МИНОБРНАУКИ РОССИИ

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Омский государственный технический университет»

В. И. Сидорова, Е. В. Тихонова, Е. В. Шило

ОСНОВНЫЕ РАЗДЕЛЫ ГРАММАТИКИ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

Учебное пособие

Омск Издательство ОмГТУ

2021

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УДК 81’36:811.111(075)

ББК 81.052:81.432.1я73 С34

Рецензенты:

Н. В. Горохова, канд. филол. наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков ФГАОУ ВО «РГУ нефти и газа (НИУ) имени И. М. Губкина»;

Т. Г. Галкина, канд. филол. наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков СибАДИ

Сидорова, В. И.

С34 Основные разделы грамматики английского языка : учеб. пособие / В. И. Сидорова, Е. В. Тихонова, Е. В. Шило ; Минобрнауки России, Ом. гос. техн. ун-т. – Омск : Изд-во ОмГТУ, 2021. – 88 с.

ISBN 978-5-8149-3307-2

Рассмотрены наиболее сложные и вызывающие определенные трудности у студентов разделы грамматики английского языка. Представлены разнообразные упражнения, направленные на тренировку в употреблении грамматических явлений.

Предназначено для студентов технических, гуманитарных и естест- венно-научных направлений подготовки всех форм обучения.

УДК 81’36:811.111(075) ББК 81.052:81.432.1я73

Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета Омского государственного технического университета

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PREFACE

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов неязыковых вузов всех направлений подготовки и форм обучения. Целью изучения материала издания является формирование у обучаемых таких грамматических навыков, как приведение в систему имеющихся знаний и развитие умений правильно употреблять правила грамматики английского языка как в устной, так и в письменной речи.

Материал издания изложен доступно, комплексно, с переходом к коммуникативным упражнениям. Пособие может быть использовано в процессе самостоятельной работы.Предполагаются следующие формы занятий:

–практические занятия в аудитории под руководством преподавателя;

–индивидуальная самостоятельная работа студентов в аудитории;

–самостоятельная работа студентов, выполняемая в виде индивидуальных домашних заданий.

Учебное пособие содержит приложения в виде обзорных упражнений на повторение основных разделов грамматики английского языка и краткого грамматического справочника в таблицах, где наглядно излагается подлежащий к усвоению материал. Такой подход способствует лучшему усвоению грамматической системы английского языка.

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UNIT I

SIMPLE SENTENCE

SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) TENSES (ACTIVE AND PASSIVE)

I. Define the parts of speech of the words in bold. Translate the sentences into Russian.

A

1.The study of the structure is useful. The scientists study the properties of this substance.

2.Energy has a lot of forms. What forms the basic structure of this material?

3.We must set the time for the beginning of the experiment. The worker has a set of tools.

4.The batteries are charged constantly. The charge of the electron and the charge of the proton are equal in strength.

5.We have got successful results of the experiment. The experiment resulted in a new discovery.

6.Speak to the point. Point out mistakes in this test.

7.The experiment will result in a new scientific discovery.

8.We had got a lot of useful results.

B

1.This system functions perfectly.

2.The functions of the system were predetermined.

3.The control of the machines without special appliances was extremely difficult.

4.In order to control the operation of a computer one must have special knowledge in computing technique.

5.The mechanism could control the operation of focusing automatically.

6.This automatic system is continuously under control.

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7.These are control devices for they control the performance of all mechanisms at the station.

8.The power station generates electricity to power factories of the region.

9.The future hydroelectric station will provide power to the surrounding

region.

II. Define the parts of the simple sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.The first – year students have a lot of general subjects.

2.This text is about the story of radio.

3.He began to translate the text yesterday.

4.They were absent at the lecture yesterday.

5.It is difficult to read such articles without a dictionary.

6.One cannot translate this paper without a dictionary.

7.Nobody could solve the problem.

8.Reading is important.

9.To read is necessary.

10.There are some books on the desk.

III. Define the tense – forms of the verbs. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.My friend is fond of sports.

2.My sister does not like extreme kinds of sport.

3.Will you play chess tomorrow?

4.He graduated from the University last year.

5.They will not go to the museum tomorrow.

6.Many problems were discussed at the scientific conference.

7.The engineers installed modern equipment in the laboratories.

8.D. Mendeleev presented his table in 1869.

9.Our research will be supported by this theory.

10.These devices are used for amplification of radio signals.

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IV. Write the following sentences in the third person singular. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.I think you are wrong.

2.The children always help their mother.

3.I live in Saint Petersburg.

4.I am usually in a hurry.

5.Do you like travelling?

6.I am fond of cooking.

7.We go to the theatre once a month.

8.They know English well.

9.I don’t know her address.

10.They usually go to bed at 10 o’clock.

V. Translate the sentences into English.

1.Моя сестра живет в Москве.

2.Я учусь в техническом университете.

3.Они обычно делают домашнее задание вечером.

4.Он тратит на дорогу домой около двадцати минут.

5.Ты часто ходишь в кино?

6.Она никогда не опаздывает.

7.Они всегда навещают нас летом.

VI. Write the following sentences in the negative and in the interrogative forms.

1.I know the answer.

2.She usually has breakfast at 7 o’clock.

3.The flowers are wonderful.

4.He has a cold shower every day.

5.The last train leaves at midnight.

6.Every year they spend their holidays in the country.

7.I often visit my grandmother on Sundays.

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8.They enjoy watching science – fiction films.

9.She knows English very well.

VII. Write about what you do every day.

VIII. Describe how you spend a typical afternoon or evening using the Present Indefinite.

IX. Найдите слова, указывающие какой частью речи являются выделенные слова.

1.Peopleʼs lives depend upon food, water and air.

2.Our farmʼs produce is very rich this year.

3.This boy has motherʼs look.

4.He looked at me with hatred in his eyes.

5.Where there is a will there is way.

X. Определите, к какой части речи относятся подчеркнутые слова по их функции в предложении.

1.Fire produces smoke.

2.Smoke fills the room.

3.Students smoke in the corridor.

4.Man needs electricity for industrial uses.

5.He uses electricity for his needs.

6.Water supplies power for industry.

7.The collector has large supplies of books.

8.Man must heat his house.

9.Some plants suffer from heat.

10.A worker times the speed of this machine.

11.You must repeat the experiment many times.

12.Old people remember hard old times.

13.A farmer plants potatoes in spring.

14.Millions of workers work at plants and factories.

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UNIT II

CONTINUOUS TENSES (ACTIVE AND PASSIVE)

FUNCTIONS OF THE VERB TO BE

FUNCTIONS OF THE VERB TO DO

I. Define the tense – forms of the verbs. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.Who is knocking at the door?

2.It is raining, take your umbrella.

3.Don’t bother me, please, I am working.

4.She is waiting for you now.

5.What is Peter doing now? – He is playing the violin.

6.What are you looking at?

7.The device was being examined by the scientists when we came in the laboratory.

8.The scientists will be discussing the results of the experiment at the conference at five o’clock tomorrow.

II. Define the functions of the verb to be. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1.The results of the research experiment are of great importance for sci-

ence.

2.There are some industrial plants in our town.

3.The substance we are speaking about is water.

4.The students are to translate the text at the lesson.

5.It was A. G. Bell who invented the telephone.

6.The proton is a particle.

7.His friends are students.

8.Our task is to complete this experiment.

9.He was late for the lecture last week.

10.They will be engineers in four years.

11.The table is in the middle of the room.

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12.The train is to leave the station in two minutes.

13.The experiment was being carried out in our laboratory.

14.What are you doing tonight?

III. Define the tense – forms of the predicates. Translate the following word – groups.

1.The problem is being discussed;

2.The problem was discussed;

3.The scientists are discussing the problem;

4.The scientists will discuss the problem;

5.The scientists will be discussing the problem;

6.The results are obtained;

7.He obtained;

8.The engineer obtains;

9.The plans were interesting;

10.They applied;

11.This method is being applied;

12.This method is often applied;

13.The scientist applies this method;

14.They observe;

15.The substance is used.

IV. Define the functions of the verb “to do”. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.They will do this homework themselves.

2.When does the lesson begin?

3.We do repeat the material before the examinations.

4.He studies the properties of this chemical element more accurately than they do.

5.I don’t know this grammar rule.

6.Don’t open the window, please.

7.Do you know this worker? – Yes, I do.

8.The scientist does use this method in his research.

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UNIT III

Perfect Tenses (Active and Passive)

Perfect Continuous Active

Functions of the verb to have

I. Define the tense – forms of the verbs. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.I have just turned the radio off.

2.He has listened to the news.

3.She has already read the book again.

4.She has never been to London.

5.Have you ever been to Great Britain?

6.What have you already done?

7.They will have completed the experiment by 5 o’clock tomorrow.

8.She will have written the paper by the end of the month.

9.The scientist had completed his report before they visited him.

10.She had published the article by 5 o’clock yesterday.

11.They had been carrying on the experiment for 2 hours before he came.

12.Moscow Radio has been transmitting its programs to other countries since the thirties of the twentieth century.

13.It has been snowing since 5 o’clock.

14.It will have been raining for 2 hours when they return home.

15.The result of the experiment has already been discussed.

16.The device had been tested by end of the last month.

17.The equipment will have been repaired by 5 o’clock tomorrow.

18.The text will have been translated by 5 o’clock tomorrow.

II. Make up sentences using Past Perfect or Future Perfect.

1.By the end of the year (he, to graduate, from, the University).

2.When I returned home (she, to do, shopping).

3.Before he entered the room (they, to leave, the room).

4.By the time we return (my grandmother, to finish, cooking, the dinner).

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5.Before it gets dark (we, to water, the flowers).

6.Before I visit my relatives (they, to return, home).

7.When he saw me (I, to hear, the news).

III. Answer the following questions.

1.Who has given you the book?

2.Who has written the article?

3.Who has broken the window?

4.Who has read this book?

5.What book has she read this month?

6.How many questions have they answered?

7.How many films have they seen this month?

8.Where have you been this year?

9.Have you ever been to Great Britain?

10.Have you already written the article?

11.Why has he changed his plans?

12.Why has she chosen this book to read?

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V. Define the tense – forms of the predicates. Translate the following word – groups.

1.The scientists have been discussing the problem;

2.The scientists will have been discussing the problem;

3.The problem has been discussed;

4.The problem will have been discussed;

5.The theory has been relied on;

6.The physicist has explained;

7.The physicist will have been explaining;

8.The experiment has resulted in;

9.The discovery will have resulted from;

10.The theory will have been applied.

VI. Define the functions of the verb to have in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.The theory has been used for proving the phenomena.

2.The device has a lot of advantages.

3.They will have some useful results of the experiment.

4.The scientist will have to repeat the experiment.

5.You had to publish the results of the experiment.

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UNIT IV

Sequence of tenses Revision of Tenses

I. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the sequence of tenses.

1.They wanted to know what poems were being translated.

2.The students asked how the strength of this material had been measured.

3.The scientist said they would carry out an experiment with this new de-

vice.

4.The reporter asked if the scientific group was developing the design of this equipment.

5.They wished to know what these electronic systems would ensure.

6.He told me that he would let me know the date of the scientific confer-

ence.

7.The teacher said we might complete our drawings next week.

8.The scientist said that electronics played an important role in our life.

9.The engineer informed that the equipment was operating very well.

10.The engineer informed that the reconstruction of the plant would begin next year.

11.She was asked if she could take part in the research work.

12.The students asked whether they would have a lecture on chemistry next week.

II. Change the sentences from direct speech into indirect speech. Pay attention to the sequence of tenses.

Model: She said, “I am going to the cinema with my brother.” She said that she was going to the cinema with her brother.

1.He said, “I’ll be ready in a few minutes.”

2.She said to me, “My sister has just finished her homework.”

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3.They said, “These photographs are not very good.”

4.My grandmother said, “Has it been raining since two o’clock?”

5.He said, “I have been to France.”

6.He asked, “Have you ever been to France?”

7.The student said, “I’ll work on my diploma project next year.”

8.He said, “I am studying physics at the University.”

9.My scientific supervisor asked me, “Will you take part in the scientific conference?”

10.The teacher asked the students. “Can you translate this paper?”

III. Выберите предложения, в которых глагол-сказуемое употребляется в настоящем времени.

1.The language laboratory helps us to study foreign languages.

2.We often see you in the lab.

3.We lived in the hostel.

4.The teacher is explaining us how to use this device.

5.The sun rises in the East.

6.We shall read this text.

7.Where there is a will there is a way.

8.Every student learns a foreign language.

9.Steel and aluminium belong to metals.

10.Wood is not a good heat conductor.

11.No, I donʼt think itʼs easy to speak a foreign language.

12.Did you go there on Sunday?

IV. Укажите предложения, в которых глагол-сказуемое выражает действие в процессе его совершения.

1.They are working in the garden.

2.She was working when I came.

3.She is going to the University now.

4.She goes to the University every day.

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5.He goes to the library very often as he is a student.

6.It is an interesting book.

7.I shall be working when you come.

8.I am reading a book now.

9.Are you having an English class now?

10.What class are you having now?

11.Mary is doing her lessons.

12.What is your neighbour doing?

V. Укажите предложения, в которых глагол-сказуемое употребляется в прошедшем времени.

1.Did you enter school at the age of 7?

2.I was watching TV yesterday from 7 to 9.

3.They are often late.

4.I have just arrived from Brighton. I was spending my summer holidays at the seaside.

5.What place did he get to at last?

6.They have classes in this room.

7.What were you carrying when I saw you?

8.The work has just been finished.

9.By the time I came he had written the letter.

10.He always works very hard.

11.This district will be the largest in the city.

12.Krylov had a profound knowledge of mathematics.

VI. Укажите предложения, в которых глагол-сказуемое обозначает прошедшее время.

1.The lecture had begun by the time I enter the room.

2.Did you always take part in sport contests?

3.A few years passed.

4.He in answering the teacherʼs question.

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5.I have a brother.

6.I have read this book.

7.The Russia lies in Europe and Asia.

8.Qualified specialists will work in various branches of our industry.

9.Krylov had profound knowledge of mathematics.

10.The search took about fifteen minutes.

11.Standing at the blackboard the student was explaining the use of the Present Indefinite Tense.

12.The boy has high temperature, the doctor has examined him.

VII. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на времена английского глагола.

1.He is reading an interesting book. He has already read it. He read it a week ago. He was reading an interesting book when they came in.

2.When did you visit your relatives? I visited them last year. I have just visited them.

3.We have done our work in time.

4.When I entered the classroom, the professor has already been speaking for ten minutes.

5.After he had completed his drawings he gave it to the engineer.

6.I have been to Novgorod.

7.Have you ever seen such flowers?

8.He learns English words every morning.

9.We finished our work last month.

10.When did you finish your work?

11.We were writing our report from five till 7 o’clock.

12.I was translating this article when you came in.

13.We had made our experiment by five p.m.

14.Corrosion of iron causes great economic losses.

15.I had read everything I could find about aviation and astronautics.

16.I had no time.

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17.Then I understood what had happened.

18.This article is very interesting.

19.I shall look through your article.

20.They will work tomorrow if they do not complete everything tonight.

VIII. Заполните пропуски, подобрав соответствующее наречие или обстоятельство времени из колонки справа.

IX.Откройтескобки,заменив инфинитив личной формой глагола.

1.I (to be) there last time.

2.When (to be) you there?

3.I just (to have) my breakfast.

4.(to have) you an English lesson this morning?

5.We (to have) a party last night.

6.They (to have) a lesson when he (to come).

7.They (to come) already.

8.When he (to come)?

9.Somebody told me that they (to come).

10.I (to go) to see my parents last Sunday.

11.He (to go) already.

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12.Then we (to turn) on the radio and (to listen) to a concert which they (to broadcast).

13.Who (to do) this?

14.When you (to do) it?

15.I (to do) my lessons and (to go) to the students club.

16.It (not to take) me long to get there.

17.Who (to take) my dictionary?

18.He (to go) to the station to meet his friend who (to come) from St. Petersburg.

19.Here is the ticket your friend (to bring) for you.

20.John (to bring) us two tickets for a football match last Saturday.

21.He (to put) the book on the table and (to go) out.

22.I do not remember where I (to put) it.

23.I (to get) just a telegram from Mike.

24.I (to get) a letter from him yesterday.

25.Yesterday my friend (to give) me a very interesting book.

26.I am afraid she (to give) you a wrong address.

27.Where you (to spend) your holidays?

28.Then we (to spend) two days in Paris.

29.I see you (to spend) all your money already.

30.Today we (to spend) a few hours in the picture gallery.

31.What kind of pictures you (to see) there?

32.He never (to show) me his pictures.

33.She (to show) me a picture of her mother.

34.I am sure she (to read) the book.

35.I (to read) the newspaper while she (to write) a letter to her sister.

36.What they (to do) when you (to come)?

37.We (to read) this book last year.

38.I (to write) her two letters last week.

39.We (to write) a lot of exercises today.

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UNIT V

MODAL VERBS AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

THE CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

EMPHATIC CONSTRUCTIONS

I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы.

1.May I read this book? – I think that you may.

2.On Monday we are to go to the Russian Museum.

3.May I use a dictionary while I am translating the text? No, you mustn’t.

4.The lecturer is to come at 9 o’clock in the morning.

5.Yesterday I was to attend parents meeting at school but I couldn’t.

6.This worker will have to train young people for work in our shop.

7.The teacher was not able to deliver a lecture.

8.We shall have to proceed with our experiment.

9.They had to obtain better results.

10.They will have to provide us with necessary material.

11.She wil1 be able to supervise these students’ studies next week.

12 American young people who have to work may attend school at night. 13. They will be able to deal with the report if you give them the necessary

data.

II. Переведите предложения, используя подстановочную таблицу, данную ниже.

1.Вам придется пойти туда.

2.Нельзя пропускать консультации.

3.Нельзя брать эти материалы.

4.Мне разрешили использовать эти данные.

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5.Он должен будет / ему придется / работать усердно.

6.Мне пришлось сделать это вчера.

7.Мы сможем продолжить наш эксперимент завтра.

8.Они должны быть в библиотеке сейчас.

9.Он должен был быть на конференции вчера.

10.Он должен был встречать друга два дня назад.

Substitution Table.

III. Поставьте глаголы в следующих предложениях (где это воз-

можно) в Past Future Indefinite.

1.Children must enter school at the age of 7.

2.He must see his friend.

3.Ivan sings.

4.We can read English books.

5.He may take this journal.

6.Can they translate this text without a dictionary?

7.Students must take part in this discussion.

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IV. Переведите следующие предложения, используя подстановочную таблицу.

1.Нужно работать много/напряженно.

2.Там можно было взять любую книгу, какую хочешь.

3.Нужно улучшать своё произношение.

4.Можно было взять любые наушники.

5.Нужно усилить звук.

6.Нужно будет просто проверить эту запись.

7.Нужно будет использовать эти усилители.

8.Необходимо получить лучшие результаты.

V. Переведите:

1.Нельзя ответить на этот вопрос сразу.

2.Нельзя было проводить это исследование без последних данных.

3.Вчера нельзя было работать в мастерской.

4.Нельзя использовать эти усилители.

5.Нельзя доехать до станции на этом автобусе.

6.Нельзя опаздывать на лекции.

7.Нельзя сказать, что этот студент прав.

8.Нельзя поступить в университет без экзаменов.

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VI. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the verbs in the Subjunctive Mood.

1.The solution of the problem requires that all the experimental data obtained be exact.

2.It is required that all measurements be done beforehand.

3.It is necessary that these data should be processed as soon as possible.

4.It is important that the engineers should develop this new branch of sci-

ence.

5.Our age might be called the age of information technologies.

6.It is important that safety measures be taken while working with this de-

vice.

7.It is desirable that the apparatus should combine accuracy and efficiency.

8.We suggested that the report be discussed in detail.

9.It is essential that he should prove the results of his research.

10.Provided all of the requirements were met, the efficiency of the apparatus would be increased.

11.Without the new equipment this experiment would not have been suc-

cessful.

12.If you classified the data fewer tests would be needed.

13.He could have done this project better.

14.You might have asked me about the work of this machine before putting it into operation.

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15.They suggest that he should begin the test immediately.

16.It is required that this device be used in this experiment.

17.Had he informed me immediately I should have made the experiment.

18.If he had been able to get all the books on that subject, his report would have been much better.

VII. Define the types of conditional clauses in the following complex sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.If a solid body or a liquid is heated, it will usually expand.

2.If you want to speak a foreign language, you must hear it spoken.

3.If the model fits well, the observed data will be correct.

4.If the Earth were as hot as Venus, the oceans would evaporate.

5.It would be better if some experiments were repeated.

6.If he had prepared the material beforehand, he might have done the work quite easily.

7.If they have completed the research, the results would have been discussed at the conference.

8.Had he taken into account the properties of the substance under investigations, he would have been careful when working with it.

VIII. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the emphatic construction (it is (was) … that (who).

1.It was Einstein who provided a new conception of time, space and gravi-

tation.

2.It was Popov who invented the radio.

3.It was at the University that I found him.

4.It was D. I. Mendeleyev who formulated the Periodic Law of chemical elements.

5.It was in 1869 that D. I. Mendeleyev formulated the Periodic Law of chemical elements.

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UNIT VI

INFINITIVE

DEGREES OF COMPARISON

I. Use the following verbs in all forms of the Infinitive.

1)to arrive;

2)to leave;

3)to book;

4)to order;

5)to write;

6)to send;

7)to build;

8)to ask;

9)to look through;

10)to keep.

II. Define the functions of the Infinitive in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.

A

1.Our task is to study well.

2.The idea to use this method of investigation is not new.

3.They designed the device to be used in this branch of industry.

4.To translate this text without a dictionary is easy.

5.To make the experiment it is necessary to improve the device.

6.Lodygin was the first to invent the electric lamp.

7.In order to solve these problems the engineers had to test the equipment.

8.The results of the experiment to be received will prove the theory.

9.The method to be used was developed in our scientific laboratory.

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B

1.Lomonosov and Franklin were the first to make their experiments in the field of atmospheric electricity.

2.They wanted to be sent to the conference.

3.We can apply this new method in our research.

4.They wanted to return as soon as possible.

5.Ann was the first to finish the test.

6.In order to receive successful results in their research the scientists had to work hard.

7.His aim was to enter the Technical University.

8.To test the equipment is necessary before using it.

III. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the Infinitive Constructions.

1.The teacher asked the students to repeat the experiment.

2.We want them to receive successful results of the experiment as soon as possible.

3.They did not hear him enter the room.

4.They are said to test the equipment once in two months.

5.She is sure to take part in the scientific conference.

6.He is likely to visit us next week.

7.The method proved to be reliable.

8.They are unlikely to make precise measurements.

9.He is sure to make this decision.

10.They are reported to install effective equipment in their laboratory.

IV. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the Complex Object.

1.My mother expects you to have dinner with us.

2.The teacher asked us not to be late for the lesson.

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3.I’d like her to study better.

4.He wants them to watch this film.

5.I saw her enter the room and open the window.

6.They often hear her sing.

7.The children watched the ship disappear in the distance.

8.I made them do it.

V. Tell your group – mates what you saw somebody do. Tell your group – mates what you heard somebody say.

Model: I saw them swim in the river last Sunday.

VI. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the Complex Subject.

1.They are said to study at the University.

2.The students are supposed to pass the examinations.

3.The delegation is reported to leave tomorrow.

4.She seems to have passed her examination on chemistry.

5.The boy is likely to be ill.

6.The representatives of the conference happened to have arrived earlier.

7.The professor is known to make an important contribution to science.

VII. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различный перевод прилагательных в сравнительной степени в зависимости от их места в предложении.

1.It is colder today than it was yesterday. I prefer a colder weather.

2.There are deeper end longer rivers than the voice, but I didnʼt see them.

3.In summer days are longer than in winter.

4.This story is shorter than that one. Read the shorter story.

5.The Neva is wider than the Moskva River.

6.A city has wider streets then a village.

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VIII. Ответьте на вопросы.

1.Which is the best season for travelling?

2.Which are the worst conditions for growing fruit trees: frost, rain or

heat?

3.Where is January the hottest month of the year?

4.Which is the least effective method of learning foreign words: to write them down, to pronounce them aloud or to look them up in the dictionary?

IX. Заполнитепропуски прилагательныхв сравнительной степени.

1.Are they many warm days in October? When are there … warm days: in September or in November?

2.Does it cost much money to get education in England? What costs … money: to get education at Oxford or at a technical college?

3.It is pleasant to live in the country? Which is …: to live there in summer or in winter?

4.Is it useful to make physical exercises? Which is …: to make them in the open air or in a room?

5.It is necessary to study languages? Which is …: to study Latin or English?

6.Does it take little time to travel by an express train? What takes … time: to travel by air or in a car?

7.Is it difficult to speak English? Which is …: to speak or to read English?

X. Закончите предложения, подобрав по смыслу фразы из правой колонки.

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XI. Составьте предложения, употребляя сложный союз the… the. E.g.:

When the night is long the day is short. The longer the night the shorter the day.

1.When the sky is dark the stars are bright.

2.If the sea is near the air is fresh.

3.If the windows are large the room is light.

4.When the sun is bright the air is warm.

5.Where the climate is warm the winter is short.

6.If the wind is strong the storm is near.

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UNIT VII

PARTICIPLE

FUNCTIONS OF “IT”, “ONE”, “AFTER”, “PROVIDED”

I. Use the following verbs in all forms of the Participle.

1)to arrive;

2)to leave;

3)to book;

4)to order;

5)to write;

6)to send;

7)to build;

8)to ask:

9)to look through;

10)to keep.

II. Choose the correct form of the participles. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.The problems (discussed, discussing) at the conference were interesting.

2.A lot of scientists have continued the work (beginning, begun) by the professor.

3.We read the article (written, writing) in this journal.

4.A group of (exciting, excited) students (held, holding) flowers surrounded the visitor.

5.They liked to listen to his stories about his (striking, struck (stricken)) adventures to the mountains.

6.She ate the meat (cooked, cooking) in a different way.

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III. Define functions of “it” in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1.It has to be noted that all the chemical elements can be found in the Ural Mountains.

2.It is difficult to translate these texts without dictionaries.

3.The objection to this method of treating meaning is that it fails to save the phenomena.

4.An amorphous solid is an exception though it does retain some short – range order.

5.It is the unconscious aspect of man’s psychological processes which is the source of his creative inspiration.

6.A material which allows electricity to flow through it is called a conductor.

7.It takes me an hour to get to the University.

8.It is important to understand the role of electronics in technical progress.

IV. Define functions of “one” in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.

One – один;

One – слово-заменитель;

One – подлежащее неопределенно-личного предложения.

A

1.One expects this sort of thing from most of these women.

2.One should always study.

3.This theory is the one which is much spoken about.

4.Energy can be converted from one form into another one.

5.One hardly may use such a violent word as revolution in the field of art.

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B

1.More than one hundred years ago there were neither electrical lamps nor electrical motors.

2.The problem of converting rotary motion to linear motion is a very complicated one.

3.There was only one problem to be solved.

4.One can reduce heat losses in a transmission line.

5.One of you will compare the results obtained.

6.Air is the most important of insulators because it is one we often relay on.

V. Define functions of “after” in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.

After – предлог «после»;

After – наречие «затем, потом, впоследствии»;

After – союз придаточного предложения времени «после того как».

1.After studying the construction of the field magnet they will deal with that of the armature and commutator.

2.They will deal with the construction of the armature and commutator after.

3.They will deal with armatures and commutators after the construction of the field magnet is analysed.

4.The flux is divided after its entrance to the armature.

5.The results of the experiments carried out by our scientists will be published after.

6.Only after the first satellites and space rockets had been launched the Earth’s radiation belts were discovered.

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VI. Define functions of “provided” in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.

To provide – provided – provided – обеспечивать, снабжать;

Provided – при условии если (союз придаточного условного предложения).

1.These electrical devices are provided with rubber insulators.

2.These electrical devices provided with rubber insulators were produced at a large factory.

3.These electrical devices can work for a long time, provided they are made of a good material.

4.The electromagnet is a temporary magnet provided by electricity.

5.The electromagnet operates provided an electric current flows through the coil.

6.Lightning did not strike the house as it was provided with a lightning conductor.

7.The device will be of small size provided it is designed on transistors.

8.Ohm’s law provided the possibility of determining resistance provided the voltage and the current are known.

9.Each cell of the battery is provided with several negative and positive

plates.

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UNIT VIII

GERUND

GERUNDIAL CONSTRUCTION

FUNCTIONS OF THAT, THOSE

I. Use the following verbs in all forms of the Gerund.

1)to arrive;

2)to leave;

3)to book;

4)to order;

5)to write;

6)to send;

7)to build;

8)to ask;

9)to look through;

10)to keep.

II. Complete the sentences using the Gerund.

1.On (to come) home from the University …

2.After (to read) for an hour …

3.Before (to leave) the house …

4.Instead of (to wait for) …

5.Besides (to swim) …

6.Without (to use) ...

7.By (to tell) him the truth …

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III. Define the functions of the Gerund and the Gerundial Construction. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1.His aim is passing the exams very well.

2.The scientists succeeded in obtaining good results in their experiments.

3.He likes fishing early in the morning.

4.They continued walking though it was raining.

5.Seeing is believing.

6.They had no hope of winning the competition.

7.On finishing the experiment he made the conclusion.

8.They known of his having published the results of his research.

9.We know of Popov’s having used the new method.

10.He insisted on my studying the problem.

11.Ann’s being absent was not strange.

IV. Define functions of “that”, “those” in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.

That – союз придаточных предложений (подлежащего, дополнительного, определительного);

That – указательное местоимение;

That (of), those (of) – слово-заменитель.

1.An electric current passing through a conductor heats that conductor.

2.The outstanding scientist Lenz discovered that when the current in a circuit increases the flux also increases.

3.The action of a voltmeter is similar to that of a ammeter, both of them having armatures that move when an electric current is sent through their coils.

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4.The deflection like that of the ammeter is proportional to the current flowing through the armature coil.

5.What is the amount of the voltage that causes the current?

6.That the acceleration of a falling body is constant was first shown by Galileo.

7.The machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical one is the generator.

8.The results of the experiment are much better than those of the previous

ones.

9.That the matter consists of both negative and positive particles of electricity is understood from electron theory.

10.Petrov, the first Russian electrical engineer, discovered the effects of insulators as well as those of the cross – section of the wire.

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APPENDIX I

THE ADDITIONAL EXERCISES

REVISION OF TENSES

Ex. 1. Заполните пропуски данными в скобках глаголами в форме

Future Indefinite и Present Indefinite в сложноподчиненных предложе-

ниях с придаточными условия и времени:

1.If the weather _______ , we _______ outside in a quiet space (to allow,

to sit).

2.If the global warming _______ , a lot of changes _______ to the earth (to continue, to happen).

3.If polar ice caps _______ , the sea level _______ enough to flood many coastal areas and change the world’s coastlines (to melt, to rise).

4.Cool-season grass seed _______ when temperature _______ 50 degrees Fahrenheit (to grow, to reach).

5.When spring _______ , plants _______ what they need to grow (to start,

to get).

6.As soon as we _______ our work, we _______ our partners know (to finish, to let).

7.As soon as our neighbours _______ the eviction notice from the Sheriff’s department, they _______ (to receive, to relocate).

8.The rumours _______ after our top manager _______ the office (to grow, to leave).

9.We _______ a nice time together before we _______ good-buy (to have, to say).

10.Nothing _______ these people until they _______ themselves (to

change).

11.The renewable energy _______ nuclear power in the UK if current growth rates _______ (to overtake, to continue).

12.Local electrical crews and Red Cross volunteers _______ in the area until the storm _______ (to remain, to pass).

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Ex. 2. Заполните пропуски в общих вопросах вспомогательными глаголами в форме Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite, Present Continuous или Past Continuous.

1._______ you prefer to work independently or on a team?

2._______ your employer have a house in the French Alps?

3._______ your company have a Christmas party last year?

4._______ you dancing all night long yesterday?

5._______ you leaving tomorrow?

6._______ it take more energy to run a mile than it does to walk a mile?

7._______ you laughing when you saw your colleague wear a crocodile hat with teeth?

8._______ you going to tease me?

9._______ you need a dog licence in the UK?

10._______ your colleague care about his ex-family?

11._______ your friend find waiting for you?

12._______ your friend find you attractive?

13._______ you go to the movies yesterday?

14._______ your colleague joking when he said that he had married?

15._______ you sleeping?

16._______ anything exciting happen to you last week?

Ex. 3. Переведите предложения, используя Past Indefinite и Present Perfect.

1.Где Екатерина? – Она уехала в Стокгольм. – Когда она уехала? – (Она уехала) несколько дней назад. – Я никогда не был в Стокгольме.

2.Вы когда-нибудь были в Англии? – Да. – Когда вы там были в последний раз? – В прошлом году.

3.Где Михаил? Почему он не пришел в университет? – Я его сегодня не видел. Боюсь, что он заболел. – Вы ошибаетесь. Михаил здесь. Он только что пошел на лекцию. Но вы не можете сейчас с ним поговорить,

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так как лекция уже началась. – Когда она началась? – Несколько минут назад.

4.Вы были в Большом театре? Какие оперы и балеты вы там видели? Когда вы были там в последний раз? Что смотрели?

5.В последнее время я не получала электронных писем от своих родственников. – Когда вы получили последнее письмо? – Месяц назад. С тех пор я уже послала им несколько писем.

6.Пойдемте в кафе пообедаем. – С удовольствием. Я еще не обедала. – Когда вы вчера обедали? – Поздно.

Ex. 4. Заполните пропуски данными в скобках глаголами в форме

Past Indefinite или Past Perfect.

1.The US _______ a sharp downturn in share prices by the beginning of 2019 (to see).

2.The prestige that female intellectuals and artists _______ by the 1770s could be realized by their celebration in art (to win).

3.The Queen Victoria Memorial in London _______ in 1901, ten years after she _______ (to unveil, to die).

4.Overpopulation _______ the world’s main problem even before the anxiety about it _______ publicity _______ (to be, to express).

5.Scientists _______ more than two thousand American men and _______

that a healthy 70-year-old man who _______ never _______ , _______ a fiftyfifty chance of reaching the age of 90 (to examine, to find, to smoke, to have).

6.In her interview, an actress _______ into detail about what she _______

(not + to go, to experience).

7.We _______ to be in California by September, but we _______ ourselves trapped in the Sierra Nevada in early November (to plan, to find).

8.Before the snow _______ we _______ to find a nice place to settle (to fall, to manage).

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Ex. 5. Переведите, используя следующие временные формы: Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Present Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous.

1.Здравствуйте, Петр! Вы уже вернулись из деловой поездки? Когда вы вернулись? – Вчера.

2.Ты уже смотрела фильм «Остров сокровищ»? – Да. – Видела ли ты какие-нибудь новые фильмы с тех пор, как мы виделись с тобой в после д- ний раз? – Нет. – О, а я очень часто хожу в кино и даже на этой неделе посмотрела два фильма. Вчера, когда я пришла в кино, мои друзья ждали меня там уже 15 минут.

3.Когда мы приехали на практику в Новгород, студенты нашей группы работали там уже неделю. Каждый день мы вставали рано и работали

свосьми утра до шести вечера.

4.Она приехала в наш город три года тому назад. К тому времени она уже окончила университет.

5.Когда я пришла домой, мои родители смотрели телевизор, а старшая сестра ушла в кино.

6.Когда Аня вошла в аудиторию на урок французского языка, она обнаружила, что забыла не только учебник, но и тетради тоже. Аня нервничала, так как не в ыучила все слова, которые задал преподаватель. После того как Аня перевела предложение неправильно, Катя попыталась перевести его правильно.

7.Придя в кинотеатр, Ирина обнаружила, что фильм уже начался.

Ex. 6. Make the following sentences Passive.

1.Did they offer you a good job?

2.Why can’t you tell them the truth?

3.What kind of explanation did they give you?

4.They have just shown us a new film.

5.The teacher was reading a fairy tale to the children.

6.Have you written a letter to father?

7.Did the parents buy you a new bicycle?

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8.Will the teacher dictate the text to you?

9.They asked me a lot of interesting questions.

10.Everyone was listening to the speaker very attentively.

11.People are talking a lot about this young actress.

12.He never mentioned the incident to his friend.

13.His father taught him mathematics.

14.We envy him his luck.

15.He explained the rule to us.

16.Nobody slept in the bed.

17.She can’t dance when you are looking at her.

18.What song did they sing you?

Ex. 7. Translate into English.

1.Ребенка положили в больницу, где за ним хорошо ухаживали.

2.Мне только что предложили интересную работу.

3.Оратора слушали очень внимательно, и никто меня не заметил.

4.В этом доме уже несколько лет никто не живет.

5.Мне вчера сказали, что он уже неделю болен.

6.Постель была пуста, в ней не спали.

7.Когда я вошел, обсуждался очень важный вопрос. Он обсуждался уже более часа.

8.Покажите мне, где в вашем городе строится новый завод.

9.Когда я пришел, документы уже были подписаны.

10.Сестра стояла у двери, держа в руках письмо, которое только что принесли.

11.Со мной никогда еще так не разговаривали.

12.Не понимаю, почему об этом спектакле так много говорят?!

13.За машиной пошлют, как только вещи будут уложены.

14.Чья пьеса сейчас исполняется?

15.Этих вопросов коснулись на конференции.

16.Ничего удивительного, что цветы погибли: их не поливали целую

неделю.

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