2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014

ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɷɬɚɩɚ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɚɷɪɨɝɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ (ɪɢɫ. 8.5), ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ – ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɥɟɝɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 80–150 ɦɥ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟ ɫɥɨɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ ɜɫɟɝɨ 5–8 ɦɤɦ. ɉɥɚɡɦɚ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ.

Ɋɢɫ. 8.5. Ⱥɷɪɨɝɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ (ɩɨ ȼ.Ȼ. Ȼɪɢɧɭ, 1999)

ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ: ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 300 ɦɥɧ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ 40–140 ɦ2 ɩɪɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟ ɚɷɪɨɝɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɚ ɜɫɟɝɨ 0,3–1,2 ɦɤɦ.

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Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟ-

ɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ. Ⱦɥɹ Ɉ2

ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɝɚɡɚ, ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɜ 1 ɦɢɧ. ɩɪɢ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɟ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪ- ɧɨ-ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦ 1 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ.

Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɵ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ. ɉɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɢɡ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ɉɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ Ɉ2 ɜ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɤ ɧɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɋɈ2 ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ, ɢ ɋɈ2 ɫ ɜɵɞɵɯɚɟɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɭɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ.

Ƚɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ – ɷɬɨ ɫɢɥɚ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ. ɉɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ – ɷɬɨ ɫɢɥɚ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.

ɇɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɦɨɪɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 760 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ., ɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 21%. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɈ2 ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ: 760 u 21/100 = 159 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɚɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ (47 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ.). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɷɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɵɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ (760 – 47) = 713 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦ 14%, ɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ 100 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɞɜɭɨɤɢɫɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦ 5,5%, ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɋɈ2 ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 40 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ.

ȼ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɩɨɱɬɢ 100 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ., ɜ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 40 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ., ɚ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ –

19

10–0 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ. ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 40 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ., ɜ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɣ – 46 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ., ɚ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ – ɞɨ 60 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ. (ɪɢɫ. 8.6).

Ɋɢɫ. 8.6. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ

Ƚɚɡɵ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ: ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɦ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ Ƚɟɧɪɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚɞ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ. ɇɚ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ 100 ɦɥ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ 0,003 ɦɥ Ɉ2, ɢɥɢ 3 ɦɥ/ɥ ɤɪɨɜɢ.

Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɋɈ2 ɜ 25 ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ Ɉ2. ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɋɈ2 ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɜ 20 ɪɚɡ ɥɟɝɱɟ, ɱɟɦ Ɉ2. ɋɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɚɡɚ. ȼ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜ 100 ɦɥ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ 0,3 ɦɥ Ɉ2 ɢ 2,6 ɦɥ ɋɈ2. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ Ɉ2.

20

Ƚɚɡɨɨɛɦɟɧ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ Ɉ2 ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɚɦɢ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ, ɝɞɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ Ɉ2 ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɨɦ. Ƚɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ Ɉ2 ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɤɫɢɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧ (ɇɜɈ2). Ɉɞɢɧ ɝɪɚɦɦ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ 1,36–1,34 ɦɥ Ɉ2, ɚ ɜ 1 ɥ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ 140–150 ɝ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ. ɇɚ 1 ɝ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 1,39 ɦɥ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɥɢɬɪɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ 190–200 ɦɥ Ɉ2, ɢɥɢ 19 ɨɛ% – ɷɬɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ʉɪɨɜɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 700–800 ɝ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ 1 ɥ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ.

ɉɨɞ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ Ɉ2, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɚɧɟɦɢɹɯ, ɨɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɹɞɚɦɢ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɟɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ. ɇɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɨɜɢ Ɉ2 ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɨɤɫɢɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɭ. ȼ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ Ɉ2 ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 95–97%. ɉɪɢ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ Ɉ2 ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 100%, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ. ɉɪɢ 60–65% ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ.

Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨ ɨɫɢ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɈ2 ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɩɨ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɟ – ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ. ɗɬɨɬ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ – ɤɪɢɜɚɹ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɫɢɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ, ɢɥɢ ɫɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ,

ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ Ɉ2 ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɚ ɤɚɤɚɹ –

21

ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. Ʉɪɢɜɚɹ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ S-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ. ɉɥɚɬɨ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ Ɉ2 (ɫɚɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ) ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɚ ɤɪɭɬɚɹ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ – ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɣ, ɢɥɢ ɞɟɫɚɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ, ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ (ɪɢɫ. 8.7).

Ɋɢɫ. 8.7. Ʉɪɢɜɵɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɫɢɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɇ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ

ɋɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɤ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɭ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶ Ɉ2 ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ. Ʉ ɷɬɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɚɯ, – ɷɬɨ 2,3-ɞɢɮɨɫɮɨɝɥɢɰɟɪɚɬɮɨɫɮɚɬ (ȾɎȽ). ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɩɪɚɜɨ, ɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɤɪɨɜɢ – ɫɞɜɢɝ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɜɥɟɜɨ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧ-

22

ɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɋɈ2 ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɪɇ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɇ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɋɈ2 ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɤ Ɉ2. ɂɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɜɭɸ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɫɢɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ Ȼɨɪɚ (ɏ. Ȼɨɪ, 1904). ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɋɈ2 ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ. ɗɬɨɬ «ɷɮɮɟɤɬ» ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ: ɋɈ2 ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɪɈ2 ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬ 2,3-ȾɎȽ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ.

ɇɚ ɤɪɢɜɭɸ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɫɢɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ. Ɋɨɫɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɨɤɫɢɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɤ Ɉ2. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ Ɉ2. ɋɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ Ɉ2 ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɨɦ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɟɝɨ ɚɦɢɧɨɝɪɭɩɩ ɤ ɋɈ2 (ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɏɨɥɞɟɧɚ). Ⱦɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɋɈ2 ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɋɈ2 (5–10%), ɢɡ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ (80–90%) ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɢɡ ɤɚɪɛɚɦɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ (5–15%), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ.

ɍɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹɯ: ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɣ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɨɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ. ȼ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ 580 ɦɥ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 25 ɦɥ, ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɤɚɪɛɨɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 45 ɦɥ, ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ – 510 ɦɥ (ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ – 340 ɦɥ, ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ – 170 ɦɥ). ȼ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ.

Ɉɬ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɋɈ2 ɤɪɨɜɶɸ. ɍɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬ, ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬ ɤɚɪɛɨɚɧɝɢɞɪɚɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜ 10 000 ɪɚɡ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ɉɪɨɣɞɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɷɪɢɬɪɨ-

23

ɰɢɬ, ɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɥɟɝɤɢɦ.

ɗɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ 3 ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɋɈ2, ɱɟɦ ɩɥɚɡɦɚ. Ȼɟɥɤɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 8 ɝ ɧɚ 100 ɫɦ3 ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ 15 ɝ ɧɚ 100 ɫɦ3. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɋɈ2 ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɪɛɚɦɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɋɈ2.

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɋɈ2 ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɵ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɭɟɬ ɋɈ2, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɤɚɪɛɚɦɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ ɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ

ɜɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɯ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɚɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɚɪɛɨɚɧɝɢɞɪɚɡɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. Ȼɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɜɨɛɨ-

ɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɋɈ2 ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɜ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɤɚɪɛɨɚɧɝɢɞɪɚɡɵ. ȼ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ, ɚ ɜ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɚɯ – ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ ɤɚ-

ɥɢɹ. Ɇɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɋɈ2, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɋɈ2 ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɚɧɝɢɞɪɚɡɵ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ.

ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɋɈ2 ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɢ

ɜɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɵ ɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ, ɱɟɦ ɨɤɫɢɝɟɧɚɰɢɹ

ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɋɈ2 ɥɟɝɱɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, ɱɟɦ Ɉ2.

Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɹɞɵ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ Ɉ2, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɋɈ, ɧɢɬɪɢɬɵ, ɮɟɪɪɨɰɢɚɧɢɞɵ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɋɈ2. Ȼɥɨɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɤɚɪɛɨɚɧɝɢɞɪɚɡɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭ-

ɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɋɈ2. ɂ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɬɤɚɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɵ ɨɬ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ Ɉ2. ȼɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɋɈ2 ɥɟɝɤɢɦɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɥɟɝɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ (ɝɢɩɨɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ) ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ, ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ, ɢɧɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ. Ɂɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɋɈ2 ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɞɵɯɚ-

24

ɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɚɰɢɞɨɡɭ – ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ, ɫɞɜɢɝɭ ɪɇ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ. ɂɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɋɈ2 ɩɪɢ ɝɢɩɟɪɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɪɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɥɤɚɥɨɡ, ɫɞɜɢɝ ɪɇ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ.

Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ

ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɦɟɧ Ɉ2 ɢ ɋɈ2 ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ. ɗɬɭ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɟɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɐɇɋ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ ɦɨɡɝɚ

ɢɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ» (ɪɢɫ. 8.8). ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ

ɢɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɬɦɚ, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ. ɉɟɪɟɪɟɡɤɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɧɚ IV ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɞ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɞɟɪ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

Ⱦɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ: ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ, ɢ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɢ

ɫɞɜɢɝɚɯ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ Ɉ2 ɢ ɋɈ2. Ⱦɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ, ɢɥɢ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɚɹ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɬɦɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɚɬɬɟɪɧɚ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ. ɉɨɞ ɩɚɬɬɟɪɧɨɦ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɞɨɯɚ ɢ ɜɵɞɨɯɚ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ, ɦɢɧɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ. Ƚɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ

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ɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ – ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɡɧɨɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɪɟɛɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ.

ɇɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɛɭɥɶɛɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ IV ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚ ɜ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɞɨɪɫɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɜɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. Ⱦɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɧɫɩɢɪɚɰɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɷɤɫɩɢɪɚɰɢɸ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɦɢ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɞɨɯɨɦ ɢ ɜɵɞɨɯɨɦ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɟɰɢɩɪɨɤɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ. ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɢɧɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ, ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. ɂɧɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ «ɪɚɧɧɢɟ» ɢ «ɩɨɡɞɧɢɟ». Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ «ɪɚɧɧɢɯ» ɢɧɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ «ɩɨɡɞɧɢɟ» ɢɧɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ «ɪɚɧɧɢɟ» ɢ «ɩɨɡɞɧɢɟ» ɷɤɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɬ ɢɧɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɜɞɨɯ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ ɧɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɧɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ, ɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ.

ɋɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɭ ɩɥɨɞɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɟɣɫɦɟɤɟɪɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɫɟɬɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɐɇɋ ɩɟɣɫɦɟɤɟɪɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.

ȼ ɜɚɪɨɥɢɟɜɨɦ ɦɨɫɬɭ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɹɞɪɚ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ. ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɜɞɨɯɚ ɢ ɜɵɞɨɯɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ. Ⱦɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɢ ɜɚɪɨɥɢɟɜɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɢ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨ.

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