12. ENUMERATION

Enumeration is naming separate things, objects, ideas, phenomena, and actions one by one in chain.

The members of enumeration usually belong to the same part of speech, but different semantic classes.

Enumeration

The principle production of these towns appears to be soldiers, sailors, chalk, shrimps, officers and dockyard men.

13. RHETORICAL QUESTION

A rhetorical question is a figure of speech in the form of a question without the expectation of a reply. It is posed for a persuasive effect.

Rhetorical questions encourage the listener to reflect on what the implied answer to the question must be. The answer is either supplied by the author, or left for the reader to guess.

Some rhetorical questions require no answer, while other rhetorical questions intend the communication of a “yes” or “no” answer. Sometimes, it may be “Yes, but I wish it were not so”, or “No, but I wish it were yes”.

Rhetorical question

“no answer” How much longer mu st our people endure this injustice?

“yes” Is the sky blue? Is the snow cold? “no” But where will Europe’s latter hour

Again find Wordsworth's healing power?

(Matthew Arnold)

14. STREAM-OF-CONSCIOUSNESS METHOD

Stream of consciousness is a narrative mode that seeks to portray an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue, or in connection to his or her actions. Its aim is literally stenographing the working of a human mind. The greatest importance is given to character’s

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sensations and reactions as they arise in his mind with all their possible distant and inexplicable associations.

Stream of Consciousness

Oh, God, please don’t let her die. I’ll do anything for you if you don’t let her die. Please, please, please, dear God, don’t let her die […] you took the baby but don’t let her die. That was all right but don’t let her die. Please, please, dear God, don’t let her die.

(Hemingway)

QUESTIONS TO LECTURE #5

1.What are syntactical stylistic devices based on?

2.What is inversion?

3.Where can you often find inversion?

4.What is detachment?

5.What is parenthesis?

6.What is the difference between parenthesis and ellipsis?

7.What is aposiopesis?

8.What is parallelism?

9.How are gradation and antithesis connected with parallelism?

10.What is chiasmus?

11.What is repetition?

12.What is tautology?

13.What is polysyndeton?

14.What is asyndeton?

15.What is enumeration?

16.What is rhetorical question?

17.What is stream of consciousness method?

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EXERCISES TO LECTURE #5

Exercise 1. Give as many examples as you can of syntactical stylistic devices.

Exercise 2. List the types of repetition depending on the part of the sentence repeated.

Exercise 3. State the types of syntactical stylistic devices used in the following sentences.

1)Are you not much better than they?

2)At Crome all the beds were ancient hereditary pieces of furniture. Huge beds like four masted ships. Beds carved and unlaid. Beds painted and gilded. Beds of walnut and oak, of rare exotic woods. Beds of every date and fashion.

3)Summer was silent as well. In much of what had been the United States, no birds sang, no dogs barked, no frogs croaked, no fishes leaped. The south had been truly shabby, faded and desperate.

4)Over everything she brooded and brooded.

5)You feel all right? Anything wrong or what?

6)And yet – his whole Alibi depends on her word. But in that case…

7)If you want to be seen – stand up.

If you want to be heard – speak up.

If you want to be appreciated – sit down and shut up.

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