2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014

ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ȼ 100 ɝ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ 16 ɝ ɚɡɨɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ 1 ɝ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɭ 6,25 ɝ ɛɟɥɤɚ. Ɂɚ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 3,7 ɝ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɦɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 3,7 u 6,25 = 23 ɝ, ɢɥɢ 0,028–0,075 ɝ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɧɚ 1 ɤɝ ɦɚɫ-

ɫɵ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ (ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɡɧɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ Ɋɭɛɧɟɪɚ).

Ɋɢɫ. 10.5. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ

ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɣ, ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɜɵɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɚɡɨɬɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ. ȿɫ-

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ɥɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɚɡɨɬɢɫɬɨɦ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ

(ɪɟɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ). Ɉɧ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ (ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ), ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɡɞɨɪɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩ-

ɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɡɨɬɢɫɬɵɦ ɛɚ-

ɥɚɧɫɨɦ. Ɉɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦɵɯ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɩɪɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɝɨɥɨɞɚɧɢɢ.

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,75 ɝ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɧɚ 1 ɤɝ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ 70 ɤɝ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 52,5 ɝ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɡɨɬɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɣ 85–90 ɝ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ. ɍ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɪɦɹɳɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɷɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɲɟ.

Ɉɛɦɟɧ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ

Ʌɢɩɢɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɷɮɢɪɚɦɢ ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧɚ ɢ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ. ɀɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɨɞɧɭ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ). Ʌɢɩɢɞɵ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 50% ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ (ɪɢɫ. 10.6). ɀɢɪɵ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɢɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 10–20% ɦɚɫɫɵ ɬɟɥɚ. ɂɡ ɧɢɯ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɠɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɟ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɟ, ɨɤɨɥɨɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɟ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ, ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɯɨɥɨɞɚ, ɩɪɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɨɜ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɨɤɨɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɩɢɳɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɟɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɞɟɩɨ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɧɟɣ-

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ɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɵ – ɬɪɢɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɵ, ɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ – ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɢɞɵ, ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧ ɢ ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ, ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɬɟɪɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ, ɠɟɥɱɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɝɥɚɧɞɢɧɨɜ.

Ɋɢɫ. 10.6. Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɠɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ:

ɐ – ɰɟɧɬɪɵ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɠɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɦɟɧ; ɌȽ – ɬɪɨɩɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ; Ɍɤ – ɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧ; Ʉɪ – ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɵ; ɉɝ – ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ; ɂɧ – ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧ; Ⱥɞɪ – ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ; Ʉɫ – ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ; Ʌɫ – ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ (Ⱥ.ȼ. Ʉɨɪɨɛɤɨɜ, ɋ.Ⱥ. ɑɟɫɧɨɤɨɜɚ, 1986)

Ʌɢɩɢɞɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ, ɜɫɨɫɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɢɡ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɭɩɚɤɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɨɰɢɬɚɯ ɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ (ɯɢɥɨɦɢɤɪɨɧɵ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ. ɉɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɥɢɩɚɡɵ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɹ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɯɢɥɨɦɢɤɪɨɧɨɜ – ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɢɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɵ – ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧɚ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ-

120

ɧɵɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɚɥɶɛɭɦɢɧɨɦ, ɚ ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɪɟɷɫɬɟɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɢɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɵ. Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɯɢɥɨɦɢɤɪɨɧɨɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɟɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɧɞɨɰɢɬɨɡɭ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɢɡɨɫɨɦɚɯ.

Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɨɥɟɜɨɣ, ɥɢɧɨɥɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɚɪɚɯɢɞɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɣ. ɗɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ. ɂɡ ɚɪɚɯɢɞɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɝɥɚɧɞɢɧɵ, ɩɪɨɫɬɚɰɢɤɥɢɧɵ, ɬɪɨɦɛɨɤɫɚɧɵ, ɥɟɣɤɨɬɪɢɟɧɵ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦɵɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɟɤ, ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤɨɠɢ, ɛɟɫɩɥɨɞɢɸ. Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦɵɯ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɢɯ ɭɫɜɨɹɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ. ɋɥɢɜɨɱɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ ɢ ɫɜɢɧɨɣ ɠɢɪ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ 93–98%, ɝɨɜɹɠɢɣ – ɧɚ 80–94%, ɩɨɞɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ – ɧɚ 86–90%, ɦɚɪɝɚɪɢɧ – ɧɚ 94–98%.

Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧ ɢ ɬɪɢɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɵ (ɠɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢ- ɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ. Ʌɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɵ – ɷɬɨ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɛɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɜɢɧɵ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ. ɋɟɪɞɰɟɜɢɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɟɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɥɢɩɢɞɵ – ɬɪɢɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɵ ɢ ɷɮɢɪɵ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɚ. Ɉɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ – ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɚ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɧɚɪɭɠɭ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɧɟɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɢɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɨɦ, – ɚɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɵ. Ⱥɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɨɜ. Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɵ.

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Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɨɜ (ɪɢɫ. 10.7): ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ (ɅɉɈɇɉ), ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɵ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ (Ʌɉɇɉ) ɢ ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ (Ʌɉȼɉ).

Ɋɢɫ 10.7. Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ (Ⱥ) ɢ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɚ (ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɨɥɚ) (Ȼ)

ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ ɪɟɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɢɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɵ ɢ ɷɮɢɪɵ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ –

ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɵ. Ʌɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɵ – ɦɧɨɝɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɨɧɨɫɥɨɟɦ ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ (ɚɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɚɦɢ), ɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɥɢɩɢɞɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɪɢɚɰɢɥɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɵ (Ɍɝ), ɏɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧ (ɏ) ɢ ɷɮɢɪɵ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɚ (ɗ). ȼ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɨɪɦ ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ: ɯɢɥɨɦɢɤɪɨɧɵ, ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ (ɅɉɈɇɉ), ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɵ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ (Ʌɉɇɉ) ɢ ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ (Ʌɉȼɉ)

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ɅɉɈɇɉ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ 5 ɚɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɨɜ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɢɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɚ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ ɤ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɪɢɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɨɜ ɨɧɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ Ʌɉɇɉ.

Ʌɉɇɉ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 70% ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɚ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧ ɤ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɚɦ, ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɦ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɦ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɯ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ Ʌɉɇɉ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɭɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɬɟɪɨɫɤɥɟɪɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɥɹɲɟɤ. ɅɉɈɇɉ ɢ Ʌɉɇɉ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ (ɬ.ɟ. ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɚɬɟɪɨɫɤɥɟɪɨɡɚ) ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɚɦɢ.

Ʌɉȼɉ – ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. ɂɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ, ɝɞɟ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɷɮɢɪɵ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɠɟɥɱɶɸ. Ʌɉȼɉ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɚɧɬɢɚɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ (ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɚɬɟɪɨɫɤɥɟɪɨɡɚ) ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɮɢɪɵ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɚ ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɫɬɟɪɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɚɯ.

Ɉɛɦɟɧ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ

ɍɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ – ɩɟɧɬɨɡɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɧɭɤɥɟɨɬɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ. Ƚɥɸɤɨɡɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ, ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɚ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ

123

ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɚ ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧɚ. ȼ ɠɟ- ɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɤɬɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɨɧɨɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ (ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ, ɮɪɭɤɬɨɡɵ, ɥɚɤɬɨɡɵ, ɝɚɥɚɤɬɨɡɵ). Ɇɨɧɨɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ, ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɨɪɨɬɧɭɸ ɜɟɧɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɮɪɭɤɬɨɡɚ ɢ ɝɚɥɚɤɬɨɡɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɭ. ȼɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɜ ɝɟɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɚɯ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɨɧɚ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɢɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɟɟ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ – ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ 150–200 ɝ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ, ɩɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ 12 ɱ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɩɢɳɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɫɬɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɝɥɸɤɨɧɟɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ – ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɢɡ ɥɚɤɬɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ. ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɡɚ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬ 400–500 ɝ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ 350–400 ɝ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥ, ɚ 50–100 ɝ – ɦɨɧɨ- ɢ ɞɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɵ. ɂɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɞɟɩɨɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɠɢɪɚ.

Ɉɛɦɟɧ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ

ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 73,2 ± 3% ɦɚɫɫɵ ɬɟɥɚ. ȼɨɞɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ. ɋɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 21 ɞɨ 43 ɦɥ/ɤɝ (ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 2400 ɦɥ) ɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɢɬɶɟ (~1200 ɦɥ), ɫ ɩɢɳɟɣ (~900 ɦɥ) ɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ~300 ɦɥ). Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ: ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɦɨɱɢ (~1400 ɦɥ), ɤɚɥɚ (~100 ɦɥ), ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɠɢ ɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ (~900 ɦɥ).

124

ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɧɨɣ, ɠɢɪɧɨɣ ɩɢɳɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ Nɚɋ1 ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ. ɉɢɳɚ, ɛɨɝɚɬɚɹ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɫɨɥɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɵ ɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ). ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɞɟɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɝɭɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɟ ɪɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɟɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ 20% ɦɚɫɫɵ ɬɟɥɚ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɥɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢɫɯɨɞɭ. ɂɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ, ɜɵɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɫɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɞɨɪɨɝɚɦɢ.

Ɉɛɦɟɧ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɢ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ. Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɫɢɧɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ) ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ Nɚ+, Ʉ+, ɋɚ2+ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ. ȼɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɣ.

Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

ȼ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ: ɩɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɚɧɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɚ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ – ɤɚɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ. ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɬɤɚɧɹɦɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɠɢɪɚ ɢɡ ɞɟɩɨ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɥɢɩɨɥɢɡ. ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɟɩɨɧɢ-

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ɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɠɢɪɨɜ. ɋɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧɨɥɢɡ ɢ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɚ ɩɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ – ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧɟɡ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɛɟɥɤɚ.

ɇɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ. ȼ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɪɨɝɚɯ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɢɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ. ȼ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ (ɞɧɨ IV ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚ) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ. Ʉɥɨɞ Ȼɟɪɧɚɪ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɭɤɨɥ ɢɝɥɨɣ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ («ɫɚɯɚɪɧɵɣ» ɭɤɨɥ) ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɭɪɢɸ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ ɜ ɦɨɱɟ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɟ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ (ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ), ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ. Ʌɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɹɞɪɚ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ, ɚ ɜɟɧɬɪɨɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɹɞɪɚ – ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɞɟɪ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɝɢɩɟɪɮɚɝɢɢ (ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɢɳɢ), ɚ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ – ɤ ɚɧɨɪɟɤɫɢɢ (ɨɬɤɚɡɭ ɨɬ ɟɞɵ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɳɟɧɢɹ). ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɜɟɧɬɪɨɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɞɟɪ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɚɧɨɪɟɤɫɢɢ, ɚ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ – ɤ ɝɢɩɟɪɮɚɝɢɢ ɢ ɨɠɢɪɟɧɢɸ. ɗɬɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɰɢɩɪɨɤɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ. Ʌɢɦɛɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɡɚ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɋɬɪɟɫɫ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɠɢɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ. ɍ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɢɩɟɪɝɥɢɤɟɦɢɹ. ɐɟɧɬɪɵ ɤɨɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɡɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ ɫɩɨɪɬɫɦɟɧɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ.

ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡɚ (ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ) ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ. ɇɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɨɬ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɐɇɋ, ɜ ɹɞɪɚɯ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ ɢ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬ-

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ɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ. ɂɦɩɭɥɶɫɚɰɢɹ, ɢɞɭɳɚɹ ɨɬ ɐɇɋ ɩɨ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɧɟɪɜɚɦ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ.

Ƚɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ. Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɦɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ (ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ, ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ, ɠɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ).

ɍɝɥɟɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɛɦɟɧ. ɂɧɫɭɥɢɧ (ɝɨɪɦɨɧ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ȕ-ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɨɜ Ʌɚɧɝɟɪɝɚɧɫɚ) ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧɟɡ (ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɜ ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ, ɬ.ɟ. ɞɟɩɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ), ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ƚɥɸɤɚɝɨɧ (Į-ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɨɜ Ʌɚɧɝɟɪɝɚɧɫɚ) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧɨɥɢɡɭ ɢ ɝɢɩɟɪɝɥɢɤɟɦɢɢ (ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ).

Ⱥɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ (ɝɨɪɦɨɧ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ) ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧɨɥɢɡ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɢɩɟɪɝɥɢɤɟɦɢɸ. Ʉɨɪɬɢɡɨɧ, ɝɢɞɪɨɤɨɪɬɢɡɨɧ, ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɫɬɟɪɨɧ (ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɵ – ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɤɨɪɵ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ) ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɢɩɟɪɝɥɢɤɟɦɢɸ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. ɋɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɢɡ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɢ ɠɢɪɨɜ (ɝɥɢɤɨɧɟɨɝɟɧɟɡ). Ⱥɞɪɟɧɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ (ɩɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ) ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɤɚɧɢ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ȺɄɌȽ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦ ɫ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɬɤɚɧɹɦɢ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɠɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɦɟɧ, ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɤ ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧɭ.

ɋɨɦɚɬɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ (ɋɌȽ, ɩɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ) ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɝɥɸɤɚɝɨɧɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧɚ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɢɩɟɪɝɥɢɤɟɦɢɸ ɢ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɭɪɢɸ.

Ɍɢɪɟɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ (ɩɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ) ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (ɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧɚ ɢ ɬɪɢɣɨɞɬɢɪɨɧɢɧɚ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɨɛɦɟɧ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɠɢɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ. ɗɬɢ

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