2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014

ȼɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɢɳɚ ɬɚɦ ɧɟ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɰɢɚɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɤɚɥɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɵ (ɷɮɢɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ, ɜɚɥɢɞɨɥ, ɧɢɬɪɨɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɦɢɧɭɹ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ ɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.

ȼɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ, ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɹ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɠɢɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɨɦ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ. ɍɠɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ 5–10 ɦɢɧ. ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ. Ȼɟɥɤɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ – ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɨɧɨɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ, ɠɢɪɵ – ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧɚ ɢ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ. ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɠɢɪɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ.

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɚɦ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɵ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɥɚ, ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ, ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɯɥɨɪɢɞɵ, ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ, ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɠɢɪɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɵ Ⱥ, D, ȿ, Ʉ. ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɢɡ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ, ɦɢɧɭɹ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɡɦ.

ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ (ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ), ɬɨ ɜɫɨɫɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɟɧɚɦ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ. Ʌɢɦɮɨɨɬɬɨɤ ɨɬ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɦ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦ ɜ ɦɥɟɱɧɭɸ ɰɢɫɬɟɪɧɭ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɭ ɥɢɦɮɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɩɨɥɭɸ ɜɟɧɭ.

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ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ, ɜɨɪɫɢɧɨɤ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɨɤ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚ 1 ɦɦ2 ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 30–40 ɜɨɪɫɢɧɨɤ, ɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɰɢɬ – 1700–4000 ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɨɤ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 200 ɦ2. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɚ – ɷɬɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɣ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ. Ɇɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɝɥɢɤɨɤɚɥɢɤɫɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɦɭɤɨɩɨɥɢɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɧɵɯ ɧɢɬɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɜɵɦɢ ɦɨɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 0,1 ɦɤɦ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɫɢɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɪɹɞɭ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɤ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɨɤ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɤɫɟɧɨɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ. Ƚɥɢɤɨɤɚɥɢɤɫ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɫɥɢɡɶɸ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɨɤ.

Ȼɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɪɫɢɧɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɬɨɳɚɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɨ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɯɢɦɭɫɚ – ɞɨ 6 ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɜ 1 ɦɢɧ. ȼ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɪɫɢɧɨɤ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɢɧɬɪɚɦɭɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ (ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ Ɇɟɣɫɧɟɪɚ).

ɗɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɢɳɢ, ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ, ɩɟɩɬɢɞɵ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɪɫɢɧɨɤ. ȼ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ – ɜɢɥɥɢɤɢɧɢɧ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɪɫɢɧɨɤ.

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ

Ⱦɥɹ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ – ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ, ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ – ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ.

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I. ɉɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɸ, ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɨɫɦɨɫ.

II. Ɉɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ.

III. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ.

Ⱦɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɦɮɟ. ɉɭɬɟɦ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɚɫɤɨɪɛɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɩɢɪɢɞɨɤɫɢɧ, ɪɢɛɨɮɥɚɜɢɧ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɵ.

Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ 8– 10 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ. ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɨɜɚɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ.

ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱ- ɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤɚɤɨɣɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɥɢ (ɩɨɜɚɪɟɧɧɨɣ, ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.), ɬɨ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɨɫɦɨɫɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ, ɬ.ɟ. ɢɡ ɢɡɨɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ – ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɚɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ. ɉɨ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɭ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ.

Ɉɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɨɜ, ɛɟɡ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɮɪɭɤɬɨɡɚ.

Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. ȼ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɤɚɤ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ, ɝɚɥɚɤɬɨɡɚ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɫɨɥɢ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɛɢɥɢɪɭɛɢɧ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɢ- ɢ ɬɪɢɩɟɩɬɢɞɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɨɧɵ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ.

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ɉɭɬɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧ ȼ12, ɢɨɧɵ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɧ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɨɦ.

Ɍɨɪɦɨɡɢɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɪɇ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɇ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ – ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ.

Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ. ȼɫɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ – ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ.

ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢ-

ɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɷɧɞɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ (ɩɢɧɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ ɢ ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ). ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɰɢɬɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɟɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɭ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɩɭɡɵɪɟɤ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɰɢɬɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɟ ɭ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɢɦɦɭɧɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧɨɜ, ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ, ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ.

ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨɞɚ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ, ɚɧɬɢɬɟɥɚ, ɚɥɥɟɪɝɟɧɵ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɪɛɰɢɟɣ.

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ

Ȼɟɥɤɢ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɚɡ – ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ, ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɨɥɢɝɨɩɟɩɬɢɞɨɜ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ; 50–60% ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɩɢɳɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɢ 30% – ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɭɫɚ ɞɨ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɨɦ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ (80–90%) ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 10% – ɜ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɦ, ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ.

ɍ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ (ɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧɵ) ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚ-

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ɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ.

Ⱥɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɪɝɢɧɢɧ, ɦɟɬɢɨɧɢɧ, ɥɟɰɢɬɢɧ, ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ – ɰɢɫɬɟɢɧ, ɮɟɧɢɥɚɥɚɧɢɧ, ɬɢɪɨɡɢɧ, ɚ ɟɳɟ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ – ɚɥɚɧɢɧ, ɫɟɪɢɧ, ɝɥɭɬɚɦɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧɵ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɢɧɨɰɢɬɨɡɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ – ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜ- ɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫ ɬɪɚɬɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɦɚɤɪɨɷɪɝɨɜ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ Na+ (cɢɦɩɨɪɬ ɫ Na+). Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ: 1) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ (ɜɚɥɢɧɚ, ɮɟɧɢɥɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ, ɚɥɚɧɢɧɚ); 2) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ (ɚɪɝɢɧɢɧɚ, ɰɢɫɬɟɢɧɚ, ɥɢɡɢɧɚ, ɨɪɧɢɬɢɧɚ); 3) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ (ɩɪɨɥɢɧɚ, ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɩɪɨɥɢɧɚ); 4) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ (ɝɥɭɬɚɦɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɚɫɩɚɪɚɝɢɧɚ). Ʉ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɥɢɰɢɧɚ.

Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɹ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤ (ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ).

Ⱥɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɰɢɬɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, ɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ.

Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɢ- ɢ ɬɪɢɩɟɩɬɢɞɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɞɢ- ɢ ɬɪɢɩɟɩɬɢɞɨɜ ɧɟɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɧ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ.

ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɚ. Ɉɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɜ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ.

ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ.

82

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ

ɍɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɨɧɨɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɨɜ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ ɢ ɝɚɥɚɤɬɨɡɚ (ɝɟɤɫɨɡɵ), ɩɟɧɬɨɡɵ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɢɳɚ, ɛɨɝɚɬɚɹ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɚɦɢ, ɬɨ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ. ɇɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɢ ɝɚɥɚɤɬɨɡɵ – ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ, ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɨɦ SGLT1 (Sodium Glucose Transporter 1).

Ȼɟɡ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɷɬɢ ɦɨɧɨɫɚɯɚɪɢɞɵ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ 100 ɪɚɡ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ, ɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ.

Ƚɥɸɤɨɡɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ, ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɟɣ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ Na+. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɟɣ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɚ –

GLUT2 ɢ GLUT5 (Glucose Transporter 2 ɢ 5). ɗɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɜɢɞ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɮɪɭɤɬɨɡɨɣ.

ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. Ⱥɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɰɢɬɚ, ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɭ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɭɟɬ ɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ. ȼ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɨɧ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ ɢ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɭ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤ ɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɤ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɰɢɬɚ, ɚ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɡɨɥɟ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ.

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ɉɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ, ɚ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ – ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ.

ɋɩɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ, ɫɬɜɨɥ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɩɨɞɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɤɨɪɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ.

83

Ƚɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɤɨɪɵ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ, ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɫɟɪɨɬɨɧɢɧ, ɚɰɟɬɢɥɯɨɥɢɧ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɚ ɝɢɫɬɚɦɢɧ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɫɬɚɬɢɧ – ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɸɬ.

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɪɨɜ

ɀɢɪɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɥɢɩɚɡɵ ɧɚ ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧ ɢ ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɬɨɳɟɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ɀɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɧɨ ɢɯ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɦɢ ɫɨɥɢ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ.

ɇɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɰɢɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɰɟɥɥɚ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɠɢɪɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɫ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɩɹɦɢ, ɠɟɥɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɢ ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧ. ȼ ɦɢɰɟɥɥɭ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧ ɢ ɠɢɪɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɵ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɦɢɰɟɥɥɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɰɢɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɬɪɚɬɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɦ ɛɟɥɤɨɦ. ȼ ɰɢɬɨɡɨɥɟ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɰɢɬɚ ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧ ɢ ɠɢɪɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɢɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɞɵ, ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɢɞɵ. ȼɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɵ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɭɸ ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɨɜɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɦɟɥɶɱɚɣɲɢɟ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 60–75 ɧɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɢɥɨɦɢɤɪɨɧɚɦɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɣɞɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɚɡɨɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ, ɦɢɧɭɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ, – ɜ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ.

ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɯɢɥɨɦɢɤɪɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɰɢɬɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɩɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ.

Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɠɢɪɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɢɦɮɭ, ɬɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɩɢɳɢ ɨɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɪɚ ɥɢɦɮɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɛɟɥɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɹ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ (ɦɥɟɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɤ).

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ. ɉɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ, ɚ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ. ɋɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɤɨɪɵ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱ-

84

ɧɢɤɨɜ, ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ ɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ȺɊUD-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɧ ɢ ɏɐɄ-ɉɁ.

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ

ȼɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɵ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɬɨɳɟɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ȼɢɬɚɦɢɧɵ ȼ1, ɋ, ɢ ȼ12 ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɚ ɋ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɣɞɟɧ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶ-

ɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤ SVTC1 (Sodium Vitamin C Transporter). ȼɢ-

ɬɚɦɢɧɭ ȼ2 ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤ (ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ).

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɪɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ Ⱥ, D, ȿ, Ʉ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɨɳɟɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɪɨɜ, ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ ɢɡ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɥɢɦɮɭ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɯ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɢɰɟɥɥ. ȼɢɬɚɦɢɧ Ⱥ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɷɮɢɪɵ ɫ ɠɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɥɢɦɮɭ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɯɢɥɨɦɢɤɪɨɧɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɪɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ.

ȼɢɬɚɦɢɧ ɋ ɢ ɪɢɛɨɮɥɚɜɢɧ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ. ȼɢɬɚɦɢɧ ȼ12 ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ Ʉɚɫɥɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ.

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ

ȼ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬ ɡɚ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɣ ɢ ɩɢɬɶɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ 2,0–2,5 ɥ ɜɨɞɵ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ 6–7 ɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɥɸɧɵ, ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ, ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɨɜ. ɋ ɤɚɥɨɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ 100–150 ɦɥ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɞɨ 9,5 ɥ ɜɨɞɵ. ɇɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ, ɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɜ ɬɨɧɤɨɦ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɦ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ.

ȼɨɞɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɨɦ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨ-

85

ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢɡɨɬɨɧɢɱɧɨ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɝɢɩɨɬɨɧɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɝɢɩɟɪɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɣ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɭ, ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɟɬ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ Nɚ+, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɛɥɨɤɚɬɨɪ ɧɚɬɪɢɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɨɭɛɚɢɧ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ.

ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ Nɚ+ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɤ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ. Ɍɨɤ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ, ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɨɞɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɠɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɳɟɥɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ.

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɢɬɶ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ ɮɥɨɪɢɰɢɧɨɦ, ɬɨ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ.

Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɇ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ – 6,8. ɇɚɪɤɨɡ (ɷɮɢɪ, ɯɥɨɪɨɮɨɪɦ) ɢ ɜɚɝɨɬɨɦɢɹ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ. Ɉɛ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɤɨɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ-ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ.

ȺɄɌȽ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɜ, ɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɢɧɬɟ-

ɫɬɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ (ɝɚɫɬɪɢɧ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɧ, ɏɐɄ-ɉɁ, ȼɂɉ,

ɛɨɦɛɟɡɢɧ, ɫɟɪɨɬɨɧɢɧ) ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɬɹ-

ɦɢ: ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɬɪɢɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ-ɤɚɥɢɟɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɳɟɥɢ. Ɂɚ 1 ɫɭɬ. ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱ-

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ɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɤɬɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1 ɦɨɥɹ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ Nɚ+ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ. Ɉɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ Nɚ+ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ Nɚ+ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɚɦɢ

ɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɦɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɚ-

ɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ. ɍɝɧɟɬɚɸɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɝɚɫɬɪɢɧ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɧ,

ɏɐɄ-ɉɁ.

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ Ʉ+ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɦ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɩɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɭ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧ ɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ.

ɏɥɨɪɢɞɵ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ. ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ Nɚ+, ɋɚ2+ ɢ Ʉ+. ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɚ – ɤɚɥɶɰɢɣɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɚ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɦ D3, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɠɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɋɚ2+ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ (ɋɚ2+-ȺɌɎɚɡɚ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ (ɚɧɬɢɩɨɪɬ 3 Na+/Ca2+) ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ

ɠɟɥɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ, ɧɚɬɪɢɟɦ, ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɚɦɢ. ɉɚɪɚɬɝɨɪɦɨɧ, ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ ɢ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɚɫɵ-

ɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ.

ɀɟɥɟɡɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɨɦ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ. ȼ ɷɧɬɟɪɨɰɢɬɚɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. Ɍɚɦ ɨɧ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɛɟɥɤɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɜɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ. ȼ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɛɟɥɨɤ – ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɪɢɬɢɧ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɂɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɢɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ.

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