspects of agricultural planning. In recent years agricultural growth has become "sponsored growth"—sponsored by the government. It provides the entire package of infrastructure or makes its production/supply possible. During and after the season, it is the government monitoring of planning that can keep agriculture in the form, of business. As mechanics cannot be left out of physics, public management, public aid and public regulation cannot be kept isolated.

Agricultural science will definitely combine the botany, agronomy, entomology, bacteriology, genetics, pathology, chemistry, geology and mechanical technology, but agricultural economics cannot cope with all of them. Only economic aspects can be studied and the feedback of economic viability or otherwise can be provided to the scientist. A scientist finds out ways and means of rapid multiplication of crops.

Agriculture depends on the soil, climate, weather conditions, input use and technology. Water can be considered to be a good proxy of technology. It is the availability of water which enables the use of various fertilizers, pesticides or even tools. Technology is a mix of science and technique. Agricultural economics studies about all of them.

Vocabulary

competitiveness n ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ complementarity n ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ empirical adj ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ

feedback n ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ

integrate v ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ

isolate v ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ

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linkage n ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ

monitoring n 1. ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ 2. ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ polemic adj ɩɨɥɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ

pure adj ɱɢɫɬɵɣ

tranche n 1. ɬɪɚɧɲ, ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɞɨɥɹ 2. ɱɚɫɬɶ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝ trap n ɥɨɜɭɲɤɚ, ɡɚɩɚɞɧɹ

viability n ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ

Ex. 12. Make a plan of the text above. Give your personal opinion about the text above orally.

Ex. 13. Read and translate the dialogue. Explain in English what this dialogue is about. Make your own dialogue, paying attention to the dialogue below.

Dialogue

Times deposits, savings accounts, and NOW accounts

Investor: I have some funds on hand, and I'm wondering whether I ought to put them in a savings account.

Banker: That's one possibility. A savings account is fairly liquid, although as many as 30 days notice of withdrawal may be required. A more liquid investment that also pays interest is the Negotiable Order of Withdrawal, known as the NOW account. NOW accounts have become very popular lately.

Investor: Why is that?

Banker: They have an advantage over regular checking accounts in that they pay interest, and they're more liquid than savings accounts since you can draw checks on them.

Investor: How does a time deposit differ from a savings deposit?

Banker: Well, a time deposit is for a specified term, whereas you can make withdrawals from a savings account at any time; although, as I said before, as many as 30 days notice of withdrawal may be required. A time deposit also offers a higher rate of interest than a savings deposit. This is partially due to its fixed maturity.

Investor: How do you compute the interest on a savings account?

Banker: It's compounded and credited to the account quarterly.

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Investor: You mean added to the principal?

Banker: Yes. And we issue you a passbook on your savings account in which each deposit and withdrawal is entered.

Investor: Is either type of account transferable?

Banker: Only time certificates.

Investor: Are time and savings deposits insured?

Banker: Yes. We're a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insures accounts up to $40,000. Although most banks are members of the FDIC, membership is not compulsory for state-regulated banks.

LESSON 18

Ex.1. Imagine you are magician. What would you do the first?

Ex.2. Find, as much as you can, definition for the following words. Explain your decision.

For example: book – beautiful book.

1.Growth

2.Similarity

3.Education

4.Policy

5.Terminology

6.Strategy

7.Notion

8.Population

Ex. 3. Give the answers interpreting following words.

Example: fast, green, full – train.

Ex. 4. Make your own sentences based from four words, in which every word begins with the following letters:

Example: N…B…W…T... – Nice boy watched TV.

1.E…R…I…N…

2.I…E…R…N…?

3.E…R…I…I….

4.A…T…E…R…?

5.W…E…R…B…?

6.E…R…W…B…I…O…C…

Ex. 5. Explain what you see in the picture.

Ex. 6. Retell the text.

EDUCATIONAL POLICY

The expounding of educational policy had been preceded by a survey of the interrelationships of economic growth and education as well as of the problems of planning education. Similarly to economic policy, technological development, trade policy, etc., policy in the sphere of education reflects a typical guideline of action in a certain field of social life. What kind of educational policy should be adopted by the developing countries? We had to get acquainted therefore with the correlations of education and economic development, the problems of planning education, and this is the very reason why we should study the experiences and lessons to be drawn from the history of education and economy, and also the educational policy adopted up till now by the developing countries as well as the views and comments on such policies. Our own views on educational policy should be founded on these studies.

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The term educational strategy is used by many experts in the same sense as we use the term educational policy. We regard the term "policy" correct because partly it expresses a similarity to the notions economic policy, trade policy, etc., and-at least to our mind—partly it is more comprehensive than the term "strategy" since this latter expression indicates in a rather definite way long perspectives, i.e. concepts on a large scale, disregarding quite a few important details. The term policy, however, encompasses such details, too, and in addition, short-term actions and problems of "minor importance" as well.

Owing to its character and scope, the present study is nevertheless confined to educational strategy or rather—to use our own terminology-to long-range educational policy.

Vocabulary

comprehensive adj ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ, ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ disregard n ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ, ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ v ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɬɶ, ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ encompass v ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ

expound v ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɹɬɶ

get acquainted (with) – ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɵɦ, ɛɵɬɶ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɦ ɫ ɱɟɦ-ɥ., ɡɧɚɬɶ guideline n ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ

indicate v ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ precede v ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ

survey n 1. ɨɫɦɨɬɪ 2. ɢɧɫɩɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ 3. ɨɛɡɨɪ v 1. ɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ 2. ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ, ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ 3. ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ, ɢɧɫɩɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ 4. ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɨɛɡɨɪ

Ex. 7. Make questions on the text above.

Ex. 8. Retell the text.

THE ROLE OF EDUCATION IN THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

The experiences of history, too, may serve as guidance for the educational policy of the developing countries. True, the realization of the necessity of education and schooling can be arrived at also by way of deductive reflection. It is easy to comprehend that the gradual modernization of agriculture, the starting of industrialization, the emergence of commodity and money economy, the

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