2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014

Ɇɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɚ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɚ. Ⱥɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɚɷɪɨɛɧɨɣ. Ɇɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɚ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɟɬ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ; ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɟ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ, ɠɟɥɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɛɢɥɢɪɭɛɢɧɚ, ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɚ; ɢɧɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɳɟɥɨɱɧɭɸ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚɡɭ, ɬɪɢɩɫɢɧ, ɚɦɢɥɚɡɭ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɯɢɦɭɫɚ; ɫɛɪɚɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɞɨ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ (ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ); ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɵ Ʉ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ȼ; ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬɚ; ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɨɜ. ɉɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɨɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɧɢɥɨɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ: ɢɧɞɨɥɚ, ɫɤɚɬɨɥɚ, ɮɟɧɨɥɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɝɧɢɟɧɢɸ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɝɧɢɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɢɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɣ (ɞɢɫɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɡ).

Ɇɨɬɨɪɢɤɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ

Ɇɨɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɳɢ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɠɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɳɢ ɩɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɬɪɚɤɬɭ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɨɜ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɪɫɢɧɨɤ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɨɤ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɩɢɳɢ. ɇɚ ɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɚɛɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɚɯ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨ-ɩɨɥɨɫɚɬɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ – ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɠɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ

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ɞɟɮɟɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ. ɋɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɚɭɞɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɤɨɜ. ȼ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɤɬɟ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 35 ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɨɜ.

ɀɟɜɚɧɢɟ

ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɢɳɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ. ɀɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɠɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ, ɦɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɠɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ, ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɫɨ ɫɥɸɧɨɣ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɤɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ. ɉɢɳɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɹ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ, ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɨ-, ɬɟɪɦɨ- ɢ ɯɟɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɟɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ. ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɬɪɨɣɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɹɞɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɭɝɨɪ ɢ ɤɨɪɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ. Ɉɬ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɢ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɝɪɚ ɤɨɥɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɚɤɬɟ ɠɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɩɪɢɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɠɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɡɭɛɚ – ɩɚɪɚɞɨɧɬɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɟɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɴɟɞɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɇɟɫɴɟɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɫɴɟɞɨɛɧɚɹ – ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɚɤɬɨɦ ɠɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ. Ɉɬ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɞɟɪ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɩɨ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɬɪɨɣɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ, ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɥɢɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɠɟɜɚɧɢɟ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ. Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɳɟɤ ɩɨɞɚɸɬ ɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɢɳɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɭɛɚɦɢ.

69

Ƚɥɨɬɚɧɢɟ

ɉɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɨɤ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɚɤɬɚ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ, ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡ. Ɋɨɬɨɜɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ (ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɚɹ) ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɨɤ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ, ɤɨɪɧɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ. ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɬɪɨɣɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ, ɹɡɵɤɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɩɨ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɬɪɨɣɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ, ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɝɨ, ɹɡɵɤɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɚɤɬɟ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɤɨɤɚɢɧɚ, ɬɨ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ «ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ» ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ (ɛɵɫɬɪɚɹ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɚɹ) ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɤɚ ɜ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰ, ɩɪɢɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɹɝɤɨɟ ɧɺɛɨ, ɢ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɢɹ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ. ɐɟɧɬɪ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɜ ɪɟɰɢɩɪɨɤɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɢ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ-

ɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɢɳɟɜɨɞɧɚɹ (ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɚɹ) ɮɚɡɚ

ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨ-ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɤɚ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ. ɉɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɭ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɨɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɟ-

ɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɦɵɲɰ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ. ɍ ɩɢɳɟɜɨ-

ɞɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɹ: ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɚɪɞɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ (ɤɚɪɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɤɚ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɨɤ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɯɢɦɭɫɚ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɫɬɪɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ, ɤɨɫɵɟ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ.

70

Ɇɨɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ

Ɇɨɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɢɳɢ ɫ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɦ ɫɨɤɨɦ, ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ. Ɉɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ: ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɫɨɝɨ. ȼ ɩɢɥɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɫɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɟɣɫɦɟɤɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɉɭɫɬɨɣ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɬɨɧɭɫɨɦ. ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ (ɝɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɚ), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɤɨɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ. ɋɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɩɢɳɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɟɥɚɤɫɚɰɢɹ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ (ɩɢ-

ɳɟɜɚɹ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɥɚɤɫɚɰɢɹ). ɋɩɭɫɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ,

ɱɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɩɢɳɢ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɫɢɫɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ. ɉɟɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟ-

ɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɟ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ, ɝɞɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɢɬɦɚ. ȼ ɩɪɟɩɢɥɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɢɬɦɚ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɚɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɢ ɩɢɥɨɪɭɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ. Ɍɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɦɵɲɰ. ȼ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɩɟɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɚɤɬɟ ɪɜɨɬɵ. Ɋɜɨɬɚ – ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.

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ɗɜɚɤɭɚɰɢɹ ɯɢɦɭɫɚ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ

ɋɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɩɢɥɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɥɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. ɉɟɪɟɣɞɹ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ, ɇɋl, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɯɢɦɭɫɟ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɯɟɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɩɢɥɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɚ (ɡɚɩɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɢɥɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ). ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɦ ɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɤɨɦ ɩɢɥɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɨɛɴɟɦɚ, ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɪɇ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤɚ. ɀɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɠɢɞɤɨɣ. ɍɝɥɟɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɢɳɚ, ɛɨɝɚɬɚɹ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ. ɀɢɪɧɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɫ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɷɜɚɤɭɚɰɢɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɢɳɢ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 6–10 ɱ.

Ɇɨɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ

Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɭɫɚ ɫ ɫɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɦ ɫɨɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɭɫɚ ɩɨ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ. ȼ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ: ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ, ɦɚɹɬɧɢɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ, ɩɟɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 9.4).

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Ɋɢɫ. 9.4. Ɇɨɬɨɪɢɤɚ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ:

Ⱥ– ɦɚɹɬɧɢɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ (ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ);

Ȼ– ɩɟɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ (Ⱥ.ȼ. Ʉɨɪɨɛɤɨɜ, 1986)

Ɋɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɤɢɲɤɭ (ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɭɸ ɤɚɲɢɰɭ) ɧɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɵ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɭɱɲɟɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ ɯɢɦɭɫɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɤɚɦɢ.

Ɇɚɹɬɧɢɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟ-

ɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɨɬɪɟɡɨɤ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɬɨ ɭɤɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬɫɹ, ɬɨ ɭɞɥɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɯɢɦɭɫɚ ɬɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ, ɬɨ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ, ɧɚɩɨɞɨɛɢɟ ɦɚɹɬɧɢɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɯɢɦɭɫɚ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɤɚɦɢ.

ɉɟɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨ-

ɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɦɵɲɰ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɚ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ. ɉɟɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɭɫɚ ɩɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɭ.

ȼɫɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɤɢɲɤɢ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɦɵɲɰ (ɚɬɨɧɢɹ) ɩɪɢ ɩɚɪɟ-

73

ɡɚɯ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɪɫɢɧɨɤ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɢɯ ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ ɯɢɦɭɫɚ, ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɬɬɨɤ ɥɢɦɮɵ.

Ɇɨɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ

Ɇɨɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɥɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɫɫ ɢɡ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɨɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ: ɩɟɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɚɧɬɢɩɟɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɩɪɨɩɭɥɶɫɢɜɧɵɟ, ɦɚɹɬɧɢɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ, ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚ-

ɰɢɹ. ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɦɵɲɰ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɥɨɫ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɧɭɫɟ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɜɡɞɭɬɢɹ (ɝɚɭɫɬɪɵ). Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɝɚɭɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ; 3–4 ɪɚɡɚ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɩɭɥɶɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ.

Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ

Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ.

Ⱥɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɤɭ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɹɟɬ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɤɚɪɞɢɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ. ɋɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɦ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟɦ.

Ȼɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɪɜɵ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɬ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ – ɭɝɧɟɬɚɸɬ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɨɪɝɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɦɟɠɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ) ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ. ȼɨɡɛɭɠ-

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ɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɝɚɫɬɪɢɧ, ɝɢɫɬɚɦɢɧ, ɫɟɪɨɬɨɧɢɧ, ɦɨɬɢɥɢɧ, ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧ, ɢɨɧɵ ɤɚɥɢɹ. Ɍɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɝɚɫɬɪɨɧ, ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ, ɧɨɪɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɧ, ɝɥɸɤɚɝɨɧ, ɏɐɄ-ɉɁ, Ƚɂɉ, ȼɂɉ, ɛɭɥɶɛɨɝɚɫɬɪɨɧ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ (ɷɧɬɟɪɨɝɚɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ). Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɠɢɪɚ ɢ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.

Ⱦɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ

ɦɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ. ɋɩɨɧ-

ɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɟɣ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɞɜɚ «ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ ɪɢɬɦɚ» ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɭ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ, ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɜ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɧɚɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɦɟɠɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɗɬɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɉɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɪɜɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɬ, ɚ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ – ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰ, ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɢɥɵ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ.

Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɟ. Ʉ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɢɳɟ- ɜɨɞɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ, ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱ- ɧɵɣ. Ʉ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɦ – ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ, ɪɟɤɬɨɷɧɬɟɪɚɥɶ-

ɧɵɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ (ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɟɥɚɤɫɚɰɢɹ) ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɟ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɢ. Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɞɭɝɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢɧɬɪɚɦɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɟɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɨɪɝɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɬɚɤ

75

ɢɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɹɞɟɪ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ

ɢɜ ɭɡɥɚɯ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɇɨɬɨɪɢɤɚ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɯɢɦɭɫɚ. Ƚɪɭɛɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ, ɠɢɪɵ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ɍɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɭ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɳɟɥɨɱɢ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɫɨɥɟɣ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɠɢɪɨɜ. Ƚɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɦɢɨɰɢɬɵ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɷɧɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ. ɋɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɭ ɜɚɡɨɩɪɟɫɫɢɧ, ɨɤɫɢɬɨɰɢɧ, ɛɪɚɞɢɤɢɧɢɧ, ɫɟɪɨɬɨɧɢɧ, ɝɢɫɬɚɦɢɧ, ɝɚɫɬɪɢɧ, ɦɨɬɢɥɢɧ, ɏɐɄ-ɉɁ, ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ Ɋ, ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɬ – ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɧ, ȼɂɉ, Ƚɂɉ.

Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɨɪɝɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɦ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: ɢɧɬɪɚɦɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɦɟɠɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɦ). ȼ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ, ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. Ɋɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɭ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. Ʉɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ ȼɇɋ. ɋɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɱɪɟɜɧɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ, ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɬ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɭ; ɩɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɢɞɭɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ

ɢɬɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ, – ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɭɫɚ ɩɨ ɤɢɲɤɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜ ɩɢɳɟ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɟɟ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ɋɟɪɨɬɨɧɢɧ, ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ, ɝɥɸɤɚɝɨɧ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɬ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɭ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɤɨɪɬɢɡɨɧ – ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ.

Ⱥɤɬ ɞɟɮɟɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ

Ʉɚɥɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɤɬɚ ɞɟɮɟɤɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɩɨɪɨɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɚɦɩɭɥɵ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɤɚɥɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ

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ɜ ɧɟɣ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ 40–50 ɫɦ ɜɨɞ.ɫɬ. ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɨ- ɢ ɛɚɪɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɩɨ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɬɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ (ɩɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ) ɢ ɫɪɚɦɧɨɝɨ (ɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ) ɧɟɪɜɨɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɞɟɮɟɤɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ (ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɞɟɮɟɤɚɰɢɢ). ɂɡ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɩɨ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɬɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɢɞɭɬ ɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɭ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɭ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ.

ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɤɬ ɞɟɮɟɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɤɨɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ, ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɮɟɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ. Ɉɬ ɚɥɶɮɚɦɨɬɨɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɩɨ ɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɫɪɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɦɭ (ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɦɭ) ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɭ, ɬɨɧɭɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɥɵ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ ɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɛɪɸɲɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɚɤɬɭ ɞɟɮɟɤɚɰɢɢ.

ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɜɚɤɭɚɰɢɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɲɨɤ ɨɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ, ɭ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 24–36 ɱ. ɉɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɢɞɭɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɬɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ, ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɬ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɨɜ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɭ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɚɤɬ ɞɟɮɟɤɚɰɢɢ. ɋɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɪɜɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɬ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɭ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ.

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ, ɥɢɦɮɭ ɢ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ.

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ, ɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.

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