Иностранный язык (английский язык). Перевод и разговорная речь. Учебное пособие

attempts are made by countries to develop agreements that are signed by multiple governments to prevent damage or manage the impacts of human activity on natural resources. This can include agreements that impact on factors such as climate, oceans, rivers and air pollution. These international environmental agreements are sometimes legally binding documents that have legal implications6 when they are not followed. These agreements have a long history with some multinational agreements being in place from as early as 1910 in Europe, America and Africa. Some of the most well known multinational agreements include: the Kyoto Protocol, Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer and Rio Declaration on Development and Environment.

Government

Many Constitutions acknowledge the fundamental right to environmental protection and many international treaties acknowledge the right to live in a healthy environment. But complete environmental protection seems impossible at this current global position. Also, many countries have organizations and agencies devoted to environmental protection. There are International environmental protection organizations, as the United Nations Environment Programme.

Retell text 20.

How to start a printing business

Co-authored by wikiHow

According to the U .S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, most printing business enterprises employ fewer than 10 people. As more printing business owners utilize digital printing equipment, fewer skilled technicians will be needed to operate this machinery. Modern digital printing equipment is smaller and more affordable than ever before and practically anyone with capital can purchase and operate digital printing equipment, even from a home office.

Finding a Printing Niche

Find a niche within the printing industry. The most successful printing entrepreneurs start a printing business by finding a niche in a specialized area, such as digital printing. Instead of trying to be all things to all people, success is more attainable by targeting a need and fulfilling it.

One of the best examples of this strategy can be seen by the success of franchise sign printing businesses, which target budget-minded business owners who only need occasional signs and banners, which can be spotty (inconsistent demand) or loaded with competition. They do not attempt to offer anything

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but quick-turnaround signs and leave brochures and envelope printing to traditional offset printing businesses.

Familiarize yourself with the business standards. Realize that the niche for color printing and the better quality grade of printing may be in a certain number of dots per inch (DPI), which can be very demanding and tricky to match.

Be careful with your words. Remember, as a business owner, you will be responsible for the timely completion of jobs to your customer’s satisfaction. Caution: Any verbal or written agreement like You [the printer] know what looks right, so you can okay the proofs for color and quality is loaded with the danger of customer rejecting the finished product. For example, they may require:

Product match, excellent quality – very precise color, hue, and tone for high end products.

Color match, excellent quality – usually precise Process Matching System (PMS Colors) by screen values (tones created by dot sizes) of the four process colors (cyan, magenta, process yellow, and black).

Or just pleasing color, of medium quality – which is not so precisely matched. Caution: that means pleasing to the customer, not to you.

Commercial quality printing is probably a cut above desktop publishing, done in your-office (above typical office printer, copier, or duplicator quality). It requires sharp line art and text – fineness of line work does not vary from page to page, screen color or halftone detail is consistent.

Any choice of printing process (or brand of paper) shown on a quote to your customerisforthemtochoose.No,youcannotsubstituteamoreprofitablemethod or material. Unless they agree in writing to a change, they can demand that it be redone at your expense -- if you did not follow written specifications precisely.

Determining What Equipment You’ll Need

Research the competition and their equipment. Once you find out who your target market is, research the printing businesses who are currently attempting to fulfill the needs of this audience. Visit these printing businesses’ websites and learn all you can about them to find out what services they are lacking. Draft plans to start your printing business by researching ways you can offer those badly-needed services and improve upon the printing business as a whole within your specific niche.

Research available printing equipment from manufacturers. Once you determine what your competitors are using in their printing businesses, start looking to purchase your own printing equipment. You’ll need to find the highest quality, yet still affordable, equipment for your niche. The wrong equipment can make or break your business.

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At the very least, you’ll need a desktop computer, some design software, and a high-quality digital printer that is able to handle jobs up to 11in x 17in.

Research and obtain any necessary approval or documentation. This includes any licenses, certifications, permits such as a state sales tax permit (in the USA, under the United States Constitution guarantee of “freedom of the press” -- printers, printing companies, writers, editors and publishers cannot be required to be licensed to be able to perform such work or services). You will need fire department certificates, fire extinguishers and other safety equipment, safety procedures, safety rated chemicals, zoning, building use and occupancy permits and other items required for your specific operating location. Even if you start a home-based printing business, you will likely need some kind of permit or license from your particular national, state and local governments. Call or meet with your local economic development agency to find out where to go next.

You should familiarize yourself with Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) requirements, including their and other agencies such as Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) “postings” (required posters about safety and employment opportunity, etc.).

Record keeping, tax withholding, reporting, and paying taxes and social security quarterly for employees (including part-time) are necessary.

If you only use independent, outside printing contractors to do occasional printing that you cannot do personally, then you could be a “printing broker” (non-affiliated, wholesaler) and not have employees.

Quarterly estimates of income, record keeping, reporting of actual proceeds, and paying your personal proprietorship or corporate (limited liability corporation [LLC]) taxes and social security for yourself is your responsibility to learn and complete each year.

Secure funding. Starting a new printing business will take several thousand dollars in capital. If you cannot finance this equipment on your own, contact your chamber of commerce to learn who can help you apply for a small business loan.

After you become established and have enough credit and show volume and potential, you might be able to lease equipment, which can bring flexibility, but leases may have penalties and balloon notes, etc. to return or to keep the item, respectively.

Offering Profitable Services

Choose a business location. To start a profitable printing business, you’ll need to choose a location that works for you. Look for a place that is within your budget and that is easily accessible so customers will be able to find you with

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ease. You don’t want anything to deter you from getting clients, and choosing a good location is a big part of that.

You can look at locations online via realtor websites or hire a realtor to help you find the perfect location for your new printing business.

Turn printed items into products by creating a menu of what you offer. When it comes to printing, most business owners don’t know exactly what they need. A food manufacturer might think they need a traditional vinyl banner for an event but they don’t understand the pitfalls of using it in various scenarios. What they really need is a portable tabletop sign that can be utilized at events, sales meetings, and other public awareness activities. The more your customers understand what a product can do, the happier they will be with the finished product.

Offer value-added services. These are items that enhance your finished pieces within your niche, such as brochure holders. Printed brochures need something that can display them properly. If you are able to sell brochure holders along with your print job, your customer just might thank you for saving them the effort of looking for a display by purchasing one.

Promote your new print shop. Once you start a digital printing business, you need to get the word out to bring in sales. Join your local chamber of commerce, sponsor community events, and advertise in the local newspaper. Don’t forget to promote yourself online by building an effective website, participating in industry forum discussions, and taking steps to distinguish yourself from local and worldwide competition.

https://www.wikihow.com/Start-a-Printing-Business

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ЧАСТЬ 3

ПОРЯДОК СЛОВ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

В современном английском языке в повествовательных предложениях употребляется прямой порядок слов, то есть подлежащее предшествует сказуемому:

His house is not far from ours.

Однако возможен обратный порядок слов, когда сказуемое стоит перед подлежащим. Например, на первом месте стоит обстоятельство места, а сказуемое выражено глаголом to be:

There is a kitchen in our flat.

Прямое дополнение, как правило, следует за сказуемым, но при наличии косвенного дополнения прямое обычно следует за ним. Косвенное дополнение используется после таких глаголов, как to tell, to show, to give и др., и обозначает лицо, являющееся адресатом действия:

Tell me the truth, please.

Show me what you hide, please.

Если прямое дополнение следует непосредственно за глаголом, то косвенное дополнение превращается в предложное (с предлогом to или for):

Show the film to my sister.

Send it (the letter) to the company.

[Матюшкина-Герке Т. И.]

ПОВЕЛИТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ

В повелительных предложениях выражается побуждение к действию, которое может быть приказанием, запретом или просьбой совершить действие, выраженное глаголом в форме повелительного наклонения. Форма повелительного наклонения в английском языке совпадает с формой инфинитива без частицы to:

Read, please! Be on time! Be careful! Look out!

Отрицательная форма повелительного наклонения образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола do и отрицательной частицы not. В разговорной речи do и not могут сливаться, образуя сокращенную форму don’t:

Don’t run! (Do not run!)

Don’t be late! (Do not be late!)

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Для обращения или побуждения к действию совместно с говорящим, используется глагол to let и инфинитив основного глагола, между которыми стоит местоимение 3-го или 1-го лица в объектном падеже:

Let her close the door. /Don’t let her close the door. Let me do it./ Don’t let me do it.

Вежливая просьба может быть выражена с помощью глагола will и инфинитива смыслового глагола: Will you read the text, please.

Просьба / предложение может быть выражено и другими способами: What about going to the cinema?

Why don’t we go to the cinema?

Shall we go to the cinema? (когда перекладываете решение на собеседника)

[Матюшкина-Герке Т. И.]

ТИПЫ ВОПРОСОВ

1. Общий тип вопросов (GENERAL QUESTIONS)

Это вопросы, которые требуют ответов «да» или «нет»: Do you like ice cream?

Ответ на общий вопрос может быть как кратким, так и полным: Yes, I like/No, I don’t

Особенностью английского языка по сравнению с русским является то, что отрицательный ответ всегда начинается словом “No”, а утвердительный – словом “Yes”. Предложения типа русских «Да, нет, наверное», невозможны в английском языке.

2. Специальный тип вопросов (SPECIAL QUESTIONS)

Это вопрос, который относится к одному члену предложения, поэтому всегда начинается с вопросительного слова, заменяющего тот член предложения, к которому он относится:

What ice cream do you like?

3. Альтернативный вопрос (ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS)

Это вопрос, который состоит из двух частей, соединенных союзом or. Его первая часть строится по типу общего вопроса, а вторая представляет собой альтернативу к одному из членов первой части и присоединяется с помощью союза or:

Do you like fruit or chocolate ice cream?

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4. Разделительный вопрос (DISJUNCTIVE QUESTIONS)

Это вопрос, который состоит из двух частей: утвердительного или отрицательного повествовательного предложения и краткого вопроса (tag). Этот тип вопроса употребляется для получения подтверждения высказывания, содержащегося в первой части предложения, а также уменьшения категоричности суждения.

К утвердительному предложению добавляется отрицательный вопрос (negative tag), построенный по типу общего вопроса, а к отрицательному — утвердительный вопрос (positive tag). Подлежащее в вопросе обозначает то же лицо или предмет, что и в первой части, но всегда выражено личным местоимением.

You like chocolate ice cream, don’t you? You don’t like fruit ice cream, do you?

[Матюшкина-Герке Т. И.]

Тесты

Тест 1. Word order

Choose the correct answer.

1.I didn’t come to see you ____________

A.last week there.

B.there last week.

2.Lora did her research _____________

A.last night very quickly.

B.very quickly last night.

3.That will do. There is ________________

A.enough butter in my porridge.

B.butter enough in my porridge.

4.The house isn’t_________________

A.enough big for all of us.

B.big enough for all of us.

5.Do you want__________________

A.black or green your tea?

B.your tea black or green?

6.The children have been playing ___________

A.this morning computer games at home.

B.computer games at home this morning.

7.My brother is ____________________

A.a child no longer.

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B.not a child any longer.

8.My husband and I went_________________

A.to see our friends yesterday.

B.yesterday to see our friends.

9.I think I’ll go ________________

A.early to bed tonight.

B.to bed early tonight.

10.Anna speaks _______________

A.very well English.

B.English very well.

11.The remote sites are popular___________

A.nowadays with people.

B.with people nowadays.

12.He can play_______________

A.now the guitar very well.

B.the guitar very well now.

13.The singers can get _______________

A.close to the audience.

B.to the audience close.

Тест 2. Word order

Put the adverbs in brackets into the correct place.

1.Are you looking for a job or have you found it? (still, yet)

2.He began telling Anna about the film he had seen. (just)

3.Read Text aloud. You have read it. (already)

4.She will go away. (tonight)

5.He has had a wonderful day since she came to his house. (never)

6.I feel that I should say “no”. (sometimes)

7.She promised to give him everything he wanted. (also)

8.He will be present in her heart. (always)

9.You are not alone in the world.( now)

10.When we were standing in front of the house, somebody came out. (suddenly)

11.Miss Maria began to take an interest in him. (soon)

12.Is she late? (often)

13.Your work is unsatisfactory. (completely)

14.I enjoyed discussing the article with you. (quite)

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Тест 3. Word order

Make sentences from the words.

1.twice / attend / courses / a / I / week / English.

2.many/ the / were / so / cars / in / street /There.

3.Saturday/the / saw / in /concert /on /her /evening /I.

4.for/ always /is/ classes/She/late.

5.already/ been /living / twenty years /in the city /I /and/ I /for / didn’t /visit /for / this / have / museum.

6.uncle / a / more /I/ driver / is/ My / that / am / careful.

7.does / take /them/ time/ to /finish/ it/ How / report/ the/ much?

8.hour/ are /having /dinner/ we /In /together/a.

9.that / at/ didn’t / night / sleep / all / She.

10.boring / was /rather/ really / film/ It / a.

11.the / remembered /title / article/ after /of/ I /a few /the/ minutes.

12.to/ used/ come /at /late/ She/ night.

13.was /push /the/ way /our/ through/ impossible/ crowd / to /It.

Тест 4. Questions

Choose the correct answer.

1.There is an interesting program on TV tonight, ___________?

A.is there

B.isn’t there

C.isn’t it

2.There was no information when we should begin our work, _________?

A.was there

B.was it

C.wasn’t it

3.Alex hasn’t studied very much this month, ____________?

A.hasn’t he

B.has he

C.did he

4.I think you want to visit some places of interest today, __________?

A.don’t you

B.do you

C.haven’t you

5.The cats eat a lot of mice, ______________?

A.do they

B.don’t they

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C.aren’t they

6.The report will be ready by Tuesday,____________?

A.will it

B.is it

C.won’t it

7.Mother cooked our favourite dish yesterday,___________?

A.didn’t she

B.did she

C.hadn’t she

8.You are taking care of your brother,____________?

A.are you

B.isn’t you

C.aren’t you

9.You must pay the bills,__________?

A.mustn’t you

B.must you

C.don’t you

10.Piece and War is the longest novel by L. Tolstoy,__________?

A.is it

B.isn’t it

C.doesn’t it

Тест. 5 Questions

Make questions using the words.

1.when / he /sell / car/ his?

2.you / meet/ Barbara /tomorrow?

3.who / you / call / yesterday?

4.mean/ what / this / word/does?

5.which / now /are/you/ going/ direction?

6.play/ the / she / piano / any musical / does /or / instruments?

7.didn’t /to/ Jake / the / you / party / invite /why?

8.did get / they / marry / when?

9.I / for / ages / you / seen/ not/have?

10.The /week/ explained / ago /rule /teacher / the / a / to /students/ the

Тест 6. Questions

Use the sentences to ask questions. Begin each sentence with the words given.

1. The students may be listening to the recordings.

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