2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014

ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ. ȼ ɡɜɟɡɞɱɚɬɨɦ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ, ɚɤɫɨɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ. Ɋɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.

Ɋɢɫ. 7.27. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ (ɫɯɟɦɚ) (ɩɨ ɋ.Ⱥ. ɑɟɫɧɨɤɨɜɨɣ):

Ƚɬ – ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫ; ɉɦ – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɵɣ ɦɨɡɝ; ɐɫɞ – ɰɟɧɬɪ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; ɋɞɰ – ɫɨɫɭɞɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ; ɋɰ – ɫɟɪɞɰɟ;

Ʉɫ – ɤɚɪɨɬɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɢɧɭɫ

ɋɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɣ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɪɨɝɚɯ ɋ8 – L2 ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ – ɷɬɨ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ; ɩɚɪɚ- ɢ ɩɪɟɜɟɪɬɟɛɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɢ – ɩɨɫɬɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ.

415

ȿɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɟɡɚɬɶ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɲɟɣɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɝɪɭɞɧɵɦ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ȺȾ, ɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ ɤɪɨɜɹɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɪɨɝɨɜ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɝɢɩɨɤɫɢɢ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɨɩɨɬɟɪɟɣ, ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.

Ȼɭɥɶɛɚɪɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ. ȼ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɢɧɝɢɛɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ), ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɹɞɪɭ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨ ɫɩɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ (ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ) ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɡɨɧɵ: ɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɭɸ

ɢɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɭɸ. ɉɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɨɪɫɨɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɪɨɦɛɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ. ȿɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ȺȾ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɑɋɋ. Ⱦɟɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɚɹ – ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɢ ɜɚɪɨɥɢɟɜɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɪɨɦɛɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ. ɉɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ. ɉɟɪɟɪɟɡɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɡɨɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɟɡɤɨɦɭ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ȺȾ. Ʌɸɛɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɤɚɤ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ, ɢɥɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ, ɢɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɨ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɟɪɜɚɦ ɤ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦ

ɢɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɰɢɸ, ɢɥɢ ɞɢɥɹɬɚɰɢɸ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ.

ɉɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɵɣ ɦɨɡɝ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɯɟɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ, ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɋɈ2 ɢ ɪɇ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɋɈ2 ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɯɟɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɚɡɨɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɋɈ2 ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ. Ⱥɰɢɞɨɡ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɯɟɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ, ɚɥɤɚɥɨɡ – ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɚɡɨɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɜɚɡɨɞɢɥɹɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ.

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Ƚɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ. ɗɬɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ȺȾ ɩɪɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ. Ɋɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɹɞɟɪ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ – ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.

Ʉɨɪɤɨɜɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ (ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ) ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. ɋɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɤɨɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɥɨɛɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɟɣ, ɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɡɨɧ ɤɨɪɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɬɦɚ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ. ɋɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɨɹɫɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɭ, ɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɨɤɨɥɨɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɚ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.

Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ

Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɢ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:

1)ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ, ɛɟɪɭɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ;

2)ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ.

ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɫ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ

ɫɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ.

417

Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɶɟ ɩɨɥɵɯ ɜɟɧ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɪɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɨɧ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɢɥɵ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɚ ɩɪɚɜɵɣ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɟɤ «ɪɚɡɝɪɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ» (ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ Ȼɟɣɧɛɪɢɞɠɚ).

ȼ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɫ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ: ɚɨɪɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɢɧɨɤɚɪɨɬɢɞ-

ɧɵɣ (ɪɢɫ. 7.28).

Ɋɢɫ. 7.28. Ⱥɨɪɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɢɧɨɤɚɪɨɬɢɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ (ɩɨ ɋ.Ⱥ. ɑɟɫɧɨɤɨɜɨɣ):

Ʉ – ɤɨɪɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ; Ƚɬ – ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫ; ɋɞɰ – ɫɨɫɭɞɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ; Cɦ – ɫɩɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ; Ƚɥ – ɝɚɧɝɥɢɣ; Ʉɫɢɧ – ɤɚɪɨɬɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɢɧɭɫ

418

ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɛɚɪɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɭɝɢ ɚɨɪɬɵ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ

ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɦɭ, ɢɥɢ ɚɨɪɬɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ, ɧɟɪɜɭ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦɭ ɂ.Ɏ. ɐɢɨ-

ɧɨɦ ɢ Ʉ. Ʌɸɞɜɢɝɨɦ (1866), ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ) ɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ. ɂɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɩɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤ ɫɟɪɞɰɭ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɬ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɜɚɡɨɞɢɥɹɬɚɬɨɪɚɦ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. Ȼɪɚɞɢɤɚɪɞɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɸ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɨɪɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ, ɢɞɭɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɵɣ ɦɨɪɡɝ ɩɨ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɧɟɪɜɭ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɢ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ.

ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɚɹ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ Ƚ. Ƚɟɪɢɧɝɨɦ (1923). Ɋɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɪɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɤɚɪɨɬɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɭɫɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɢɮɭɪɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɭɸ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɧɨɤɚɪɨɬɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ, ɢɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɚɨɪɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɟ.

ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɛɚɪɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɚɨɪɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɢɧɨɤɚɪɨɬɢɞɧɚɹ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɯɟɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ, ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɈ2 ɢ ɪɇ ɤɪɨɜɢ. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɈ2 ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɷɬɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ, ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɫɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɈ2 ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɢ ɯɟɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɢɲɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɨɥɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɤɚɪɞɢɢ.

419

ȼ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹɯ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɛɚɪɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ – ɷɬɨ ɥɟɝɨɱɧɚɹ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɑɋɋ, ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ȺȾ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɤɪɭɝɟ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɥɟɡɟɧɤɢ (ɞɟɩɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɜɚɡɨɞɢɥɹɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ. ɗɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ (ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɉɚɪɢɧɚ).

ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɹ ɜ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ȺȾȽ (ɜɚɡɨɩɪɟɫɫɢɧɚ) ɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ, ɷɬɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɢɭɪɟɡ, ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ (ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ Ƚɟɧɪɢ–Ƚɚɭɷɪɚ).

Ɋɚɡɞɭɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɯ ɫɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ – ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɸɬ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɤ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

Ʉ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚɦ (ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ) ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ Ƚɨɥɶɰɚ – ɷɬɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɛɪɚɞɢɤɚɪɞɢɹ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɞɚɪɟ ɜ ɷɩɢɝɚɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ. ɐɟɧɬɪɨɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɱɪɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɜ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɵɣ ɦɨɡɝ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɹɞɟɪ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ.

ɍɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ 10–20 ɜ 1 ɦɢɧ. ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɡɧɵɟ ɹɛɥɨɤɢ – ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɚɝɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ Ⱦɚɧɢɧɢ–Ⱥɲɧɟɪɚ.

Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɨɠɢ (ɷɤɫɬɟɪɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ (ɢɧɬɟɪɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ) – ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɣ. ɗɦɨɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.

420

Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɚɪɞɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ – ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ (ɨɩɢɫɚɧ ɜɵɲɟ).

Ɏɨɧɨɤɚɪɞɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ – ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɧɨɜ (I, II, III, IV) ɢ ɜ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ – ɲɭɦɨɜ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɨɧɚ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ.

Ȼɚɥɥɢɫɬɨɤɚɪɞɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ – ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɦ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ.

Ⱦɢɧɚɦɨɤɚɪɞɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ – ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɜ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ.

ȼɟɤɬɨɪɤɚɪɞɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ – ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ.

ɗɯɨɤɚɪɞɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ – ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ, ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ. ɉɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɟ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɭɱɚ, ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɜ.

Ɋɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ – ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ (ɩɪɢ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɟ) ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɢ ɞɢɚɫɬɨɥɟ) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɤɪɢɜɭɸ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɥɶɫɚ. Ɋɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɥɶɫɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ.

ɉɥɟɬɢɡɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ – ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɵ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ

421

ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɢɚɫɬɨɥɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɥɟɬɢɡɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɥɶɫɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɨɤɤɥɸɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɬɢɡɦɨ-

ɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ.

Ɉɪɝɚɧɧɨɟ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ

Ʉɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɨɟ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ

Ʉɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 250 ɦɥ/ɦɢɧ., ɢɥɢ 4–5% ɨɬ ɆɈɄ. ɉɪɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ ɜ 4–5 ɪɚɡ. Ɉɛɟ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɬ ɚɨɪɬɵ. ɉɪɚɜɚɹ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɚɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹ ɫɧɚɛɠɚɟɬ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚ, ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚ, ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɟ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɦɟɠɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ. Ʌɟɜɚɹ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɚɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹ ɩɢɬɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɟ. Ɉɬɬɨɤ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɨɬ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɵɣ ɫɢɧɭɫ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɟ (80–85% ɜɫɟɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ). Ɉɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɨɬɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɵɦ ɜɟɧɚɦ ɢ ɜɟɧɚɦ Ɍɟɛɟɡɢɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ. ɉɪɢ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɨɤɚɪɞɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɜ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ȼɴɟɫɫɟɧɢɚ ɢ ɜɟɧ Ɍɟɛɟɡɢɹ.

Ɇɟɥɶɱɚɣɲɢɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɦɢɨɤɚɪɞɚ, ɫɨɨɛɳɚɹɫɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɜ ɫɭɛɷɧɞɨɤɚɪɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɹ. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 20 ɦ2 ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ

(3000–4000 ɜ 1 ɦɦ3 ).

Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɤɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 50% ɨɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ 50% ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɟ.

422

ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɟɬ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɧ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɚɬɟɪɨɫɤɥɟɪɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɥɹɲɟɤ. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɟɣɥɨɧɵ, ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɧɚ. ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɟɣɥɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɚɬɟɪɨɫɤɥɟɪɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɥɹɲɟɤ.

Ʉɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɮɚɡ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɵ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɦɢɨɤɚɪɞɟ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚ) ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɢɚɫɬɨɥɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɟɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɠɚɬɢɟɦ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɢɚɫɬɨɥɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɦɢɨɤɚɪɞɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ.

Ʉɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɨɪɬɟ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɨɪɬɟ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ – ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ.

ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɬɨɤɭ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɨ ɧɢɦ – «ɥɟɝɨɱɧɨɟ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ» (ɩɪɢ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ, ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɟ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ).

Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ. Ƚɢɩɨɤɫɢɹ – ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ. ɋɟɪɞɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ Ɉ2 (60–70%). ɉɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɦɢɨɤɚɪɞɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 8–10 ɦɥ ɧɚ 100 ɝ ɟɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜ 1 ɦɢɧ., ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɨɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ Ɉ2, ɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ Ɉ2 ɧɚ 5% ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɚɧɨɤɫɢɢ (ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ Ɉ2 ɤ ɫɟɪɞɰɭ) ɟɝɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɸɬ, ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ 6–10 ɦɢɧ. ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ: ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ȺɌɎ ɢ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɧɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɚɤɬɚɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɋɈ2 ɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɨɫɥɟ 30-ɦɢɧɭɬɧɨɣ ɚɧɨɤɫɢɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɪɚ-

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ɬɢɦɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɵɲɰɟ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ: 30 ɦɢɧ. – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɪɟɚɧɢɦɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɭɞɭɲɶɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɪɟɚɧɢɦɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɪɨɱɟ (8–10 ɦɢɧ.), ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɆɈɄ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ.

ɇɟɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ ɭɥɭɱ-

ɲɚɟɬ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ, ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɜ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɨɥɢ ɜ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ D- ɢ E-ɚɞɪɟɧɟɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɝɨɧɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɛɥɨɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ D-ɚɞɪɟɧɟɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ, ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ, ɬɚɤ ɢ E-ɚɞɪɟɧɟɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɚɡɨɞɢɥɹɬɚɰɢɢ.

ɋɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ (ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɥɚɛɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɤ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢɧɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɦɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɭ, ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɤ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɨɱɶɸ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɜɚɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ.

ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɪɨɧɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ (ɬɚɯɢɤɚɪɞɢɹ)

ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ.

Ƚɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ. Ⱥɞ-

ɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ ɢ ɧɨɪɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ,

ɚɰɟɬɢɥɯɨɥɢɧ – ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ, ɛɪɚɞɢɤɢɧɢɧ, ɩɪɨɫɬɚɝɥɚɧɞɢɧɵ

ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɚɞɟɧɨɡɢɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɵ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɨɦ, ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɈ2 ɜ ɦɢɨɤɚɪɞɟ. ɍɥɭɱɲɚɸɬ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ: ɦɨɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɋɈ2, ɇ+ ɢɨɧɵ, ɋɚ2+, NɈ (ɨɤɢɫɶ ɚɡɨɬɚ). ɉɟɪɟɞɨɡɢ-

ɪɨɜɤɚ ɢɨɧɨɜ Ʉ+ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬ ɤɨɪɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ.

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