Very often parallelism is combined with other syntactical devices, such as gradation and antithesis, which are based on parallel sentences.

Gradation is a syntactical pattern in which every following structure or unit is more significant that the preceding one.

Gradation

I wanted to explain, I wanted to come down from the witness box and tell them that I’d loved Joey, I’d worshiped Joey, I’d do anything to make him come alive again.

In antithesis one thing or concept is contrasted to its opposite.

Antithesis

Life is much flattered, death is much traduced.

Son looked perplexed, and other people looked profound.

7. CHIASMUS (REVERSED PARALLELISM)

Chiasmus is a variant of parallel construction. It is a verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first with the parts reversed. It consists of two similarly built sentences, but the word order of the first sentence is inverted in the second sentence.

Chiasmus

I know what I like and I like what I know. Pleasure is a sin, and sometimes sin is a pleasure.

"Mankind must put an end to war or war will put an end to mankind." (John F.Kennedy)

8. REPETITION

Repetition is a major rhetorical strategy for producing emphasis, clarity, amplification, or emotional effect. Repetition is often found in oral colloquial speech when the speaker is overcome with strong emotions. As a stylistic device the writer can use it to draw the reader’s attention to something important.

Repetition can be of different types:

• Anaphora – repetition of the initial parts of successive units.

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•Epiphora – repetition of final parts of successive units

•Anadiplosis (catch-repetition) – repetition of the final part of the first sentence at the beginning of the second sentence.

•Chain repetition – development of catch repetition. Each subsequently repeated word is higher and stronger in the degree of quality and emotional colouring.

•Framing (ring-repetition) – repetition of the initial part of the sentence at the end.

•Extended repetition – repetition of a word with words modifying it.

Anaphora

My heart’s in the Highland, my heart is not here,

My heart’s in the Highlands, a-chasing a deer… (Burns)

Epiphora

I wake up, and I’m alone, I walk around Warley, and I’m alone, I talk with people, and I’m alone.

Anadiplosis

With her on my knee, I was then happy, happy at least in my own way.

Chain repetition

A smile would come into Mr. Pickwick’s face, the smile extended into a laugh, the laugh — into a roar, and the roar became general. (Dickens)

Framing

Money is what he’s after, money.

Extended repetition

Pain, even slight pain tends to isolate.

9. TAUTOLOGY

A tautology states the same thing twice in slightly different wording, or adds redundant and unnecessary words. Tautological reasoning is logic that uses the premise as the conclusions, or is too obvious as to be necessary. The word tautology is formed of two Greek words tauto and logos, meaning “same” and “word,” respectively.

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Syntactic tautology

And the maiden, she lived with no other thought.

“Smoking can kill you, and if you’ve been killed, you’ve lost a very important part of your life.”—Brook Shields.

“If we do not succeed, we run the risk of failure.”—Dan Quayle

10. POLYSYNDETON

Polysyndeton is the excessive use of several conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted (as in "he ran and jumped and laughed for joy").

Polysyndeton

"I said, 'Who killed him?' and he said 'I don't know who killed him, but he's dead all right,' and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights or windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Key and she was right only she was full of water."

(Ernest Hemingway)

11. ASYNDETON

Asyndeton is a stylistic device in which conjunctions are deliberately omitted from a series of related clauses. It is contrary to polysyndeton. This device helps the author to make each unit independent and prominent. Its use can have the effect of speeding up the rhythm of a passage and making a single idea more memorable. A classical example of asyndeton is the Latin quote of Julius Caesar “Veni, vidi, vici” (I came, I saw, I conquered).

Asyndeton

They dove, splashed, floated, splashed, swam, snorted. (James T.Farrell)

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