Иностранный язык (английский язык). Перевод и разговорная речь. Учебное пособие

ТЕСТы

Тест 1. Reported speech

Choose the correct answer.

1.“I love both of them,” the girl said.

A.The girl said that she loved both of them.

B.The girl said that she loves both of them.

C.The girl told that she loved both of them.

2.John’s mother said: “When did you pass this exam?”

A.John’s mother asked him when did he pass that exam.

B.John’s mother asked him when he had passed that exam.

C.John’s mother asked him when he passed that exam.

3.“You may earn the money,” said the man.

A.The man said that he/she may earn the money.

B.The man said that he/she may have earned the money.

C.The man said that he/she might earn the money.

4.“It’s the best film I’ve ever watched,” said Lora.

A.Lora said that it’s the best film she has ever watched.

B.Lora said that it was the best film she had ever watched.

C.Lora said that it was the best film I had ever watched.

5.The goalkeeper said: “We will lose the game”.

A.The goalkeeper said the team that they would lose the game.

B.The goalkeeper said that they will lose the game.

C.The goalkeeper told the team that they would lose the game.

6.“Close the door and switch off the light,” she told the students.

A.She told the student to close the door and switch off the light.

B.She asked the students to close the door and switch off the light.

C.She told the students close the door and switch off the light.

7.“How is it possible that they’ve left it all?” said Mary.

A.Mary asked how was it possible that they have left it all.

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B.Mary asked how it was that they had left it all.

C.Mary asked how it is that they have left it all.

8.“Do you like ice cream?” asked Steve.

A.Steve asked if you liked ice cream.

B.Steve asked if you like ice cream.

C.Steve asked if you do like ice cream.

9.“I want to have a birthday party but I don’t know where to go” said Jake.

A.Jake said that he wanted to have a birthday party but he doesn’t know where to go.

B.Jake told that he wanted to have a birthday party but he not to know where to go.

C.Jake said that he wanted to have a birthday party but he did not know where to go.

Тест 2. Reported speech

Report each sentence using a modal or its equivalent.

1.You can use your smart phone while you are looking for an answer. The teacher told us ________________________________________.

2.Can I ask you to pass me the book?

He asked if ______________________________________________. 3. You have to start the meeting at 2 o’clock.

The director said that _______________________________________. 4. We’ll have to work with him tomorrow.

The manager said _________________________________________. 5. What time must I come back?

I wondered _______________________________________________. 6. Stay with us.

The children asked _________________________________________. 7. Can you speak English?

They asked if ______________________________________________. 8 How much time does it take you to get to the station?

My friend asked me ________________________________________.

ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ

1. Числительные от 13 до 19 включительно образуются от соответствующих числительных первого десятка с помощью суффикса – teen [ti:n]:

4 four – 14 fourteen/ 6 six–- 16 sixteen

7 seven – 17 seventeen

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9 nine – 19 nineteen

Несколько видоизменяются только числительные three, five и eight: three – thirteen

five – fifteen eight – eighteen

2.Числительные, обозначающие десятки, образуются от соответствующих числительных первого десятка с помощью суффикса ty [ti]:

seven – seventy.

Некоторые числительные изменяются: two, three, four, five: two – twenty, three – thirty, four – forty, five – fifty

3.Числительное «восемьдесят» образуется с помощью добавления только [i] (-у):

eight [eit] — eighty [’eiti].

4.Между десятками и следующими за ними единицами ставится дефис:

twenty-five.

5.Перед числительными hundred, thousand, million в единственном числе ставится неопределенный артикль а или числительное one:

a (one) hundred; a (one) million

6.К числительным hundred, thousand и million не прибавляется окончание -s множественного числа, когда перед ними стоит количественное числительное (two, three, four и т. д.). Классы чисел отделяются на письме запятыми, а в речи паузами:

two hundred, four thousand, three million, etc.

7.В составных числительных c hundred, thousand, million перед десятками (а если их нет, то перед единицами) ставится союз and (правило не действует в американском варианте английского языка):

316 – three hundred and six

2,061 – two thousand and sixty-one

507 – five hundred and seven

8.В английском языке годы обозначаются количественными числительными:

1800 – eighteen hundred

1915 – nineteen fifteen

1905 – nineteen hundred and five

[Матюшкина-Герке Т. И.]

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ПОРЯДКОВЫЕ ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ

1.Первые два порядковых числительных «первый»/ “first”, «второй»/ “second” – образованы не от тех корней, от которых образованы соответствующие количественные числительные. Числительное «третий» имеет особую форму: third.

2.Остальные порядковые числительные образуются от соответствующих количественных числительных с помощью суффикса -th:

fourth, sixth, seventh.

В числительных five, twelve -ve меняется на -f: fifth, twelfth; в числительном eight при добавлении в орфографии окончания -th на стыке двух одинаковых букв одна из них выпадает: eighth; в числительном nine опускается буква -е: ninth; в числительных, обозначающих десятки, конечная буква -у меняется на -ie:

twenty — twentieth, forty — fortieth.

3.У остальных порядковых числительных только последняя цифра выражена порядковым числительным, все предшествующие – количественными числительными:

тридцать первый – thirty-first

двести двадцать первый – two hundred and twenty-first

четыре тысячи двести тридцать девятый – four thousand two hundred and thirty-ninth

4.Существительное, определяемое порядковым числительным, употребляется с определенным артиклем:

Is the first day of the week Monday or Sunday?

5.Для обозначения дней (дат) употребляются порядковые числительные; в этом случае перед числительным всегда выступает определенный артикль:

18 марта – the eighteenth of March; March, the eighteenth

6.Если номер дома, комнаты, страницы, учебной группы и т. д. обозначен количественным числительным, следующим за существительным, перед этим существительным артикль не употребляется:

room five, page twenty-four, group three.

[Матюшкина-Герке Т. И.]

АЛГОРИТМ ПЕРЕСКАЗА ТЕКСТОВ

Тексты этого раздела подлежат краткому изложению основного содержания. Понимание содержания текста без использования словаря и передача его в нескольких предложениях является основной задачей.

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Пересказ содержания на английском языке должен производиться без искажения смысла, логично и связно, с достаточным словарным запасом, грамматически и фонетически правильно оформленными высказываниями.

Необходимо учитывать структуру и логику речевого высказывания. В процессе подготовки рекомендуется ознакомиться с выражениями для структурирования речи, как это принято в английской речевой культуре,

иследующими правилами.

1.Быстро просмотрите текст, стараясь понять общее содержание

инайти (выделить) абзац или предложение, в котором, заключена основная идея.

2.Прочтите текст во второй раз, подчеркните ключевые слова, убедитесь, что их значение вам известно или понятно из контекста.

3.Если вы не уверены, что сможете правильно произнести «трудные» слова, постарайтесь заменить их словами, близкими по значению.

4.Составьте план пересказа, в высказывании должны присутствовать вступление, главная часть и заключение:

А. Вступление (introduction): заголовок статьи или текста, автор, тема, идея публикации, история вопроса, причины выбора данной темы.

Под «темой» (subject) имеется в виду сфера деятельности, о которой идёт речь в тексте.

«Идея» (idea, message) – это основная, главная мысль, определяющая содержание текста, а также представление автора, выражающее его отношение к ней.

«История вопроса» (background, profile) – это сведения общего характера, которыми вы владеете в рамках заданной темы, а также присутствующая в тексте информация по сути проблемы и причины её (проблемы) возникновения.

Б. Основная часть (body of the text): характеристика ситуации, дополнительные детали, имеющиеся в тексте, доводы автора для обоснования своей точки зрения.

В. Заключительная часть (conclusion): резюме сказанного, оценка точки зрения автора, ваше личное отношение к проблеме, возможные пути её решения.

Под «резюме» (summary) следует понимать краткое изложение сути сказанного (2–3 предложения), выводы. Очень важно высказать свое мнение и отношение к содержанию прочитанного, критически осмысленное, основанное на примерах из собственного жизненного опыта.

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ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ ДЛЯ ПЕРЕСКАЗА

Вступление – Introduction

1)The title of the article/text I am going to speak about is... / The article/ text I want to tell you about is called...

2)The author (writer) of this article/text is...

3)The subject (topic) of the article/text is describing…/ The article (text) is devoted to

4)The main idea is / The title of the article/text reflects its main topic/idea.

Основная часть – The Body

As we know from...

The author tells us about the / describes (depicts) / characterizes / criticizes/ praises

Главную часть следует посвятить описанию и анализу события, ситуации, героя или проблемы, о которых идёт речь в тексте. В изложении эта часть должна быть наиболее точно передана.

The article/text begins with

First (At first/ At the beginning of the) Then follows …

Next … After that

The author concludes that / summarizes the … To sum up /To summarize/ To conclude Finally /In the end…

Заключительная часть – Conclusion

Заключение должно содержать выводы At the end of the article the author sums up...

I want to end this by repeating / stressing / emphasizing / noting that … . In conclusion I’d like to say that .

Мнение – Opinion, View

In my view / In my opinion / I think …

The article/text is interesting (not interesting), of importance (of little importance), valuable (invaluable), up-to-date (out-of-date), useful (useless)… Для тренировки данного навыка предлагаем подготовить пересказ следующих текстов, соответствующих объёму и уровню сложности

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экзаменационных заданий. Для проверки понимания ответьте на вопросы в конце текста.

ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ПЕРЕСКАЗА

Retell text 1.

The story of the bicycle

As people try to use less energy, and find alternatives to cars, more and more people are buying, and riding, bicycles. But where did the bicycle come from? Who invented this “velocipede”?

You may be surprised to learn that the humble bicycle was invented several years later than the railway locomotive! But the two-wheeler has come a long way since the day it was invented by a Scottish blacksmith, Kirkpatrick MacMillan, back (it is said) in 1839.

MacMillan developed his bike from an older wheeled vehicle, called a “hobby horse”. This was a wooden horse with two wheels. The rider sat on the horse, and pushed the vehicle along with his feet. It was not a very fast or safe vehicle, since it had no steering and no brakes.

MacMillan, nicknamed Mad Pate, modified the hobby horse, by adding a system of articulated bars. The rider could push the bars back and forwards with his feet, and make the back wheel go round. He could also steer the bike, as the front wheel could be turned.

To demonstrate his invention, he cycled 60 miles to Glasgow! It must have been a terrible journey, on the roads of the day! Pate’s bike did not have rubber tyres or springs.

Mad Pate was not recognised in his time, but other people became interested in bicycles. Twenty-five years later, a Frenchman called Pierre Lallemant designed and patented the first bicycle with rotary pedals; and in 1876, H.J.Lawson added another basic feature, “chain-drive”.

Other features, such as rubber tyres and gears, have appeared since then; but the basic bicycle has not changed.

Since then the bicycle has had a magnificent fortune. Today, it is probably the most common form of transport in the world, especially in the Third World; and non-polluting and easy to ride, it has a big future as the town vehicle of tomorrow. Thanks Pate!

Вопросы к тексту

Read the article and say whether these statements are true or false

1.The railway locomotive was invented before the bicycle.

2.The first bicycle was built in Scotland.

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3.The bicycle was developed from a wooden horse.

4.The first bicycle was very difficult to steer.

5.Pate preferred not to have rubber tyres for his bike.

6.The pedals on Pate’s bike went round and round.

7.A Frenchman designed the first bike with rotary pedals.

8.Bicycles are very useful in the Third World.

9.The bicycle has little future in Europe.

Retell text 2.

Engineer

The concept of engineer originated in Italy in the Middle Ages. At first, it was called so gunsmiths and control of military vehicles. To date, the functions of a representative of the engineering profession have changed significantly. From the Latin language the word ingenium translates as ability, ingenuity. Indeed, an engineer is a very versatile specialist, distinguished by a special gift for inventions. A talented engineer can be called the famous Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci. He is the author of many technical discoveries and ideas. They developed projects of aircraft, underwater spacesuit, air fan, drill, contact lenses and many other useful devices.

Engineers work in many different areas. Their work is necessary in the field of transport, aviation, construction, at industrial enterprises, in scientific centers. Such specialists produce absolutely everything: from everyday items to the most complex technical facilities. Such a high demand for engineering skills in many areas has led to the emergence of various professions in this profession. So, among engineers there are mechanic designers, programmers, technologists, economists, labor organizers. All of them share participation in the development of various devices, structures, algorithms. Most respondents believe that the profession of the Engineer cannot be called rare, in our country it is quite common. For several years now, the labor market has seen a demand for representatives of the profession of the Engineer, despite the fact that a lot of specialists graduate each year.

http://english-text.ru/

Retell text 3.

Inventor

The inventor is a creative person or innovator who creates new inventions, mainly technical devices or methods. Although some inventors may also be scientists, most of them are engineers who create technical innovations based on the discoveries of other scientists. The main task of the inventor is to offer

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and develop a sample of the newest device that could simplify routine tasks and provide comfort at any level. Among the inventors there are scientists and engineers who are actively studying the modern works of the first.

It is possible to consider as the new invention something essentially new or simply improved old. For each of its development, the author has the exclusive right. To confirm the rights, a system of patents has been developed, thanks to which the inventor can register a novelty and receive a fee if someone else uses his technology. Generally speaking, the inventor is not exactly a profession. In essence, this is a vocation or state of mind. The specialist constantly needs to cultivate and learn in order to be the first and keep up with modern technologies. In the profession are important qualities such as analytical mind, creativity, originality of thinking, creativity, the ability to foresee the result, a sincere desire to improve the world. Many of us watched the 1980s hit film Back to the Future, which makes the image of the inventor clearly associated with Dr. Emmett Brown — slightly eccentric, flighty, and at the same time able to invent a novelty from scratch. To some extent, the image is close to the truth, but everything depends on the sphere of activity and the nature of the person.

http://english-text.ru/

Retell text 4.

Netherlands want to ban non-electric cars

The Netherlands have passed a law, which will ban non-electric cars starting in 2025. New car owners would have to buy electric cars while old cars with diesel or petrol-driven motors could still drive on the roads. The government plans to phase out these cars slowly. A majority of representatives in the lower house of parliament supported a motion to ban non-electric vehicles.

The Netherlands is already a country in which electric cars play a major role. They have a 10 % share of the car market, second only to Norway where 22 % of cars are electric. Last year, Dutch drivers bought 43,000 electric cars. However, most of the cars driven in the Netherlands are hybrid models. They would be banned by the new law. Now, the government wants to increase tax cuts for people who buy electric cars.

The Netherlands have been very innovative when it comes to green transportation. The country opened the first solar road, a bike path that produces energy from solar panels. In addition, the Dutch energy company wants to introduce a train that will be powered by wind energy.

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Other cities and countries are also considering a ban of non-electric vehicles sometime in the future. One of the main questions, however, is whether the Netherlands can ban the use of a car that is legally allowed in another EU state.

Car companies are working hard on changing the negative image of electric cars. For many people they are slow, expensive and unsafe. Carmakers hope that shorter charging times and a better range will help achieve a breakthrough for electric vehicles.

Retell text 5.

Porsche Plans to Build Electric Car

German car manufacturer Porsche is planning to build a fast electric car by the end of the decade. The car, called “Mission E” will be able to recharge within 15 minutes and travel at speeds even faster than Porsche’s own 911 sports car. The 600 - horsepower vehicle will be able to drive for about 500 km without being recharged.

Porsche, which belongs to the VW group, will build the new car near Stuttgart, where a new plant will be built. Development and research is expected to cost over a billion euros. More than a thousand new jobs will be created. With this bold decision Porsche has announced that its future lies in new technology, as well as alternative and green energy.

VW’s decision comes at a time when the company is in deep trouble because of its cheating over emission statistics. It also wants to keep up with Tesla, an American company that is currently the leader in green car technology. Electric cars still have a large potential in North America and Europe, where they make up only one percent of the total car sales.

Retell text 6.

Automakers Produce Cars of the Future

Automakers around the world are planning to make cars that are smaller, use up less fuel and do not damage our environment. At auto shows around the globe car producers are presenting what they have in mind.

General Motors has already showed one of its prototypes .It is called P.U.M.A., which means Personal Urban Mobility and Accessibility Vehicle. It looks like a cart, has two batteries and seats for two people.

While GM’s car may never be produced, other car makers have already made mini-cars that you can buy. Mercedes’ Smart car has been popular in Europe for some time. Chrysler’s GEM Peapod and Toyota’s IQ are two small cars that have been specially designed for city traffic.

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