2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014

ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɤɚ ɜ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɥɸɧɵ.

ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɥɢɡɨɰɢɦ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɰɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ. ɀɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɥɢɡɶ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɦɭɰɢɧ, ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɨɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɚ-

ɫɬɪɨɦɭɤɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞ – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɤɪɨɜɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ (ɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ Ʉɚɫɥɚ). Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɫ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɦ ȼ12, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɩɨɷɡɟ. ȼ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɤɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɚ, ɦɨɱɟɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ.

Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ

ɀɟɥɟɡɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɢɡɶ ɢ ɩɢɥɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɤ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɢɞɟ, ɡɚɩɚɯɟ ɩɢɳɢ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɚɡ: ɫɥɨɠɧɨ-ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɭɸ (ɦɨɡɝɨɜɭɸ), ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɭɸ.

ɋɥɨɠɧɨ-ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɚɹ (ɦɨɡɝɨɜɚɹ) ɮɚɡɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɭɫ-

ɥɨɜɧɨ-ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ-ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨ-ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ (ɡɚɩɚɯ, ɜɢɞ ɩɢɳɢ, ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɢɳɢ, ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɨ ɩɢɳɟ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɟ, ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɟ, ɥɢɦɛɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɢ ɤɨɪɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɥɶɛɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ. ɋɨɤ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɂ.ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜ ɧɚɡɜɚɥ ɡɚɩɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɢɥɢ ɚɩɩɟɬɢɬɧɵɦ. Ȼɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ-ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɟ ɫɨɤɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɜɹ-

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ɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɝɥɨɬɤɢ, ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ. ɂɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɩɨ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɹɡɵɱɧɨɝɨ, ɹɡɵɤɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ. Ɉɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɩɨ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ. ɋɨɤ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɟɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɟɦɭ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɤ ɩɪɢɟɦɭ ɩɢɳɢ.

Ɍɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɢɞɭɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

ɀɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɩɚ-

ɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ. ɗɬɚ ɮɚɡɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ, ɜɧɭɬɪɢɨɪɝɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɀɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɮɚɡɭ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɢɳɟɣ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɵɣ ɦɨɡɝ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦ. Ȼɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɟɪɜ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ: ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ, ɨɛɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ (ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɯɨɥɢɧɨɦ Ɇ-ɯɨɥɢɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ), ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɨɪɝɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɟɪɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɜɟɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɸɬ G-ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɩɢɥɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɝɚɫɬɪɢɧ. Ƚɚɫɬɪɢɧ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ, ɧɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɛɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɝɚɫɬɪɢɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɦɹɫɚ, ɨɜɨɳɟɣ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɛɨɦɛɟɡɢɧɚ. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɜ ɚɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɫɬɪɢɧɚ. ɉɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɝɢɫɬɚɦɢɧɚ ȿɋL-ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ. Ƚɢɫɬɚɦɢɧ, ɜɡɚɢ-

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ɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɫ ɇ2-ɝɢɫɬɚɦɢɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɨɛɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɩɫɢɧɨɜ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɹɫɚ, ɨɜɨɳɟɣ, ɫɩɢɪɬɵ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ (ɚɥɶɛɭɦɨɡɵ ɢ ɩɟɩɬɨɧɵ).

Ʉɢɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɯɢɦɭɫɚ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ. ɏɢɦɭɫ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɯɟɦɨ-, ɨɫɦɨ-, ɦɟɯɚɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɢɥɢ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɳɢɟ. ɋɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɟɪɜ, ɜɧɭɬɪɢɨɪɝɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɟɪɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ (ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɫɬɪɢɧɚ G-ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ). ɗɬɚ ɮɚɡɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ. Ɍɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɧɚ, ɏɐɄ-ɉɁ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɸɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɧɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɩɟɩɫɢɧɨɝɟɧɨɜ. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɥɸɤɚɝɨɧ, Ƚɂɉ, ȼɂɉ, ɧɟɣɪɨɬɟɧɡɢɧ, ɫɨɦɚɬɨɫɬɚɬɢɧ, ɫɟɪɨɬɨɧɢɧ, ɛɭɥɶɛɨɝɚɫɬɪɨɧ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɠɢɪɚ.

ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ, ɟɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɢɳɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹɦɢ. Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɩɵɬɵ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɂ.ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɚɤɚɯ ɫ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɨɦ. ɀɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɢ ɯɥɟɛ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɢɳɢ, ɧɟɠɢɪɧɨɟ ɦɹɫɨ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɢ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɠɢɪɵ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ. ɋɚɦɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ

60

ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɹɫɚ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ – ɯɥɟɛɚ, ɦɚɥɨɟ – ɦɨɥɨɤɚ (ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɠɢɪɨɜ). Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɫɨɤɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ: ɧɚ ɯɥɟɛ – ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 10 ɱ, ɧɚ ɦɹɫɨ – 8 ɱ, ɧɚ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ – 6 ɱ (ɪɢɫ. 9.2). ɉɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɫɨɤɚ ɭɛɵɜɚɥɚ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ: ɦɹɫɨ, ɯɥɟɛ, ɦɨɥɨɤɨ; ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ: ɦɹɫɨ, ɦɨɥɨɤɨ, ɯɥɟɛ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɤ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɟɬ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ – ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ. ɗɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɢɟɬɵ ɭ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫ ɝɢɩɨ- ɢ ɝɢɩɟɪɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɟɣ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɫ ɝɢɩɟɪɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɟɣ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɢɟɬɚ, ɫ ɝɢɩɨɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɟɣ – ɨɜɨɳɧɚɹ ɢ ɦɹɫɧɚɹ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.

Ɋɢɫ. 9.2. Ʉɪɢɜɵɟ ɫɨɤɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɜɥɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚ ɧɚ ɦɹɫɨ, ɯɥɟɛ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ

(ȼ.Ɇ. ɉɨɤɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ƚ.Ɏ. Ʉɨɪɨɬɶɤɨ, 1997)

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ɉɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ

ȼ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɟɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ – ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɤɢ ɢ ɠɟɥɱɶ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɠɢɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ.

ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ

ȼɧɟɲɧɟɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ 1,5–2,0 ɥ ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ (0,12%), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ȼ ɫɨɤɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ Na+, ɋɚ2+, Ʉ+, Ɇg2+ ɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ ɋl-, SɈ32-, ɇɊɈ42-. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɪɇ ɫɨɤɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ 7,8–8,5. Ɏɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɚɛɨɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ.

ɉɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɩɪɨɬɟɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɥɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɚɦɢɥɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɠɢɪɵ, ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. Ⱥɥɶɮɚ-ɚɦɢɥɚɡɚ, ɥɢɩɚɡɚ ɢ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɡɚ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ; ɩɪɨɬɟɚɡɵ – ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɨɷɧɡɢɦɨɜ. Ⱥɥɶɮɚ-ɚɦɢɥɚɡɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɵ ɞɨ ɨɥɢɝɨ-, ɞɢ- ɢ ɦɨɧɨɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ. ɇɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ

ɪɢɛɨ- ɢ ɞɟɡɨɤɫɢɪɢɛɨɧɭɤɥɟɚɡɚɦɢ. ɉɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɩɚɡɚ, ɚɤ-

ɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɥɢɩɢɞɵ, ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɹ ɢɯ ɞɨ ɦɨɧɨɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ. ɇɚ ɥɢɩɢɞɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɚɡɚ Ⱥ ɢ ɷɫɬɟɪɚɡɚ. ȼ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɨɬɟɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɨɷɧɡɢ-

ɦɨɜ – ɬɪɢɩɫɢɧɨɝɟɧɚ, ɯɢɦɨɬɪɢɩɫɢɧɨɝɟɧɚ, ɩɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɩɟɩɬɢɞɚɡɵ Ⱥ ɢ ȼ, ɩɪɨɷɥɚɫɬɚɡɵ. ɉɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɤɢɧɚɡɵ ɞɜɟ-

ɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɬɪɢɩɫɢɧɨɝɟɧ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɢɩ-

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ɫɢɧ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɫɚɦ ɬɪɢɩɫɢɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɪɢɩɫɢɧɨɝɟɧɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɩɟɩɬɢɞɚɡɵ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ. Ɍɪɢɩɫɢɧ, ɯɢɦɨɬɪɢɩɫɢɧ, ɷɥɚɫɬɚɡɚ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɟɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɩɢɳɢ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɵ ɢ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. Ʉɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɩɟɩɬɢɞɚɡɵ Ⱥ ɢ ȼ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɋ-ɤɨɧɰɟɜɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ ɛɟɥɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɚɯ.

Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ

Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɡɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ. Ȼɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɟɪɜ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɋɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɪɜɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ, ɧɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɛɟɬɚ-ɚɞɪɟɧɟɪɝɢɱɟ- ɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ). ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ (ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɚɞɪɟɧɟɪɝɢɱɟ- ɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ). ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɛɨɥɶ, ɫɨɧ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ. Ƚɚɫɬɪɨɢɧɬɟɫɬɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɧ ɢ ɏɐɄ-ɉɁ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ. ɋɟɤɪɟɬɢɧ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɤɚ, ɛɨɝɚɬɨɝɨ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚɦɢ, ɚ ɏɐɄ-ɉɁ – ɛɨɝɚɬɨɝɨ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ɋɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɝɚɫɬɪɢɧ, ɫɟɪɨɬɨɧɢɧ, ɛɨɦɛɟɡɢɧ, ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧ, ɫɨɥɢ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ. ɏɢɦɨɞɟɧɢɧ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɯɢɦɨɬɪɢɩɫɢɧɨɝɟɧɚ. Ɍɨɪɦɨɡɹɳɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ Ƚɂɉ, ɉɉ, ɝɥɸɤɚɝɨɧ, ɤɚɥɶɰɢɬɨɧɢɧ, ɫɨɦɚɬɨɫɬɚɬɢɧ, ɷɧɤɟɮɚɥɢɧ.

ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ 3 ɮɚɡɵ ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ: ɫɥɨɠɧɨɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɭɸ, ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɭɸ. ɇɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɤɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɩɢɳɢ (ɪɢɫ. 9.3). ɗɬɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɢɧɬɟɫɬɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ (ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɹɫɚ, ɨɜɨɳɟɣ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ), ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɧɚ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɩɪɢɜɨ-

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ɞɹɬ ɤ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ, ɛɨɝɚɬɨɝɨ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚɦɢ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɢ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɏɐɄ-ɉɁ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɤɚ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɦ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ.

Ɋɢɫ. 9.3. ɋɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ ɭ ɫɨɛɚɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɟɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɹɫɚ, ɯɥɟɛɚ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ (ȼ.Ɇ. ɉɨɤɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ƚ.Ɏ. Ʉɨɪɨɬɶɤɨ, 1997)

ɉɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɹ ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧ, ɝɥɸɤɚɝɨɧ, ɫɨɦɚɬɨɫɬɚɬɢɧ, ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɩɟɩɬɢɞ (ɫɦ. ɝɥ. 5 «ɀɟɥɟɡɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ»).

ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ

Ʉɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ ɠɟɥɟɡ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɜɫɟɣ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ (ɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɢɥɢ ɛɪɭɧɧɟɪɨɜɵɯ, ɠɟɥɟɡ, ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɩɬ, ɢɥɢ ɥɢɛɟɪɤɸɧɨɜɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ, ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ, ɛɨɤɚɥɨ-

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ɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɉɚɧɟɬɚ). ɍ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ 2–3 ɥ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ ɫ ɪɇ ɨɬ 7,2 ɞɨ 9,0. ɋɨɤ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɂɡ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɨɤɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ, ɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɜ, ɮɨɫɮɚɬɨɜ, ɧɚɬɪɢɹ, ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɤɚɥɢɹ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɫɥɢɡɶ. ȼ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɤɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 20 ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɗɬɨ

ɷɧɬɟɪɨɤɢɧɚɡɚ, ɩɟɩɬɢɞɚɡɵ, ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚɡɚ, ɧɭɤɥɟɚɡɚ, ɥɢɩɚɡɚ, ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɚɡɚ, ɚɦɢɥɚɡɚ, ɥɚɤɬɚɡɚ, ɫɚɯɚɪɚɡɚ. ȼɫɬɪɟɱɚ-

ɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɵ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ (ɞɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɚɡ), ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɚ ɥɚɤɬɚɡɧɚɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɤɢɲɤɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɹ ɩɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ.

Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ

Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨ-ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɢɧɝɪɟɞɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɯɢɦɭɫɚ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ ɫ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɇɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɠɢɪɨɜ, ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɤɨɦ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ, ɛɨɝɚɬɨɝɨ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ɍɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɨɤɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ Ƚɂɉ, ȼɂɉ, ɦɨɬɢɥɢɧ. Ƚɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɤɪɢɧɢɧ ɢ ɞɭɨɤɪɢɧɢɧ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɥɢɛɟɪɤɸɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɛɪɭɧɧɟɪɨɜɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ. Ɍɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɫɬɚɬɢɧ.

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ɉɨɥɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ

ȼ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ: ɩɨɥɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɨɟ.

ɉɨɥɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ (ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɤ, ɠɟɥɱɶ, ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɤ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ) ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɨ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɥɢɝɨɦɟɪɨɜ. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɢɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɢɞɟɬ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ, ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɤ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ.

ɉɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɢɫ-

ɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɥɨɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɝɥɢɤɨɤɚɥɢɤɫɨɦ, ɡɨɧɟ ɝɥɢɤɨɤɚɥɢɤɫɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɨɤ. ɋɥɨɣ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɢɡɢ, ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɢ ɫɥɭɳɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ. ɉɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɥɢɡɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ƚɥɢɤɨɤɚɥɢɤɫ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɚɩɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɧɨɦɟɪɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɯ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ: ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɭɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɤɪɢɩɬɵ ɤ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ. ȼ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ ɢɞɟɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɞɢɩɟɩɬɢɞɨɜ, ɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ-

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ɧɢɹ – ɞɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ. ɉɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ, ɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ, ɞɢɟɬɵ. ɇɚ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ (ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɨɤɚɰɢɹ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ).

ɉɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ

ɂɡ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɯɢɦɭɫ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɥɟɨɰɟɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ (ɛɚɭɝɢɧɢɟɜɭ ɡɚɫɥɨɧɤɭ) ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɥɫɬɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɢɳɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ. ȼ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɭɫɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɥɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɫɫ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɢɡ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ, ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ, ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ.

ɋɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ

ɀɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɤɚ (ɪɇ 8,5–9,0), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɢɡɶ, ɨɬɬɨɪɝɧɭɬɵɟ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɩɟɩɬɢɞɚɡɵ, ɥɢɩɚɡɚ, ɚɦɢɥɚɡɚ,

ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚɡɚ, ɤɚɬɟɩɫɢɧ, ɧɭɤɥɟɚɡɚ) ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɬɨɥɫɬɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɨɤɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɜ 8–10 ɪɚɡ.

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