2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014

ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ: ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨ-ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ, ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɬ.ɟ. ɦɟɫɬɧɵɣ (ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ). Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ (ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ-ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜ- ɧɨ-ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ) ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. Ɉɫɨɛɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɠɟɥɱɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɠɟɥɱɟɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ.

ɉɢɳɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɢ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɭ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɭɞɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ȼ ɤɪɚɧɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɧɚ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ.

Ⱥɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɨ-, ɯɟɦɨ-, ɨɫɦɨ- ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ, ɤ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɦ ɢɧɬɪɚ- ɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɦɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɟɜ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ɂɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɩɨ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦ-ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ: ɝɥɚɧɞɭɥɨɰɢɬɚɦ, ɦɢɨɰɢɬɚɦ, ɷɧɬɟɪɨɰɢɬɚɦ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɩɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɨɪɝɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼɧɭɬɪɢɨɪɝɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɣ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɠɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɟ (ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ Ⱥɭɷɪɛɚɯɚ) ɢ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɟ (ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ Ɇɟɣɫɫɧɟɪɚ) ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɹ. ɋ ɢɯ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ, ɡɚɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢɧɬɪɚɦɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɟɜ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɨɪɝɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɭɞɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ.

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Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɭ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɠɟ- ɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɯɨɥɢɧɟɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɦɢ – ɚɞɪɟɧɟɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ. ȼɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɨɪɝɚɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɟɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɫɬɚɬɢɧ, ɧɟɣɪɨɬɟɧɡɢɧ, ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ Ɋ, ɷɧɤɟɮɚɥɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɍɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɵ ȼɂɉ ɢ ȺɌɎ.

Ȼɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɢɧɬɟɫɬɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ. ɗɬɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɵ ɢ ɚɦɢɧɵ. ɗɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ȺɉɍȾ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. Ƚɚɫɬɪɨɢɧɬɟɫɬɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ-ɦɢɲɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ: ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɦ (ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ-ɦɢɲɟɧɹɦ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɨɦ) ɢ ɩɚɪɚɤɪɢɧɧɵɦ (ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɭɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɤ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ). ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ ɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɟɣɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɬɬɟɪɨɜ. Ƚɚɫɬɪɨɢɧɬɟɫɬɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ, ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɢ, ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɪɨɮɢɤɢ, ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ: ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɦɟɧɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɩɢɳɟɜɨɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ).

ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ

ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ

Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ

ɉɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ

ɉɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɢɳɢ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɳɢ, ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɫɥɸɧɨɣ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɤɚ. ɏɢɦɢ-

52

ɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɸɧɟ. ȼ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɚɪ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ: ɨɤɨɥɨɭɲɧɵɯ, ɩɨɞɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɵɯ, ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɧɺɛɚ ɢ ɳɟɤ. Ɉɤɨɥɨɭɲɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɹɡɵɤɚ, – ɫɟɪɨɡɧɵɟ (ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɟ). ɂɯ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɵ, ɛɟɥɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɥɟɣ. ɀɟɥɟɡɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɧɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ ɢ ɦɹɝɤɨɦ ɧɺɛɟ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɦ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɦ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɭɰɢɧɚ. ɉɨɞɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɦɢ.

ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɸɧɵ

ɋɥɸɧɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɣ. ȿɟ ɪɇ ɪɚɜɧɚ 6,8–7,4. ɍ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ 0,5–2 ɥ ɫɥɸɧɵ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ 99% ɜɨɞɵ ɢ 1% ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ. ɋɭɯɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ – ɚɧɢɨɧɵ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɜ, ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ, ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɜ, ɮɨɫɮɚɬɨɜ; ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ, ɤɚɥɢɹ, ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɦɚɝɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ: ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɦɟɞɶ, ɧɢɤɟɥɶ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɸɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ. Ȼɟɥɤɨɜɨɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɭɰɢɧ ɫɤɥɟɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɩɢɳɢ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɨɤ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɥɸɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɚɦɢɥɚɡɚ ɢ ɦɚɥɶɬɚɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɥɚɛɨɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ. Ⱥɥɶɮɚ-ɚɦɢɥɚɡɚ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɵ (ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ, ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧ) ɞɨ ɞɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɚ ɦɚɥɶɬɨɡɵ. Ɇɚɥɶɬɚɡɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɶɬɨɡɭ ɢ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɟɬ ɟɟ ɞɨ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ.

ȼ ɫɥɸɧɟ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ: ɝɢɞɪɨɥɚɡɵ, ɨɤɫɢɪɟɞɭɤɬɚɡɵ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɡɵ, ɩɪɨɬɟɚɡɵ, ɩɟɩɬɢɞɚɡɵ, ɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚɡɵ. ȼ ɫɥɸɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɢɡɨɰɢɦ (ɦɭɪɚɦɢɞɚɡɚ), ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɰɢɞɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ.

ɉɢɳɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 15 ɫ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ. ɇɨ

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ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ.

Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɥɸɧɵ

ɋɥɸɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.

ɉɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ – ɨ ɧɟɣ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ.

ɗɤɫɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɥɸɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɚ, ɦɨɱɟɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɯɢɧɢɧ, ɫɬɪɢɯɧɢɧ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ (ɫɨɥɢ ɪɬɭɬɢ, ɫɜɢɧɰɚ, ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɶ).

Ɂɚɳɢɬɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ. ɋɥɸɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɰɢɞɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɥɢɡɨɰɢɦɚ. Ɇɭɰɢɧ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ. ȼ ɫɥɸɧɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧɨɜ (IgȺ), ɱɬɨ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɬ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɵ. ȼ ɫɥɸɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ: ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɫɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɝɟɦɨɫɬɚɡ; ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɢɛɪɢɧɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɮɢɛɪɢɧ. ɋɥɸɧɚ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɯɚɧɢɹ.

Ɍɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ. ɋɥɸɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ, ɰɢɧɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɦɚɥɢ ɡɭɛɨɜ.

Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ

ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɳɢ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɨ-, ɬɟɪɦɨ- ɢ ɯɟɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ. ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɹɡɵɱɧɨɝɨ (ɜɟɬɜɶ ɬɪɨɣɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ), ɹɡɵɤɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ, ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɧɵ (ɜɟɬɜɶ ɥɢɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ) ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ (ɜɟɬɜɶ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ) ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ. Ɉɬ

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ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɩɨ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɨ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɫɥɸɧɭ. ɗɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɩɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ. ɉɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɚɰɢɹ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɢ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɧɵ, ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɚɰɢɹ – ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ, ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɲɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ. Ɍɟɥɚ ɩɪɟɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɪɨɝɚɯ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ II–IV ɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ⱥɰɟɬɢɥɯɨɥɢɧ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɥɸɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɇɨɪɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɭɫɬɨɣ, ɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɫɥɸɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɚɥɨ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ. ɋɭɛɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ Ɋ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɫɥɸɧɵ. ɋɈ2 ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ȼɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ, ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɫɥɸɧɵ.

ɋɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ, ɧɨ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ. ȼɢɞ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɯ ɩɢɳɢ, ɡɜɭɤɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɢɳɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɦ ɩɢɳɢ, ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɢɳɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ.

Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɥɸɧɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɥɸɧɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɫɥɸɧɟ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɧɚ ɛɨɝɚɬɚ ɦɭɰɢɧɨɦ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɴɟɞɨɛɧɵɯ, ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɸɧɚ ɠɢɞɤɚɹ ɢ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ, ɛɟɞɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ.

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ɉɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ

ɉɢɳɚ ɢɡ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɦ ɞɟɩɨ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɢɳɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɦ ɫɨɤɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɠɢɞɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɠɢɞɤɢɣ ɯɢɦɭɫ.

ɀɟɥɭɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ: ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪ-

ɧɭɸ, ɦɨɬɨɪɧɭɸ, ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɷɤɫɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɭɸ (ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɵ, ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɤɪɟɚɬɢɧɢɧɚ, ɫɨɥɟɣ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɣɨɞɚ, ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ), ɢɧɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɭɸ (ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɝɚɫɬɪɢɧɚ ɢ ɝɢɫɬɚɦɢɧɚ), ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ (ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɪɇ), ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɝɟɦɨɩɨɷɡɟ (ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ Ʉɚɫɥɚ).

ɋɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ

ɋɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɜɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡ: ɤɚɪɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɮɭɧɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ) ɢ ɩɢɥɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤɚ). ɀɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɨ-

ɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ, ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ (ɨɛɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ) ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ (ɦɭɤɨɰɢɬɨɜ). Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɩɫɢɧɨɝɟɧɵ, ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ – ɫɨɥɹɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ, ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ – ɦɭɤɨɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ. Ɏɭɧɞɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɨɤɚ ɮɭɧɞɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɨɤ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɟɞɭɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɢ.

ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ

ɍ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɬɨɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2–2,5 ɥ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ. ɀɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɤ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɢɫɥɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ (ɪɇ 1,5–1,8). ȼ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜɨ-

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ɞɚ – 99% ɢ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ – 1%. ɋɭɯɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ.

Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ – ɫɨɥɹɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɋɨɥɹɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ: 1) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɟɧɚɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɸ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɩɫɢɧɚɦɢ; 2) ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɟɩɫɢɧɨɝɟɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɜ ɩɟɩɫɢɧɵ; 3) ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɤɢɫɥɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ; 4) ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɚɧɬɢɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ; 5) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɜɚɤɭɚɰɢɢ ɩɢɳɢ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ: ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɩɢɥɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ 12-ɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ; 6) ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ.

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɤɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ: ɯɥɨɪɢɞɵ, ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ, ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɵ, ɮɨɫɮɚɬɵ, ɧɚɬɪɢɣ, ɤɚɥɢɣ, ɤɚɥɶɰɢɣ, ɦɚɝɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ.

ȼɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɨɬɟɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɩɟɩɫɢɧɵ. ɉɟɩɫɢɧɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɟɩɫɢɧɨɝɟɧɨɜ. ɉɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɧɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɭɦ ɩɪɨɬɟɚɡɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɇ 1,5–2,0. Ɉɧɢ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɞɨ ɚɥɶɛɭɦɨɡ ɢ ɩɟɩɬɨɧɨɜ. Ƚɚɫɬɪɢɤɫɢɧ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɇ 3,2–3,5. Ɋɟɧɢɧ, ɢɥɢ ɯɢɦɨɡɢɧ (ɭ ɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ), ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɣ ɛɟɥɨɤ ɤɚɡɟɢɧɨɝɟɧ ɜ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ – ɤɚɡɟɢɧ.

ȼɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɤɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɬɟɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ. ɀɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɥɢɩɚɡɚ (ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɟɟ ɦɚɥɨ) ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɦɭɥɶɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɠɢɪɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ. ȼ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɥɸɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɨɤ, ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɣ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ, ɩɪɨɩɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɵɦ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɦ ɫɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ. ɂ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨ

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