2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014

ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɬɵɥɨɱɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ, ɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ, ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ (ɩɨɥɟ 17), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɨɧɚɦɢ (ɩɨɥɹ 18 ɢ 19) ɤɨɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ.

ɍɠɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ, ɤɚɤ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɰɜɟɬ, ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ.

ȼ ɩɨɞɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ, ɜɵɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ, ɤɨɥɨɧɨɤ – ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ.

Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɦ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɤɨɥɨɧɨɤ. Ȼɢɧɨɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ, ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɹ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɥɟɜɚ.

Ⱦɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɩɨɥɹ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ. ɉɨ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɨɥɹ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ.

Ⱦɟɮɟɤɬ ɩɨɥɹ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɬɪɚɬɚ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɟɦ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɬɨɦɨɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɤɨɬɨɦɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɝɥɚɡɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ, ɬɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɫɥɟɩɨɬɚ ɢɩɫɢɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɡɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ – ɬɨ ɫɤɨɬɨɦɚ. ɉɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɚɡɦɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɚɤɫɨɧɵ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɝɥɚɡ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɸ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧ

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ɩɨɥɟɣ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɝɥɚɡ – ɷɬɨ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɧɢɦɧɚɹ, ɛɢɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɟɦɢɚɧɨɩɫɢɹ (ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɧɚɹ ɫɥɟɩɨɬɚ). ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɚ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ (ɩɪɚɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɥɟɜɵɟ) ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɨɥɹ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ – ɷɬɨ ɝɨɦɨɧɢɦɧɚɹ (ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹ) ɝɟɦɢɚɧɨɩɫɢɹ.

ɐɜɟɬɨɜɨɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɟ

ɐɜɟɬɨɜɨɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɟ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɵɦ – ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɦ ɰɜɟɬɨɦ (ɞɥɢɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɨɬ 400 ɧɦ) ɢ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɵɦ – ɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ ɰɜɟɬɨɦ (ɞɥɢɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɵ 700 ɧɦ) ɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɚ. ȼɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɰɜɟɬɚ: ɫɢɧɢɣ, ɠɟɥɬɵɣ, ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ, ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɵɣ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɜɨɥɧɵ.

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ – ɬɪɟɯɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɨɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ, ɢɥɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɬɪɢɯɪɨɦɚɡɢɢ Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜɚ–ɘɧɝɚ–Ƚɟɥɶɦɝɨɥɶɰɚ–Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ, ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɤɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɜɢɞɚ ɤɨɥɛɨɱɟɤ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ, ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɢɧɟ-ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɣ ɰɜɟɬɚ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɛɨɱɟɤ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ. Ɋɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɤɨɥɛɨɱɟɤ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ. ɑɟɪɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɨɳɭɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɨɥɛɨɱɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ.

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ, ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɢɥɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨɩɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ ɗ. Ƚɟɪɢɧɝɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɨɱɤɚɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɚɪ ɫɜɟɬɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɛɟɥɨɱɟɪɧɨɟ, ɤɪɚɫɧɨ-ɡɟɥɟɧɨɟ, ɠɟɥɬɨ-ɫɢɧɟɟ), ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɯ ɥɭɱɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ, ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ, ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɟ ɥɭɱɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɱɟɪɧɵɟ, ɡɟɥɟɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɢɧɢɟ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ. Ʌɸɞɢ ɫ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɰɜɟɬɨɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚɦɢ. ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɚɹ ɫɥɟɩɨɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ Ⱦ. Ⱦɚɥɶɬɨɧɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɚɦ ɟɸ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɥ (ɞɚɥɶɬɨɧɢɡɦ). ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɚɥɶɬɨɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɬ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ (8%) ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 0,5% –

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ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ. ȿɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɧɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɨɣ ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɯ-ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɟ.

Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ: 1. ɉɪɨɬɚɧɨɩɢɹ, ɢɥɢ ɞɚɥɶɬɨɧɢɡɦ, – ɫɥɟɩɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ. Ʌɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ «ɤɪɚɫɧɨɫɥɟɩɵɦɢ». 2. Ⱦɟɣɬɟɪɚɧɨɩɢɹ – ɫɥɟɩɨɬɚ ɧɚ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ. Ɍɚɤɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɫɥɟɩɵɦɢ». 3. Ɍɪɢɬɚɧɨɩɢɹ – ɪɟɞɤɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɹ, ɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɧɢɣ ɢ ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɣ ɰɜɟɬɚ. ɗɬɢ ɥɸɞɢ «ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɫɥɟɩɵɟ». 4. Ⱥɯɪɨɦɚɡɢɹ – ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɚɹ ɫɥɟɩɨɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɛɨɱɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ. ȼɫɟ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɟɪɨɝɨ. Ⱥɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ Ɋɚɛɤɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ – ɚɧɨɦɚɥɨɫɤɨɩɨɜ.

ȼɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ

Ɉɫɬɪɨɬɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɥɚɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨ. ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɡ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɫɜɟɬɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ 1º, ɨɫɬɪɨɬɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɡɭɫ (visus) ɪɚɜɟɧ 1,0. Ɉɫɬɪɨɬɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɮɢɝɭɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ.

ɉɪɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɟ ɨɧ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɪɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɹɦɤɭ, ɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɪɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɦ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɟɦ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɚ (ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ). Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɥɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɝɥɚɡ. Ɉɧɨ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɢɞɢɚɧɚɯ, ɤɧɢɡɭ ɢ ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɤɧɭɬɪɢ ɢ ɤɜɟɪɯɭ. ɋɚɦɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɫɚɦɨɟ ɭɡɤɨɟ – ɞɥɹ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ, ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟ – ɞɥɹ ɫɢɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ.

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Ɉɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɢ-

ɧɨɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɡɪɟɧɢɟɦ. ɍ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɟ (ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɵɟ) ɬɨɱɤɢ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ, ɚ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ, ɞɚɜɚɹ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɫɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɨɤ, ɬɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɜɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɡ ɫɛɨɤɭ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɞɜɨɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɨɤ.

ɋɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ

ɋɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɫɢɥɨɣ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ.

ɉɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɥɭɯɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ (ɪɢɫ. 13.10): 1) ɡɜɭɤɨɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ (ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɟ ɭɯɨ); 2) ɡɜɭɤɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɭɯɨ); 3) ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ (ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɭɯɨ).

ɇɚɪɭɠɧɨɟ ɭɯɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɭɲɧɨɣ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɵ, ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ. ɍɲɧɚɹ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɚ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɥɨɤɚɬɨɪɭ, ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɯ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ. ɗɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (ɫɨɛɚɤ, ɤɨɲɟɤ, ɥɟɬɭɱɢɯ ɦɵɲɟɣ), ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɭɲɧɨɣ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɡɜɭɤɚ.

ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɩɪɨ-

ɜɨɞɢɬ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɤɟ ɢ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɬɨɪɚ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 3000–3500 Ƚɰ. ɉɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɭɯɨ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɤ 3000 Ƚɰ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɤɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɇɚɪɭɠɧɨɟ ɭɯɨ ɜɵɩɨɥ-

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ɧɹɟɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɨɯɪɚɧɹɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɭɯɚ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɤɢ. ɋɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɰɟɪɭɦɢɧɨɡɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɲɧɭɸ ɫɟɪɭ – ɜɨɫɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ.

Ɋɢɫ. 13.10. ɉɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ – ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɟ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɭɯɨ (Ⱥ) ɢ ɤɨɪɬɢɟɜ ɨɪɝɚɧ (Ȼ)

233

ɇɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɭɯɨɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɤɚ – ɷɬɨ ɦɚɥɨɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɪɚɫɬɹɠɢɦɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 66–69,5 ɦɦ2. Ɉɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɤɨɧɭɫɚ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɨɣ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɯɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɤɢ – ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɭɯɨ.

Ʉɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɭɯɨ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɰɟɩɶ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɨɱɟɤ: ɦɨɥɨɬɨɱɤɚ, ɧɚɤɨɜɚɥɶɧɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɟɱɤɚ. Ɋɭɤɨɹɬɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɬɨɱɤɚ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɚ ɤ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɤɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɟɱɤɚ – ɤ ɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɤɧɭ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɭɯɨ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɨɱɟɤ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ ɭɥɢɬɤɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 20 ɪɚɡ.

ȼɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɭɯɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ: ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɧɚɬɹɝɢ-

ɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɤɭ (m. tensor tympani), ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢ-

ɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɬɪɨɣɧɢɱɧɵɦ ɧɟɪɜɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɤ ɪɭɱɤɟ ɦɨɥɨɬɨɱɤɚ, ɢ ɫɬɚɩɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ (m. stapedius), ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɥɢɰɟɜɵɦ ɧɟɪɜɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɤ ɫɬɪɟɦɟɱɤɭ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɵ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɤɢ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɭɯɚ. ɗɬɢ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɩɪɢ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 90 ɞȻ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɡɤɢɯ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɵɯ ɡɜɭɤɚɯ (ɭɞɚɪ ɜ ɤɨɥɨɤɨɥ) ɷɬɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɧɟ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ.

ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɩɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɠɟɜɚɧɢɢ, ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɢ, ɡɟɜɚɧɢɢ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɱɢ ɢ ɩɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɢɡɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɟ ɡɜɭɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɭɯɭ.

ȼɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɯɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɦɭ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɤɢ. ɍɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɢ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɢ) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɟɜɫɬɚɯɢɟɜɚ ɬɪɭɛɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɧɨɫɨɝɥɨɬɤɭ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɯɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɟ) ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ

234

ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɯɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɸ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɤɢ ɢ «ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɭɲɟɣ», ɫɧɢɠɚɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɡɜɭɤɚ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɭɯɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɟɱɤɚ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɭɯɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɥɚɛɢɪɢɧɬɨɜ, ɜ

ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ (ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɤɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ) ɢ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ. Ʉ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɭɥɢɬɤɚ.

Ɋɢɫ. 13.11. ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɭɥɢɬɤɢ:

1 – ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ; 2 – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɚ; 3 – ɬɟɤɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ; 4 – ɤɥɟɬɤɢ Ƚɟɧɡɟɧɚ; 5 – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ; 6 – ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɚ; 7 – ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ; 8 – ɥɢɦɛ; 9 – ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɣ; 10 – ɬɢɦɩɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɚ; 11 – ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɤɚ; 12 – ɜɨɥɨɫɤɢ (ɫɬɟɪɟɨɰɢɥɢɢ) ɭ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ

ɍɥɢɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ, ɡɚɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɢ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɥɢɧɭ 3,5 ɦɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 2,5 ɡɚɜɢɬɤɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɨɣ. Ɉɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚɦɢ: ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ Ɋɟɣɫɧɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɯɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ: ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɭɸ, ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ (ɪɢɫ. 13.11). ȼɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɢ ɛɚ-

ɪɚɛɚɧɧɚɹ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ ɭ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɭɥɢɬɤɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨ-

235

ɛɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɟɥɢɤɨɬɪɟɦɭ. Ɉɛɟ ɷɬɢ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɩɟɪɢɥɢɦɮɨɣ, ɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɫɨ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ (ɨɤɨɥɨ

140 ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɥ).

ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɷɧɞɨɥɢɦɮɨɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɨɧɨɜ Ʉ+ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 155 ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɥ) ɢ ɦɚɥɨ Na+ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 2 ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɥ) ɢ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ ɷɧɞɨɥɢɦɮɵ (ɨɤɨɥɨ +80 ɦȼ) ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɟɪɢɥɢɦɮɟ. ɗɧɞɨɥɢɦɮɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɤɚ, ɟɟ ɨɬɬɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɷɧɞɨɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɜ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɵɟ ɫɢɧɭɫɵ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɭɯɨɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ – ɤɪɭɝɥɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ, ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ.

ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɤɨɪɬɢɟɜ ɨɪɝɚɧ – ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɰɢɥɢɢ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 3500, ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɹɞ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɢɯ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 15 000. Ɉɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɐɇɋ ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɲɭɦɵ, ɝɪɨɦɤɚɹ ɦɭɡɵɤɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɫɥɭɯɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ. ɋɥɭɯɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ – ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ.

ɇɚɞ ɤɨɪɬɢɟɜɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɟɤɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ (ɩɨɤɪɨɜɧɚɹ) ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ – ɠɟɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɤɨɪɬɢɟɜɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ ɭɥɢɬɤɢ. ɋɬɟɪɟɨɰɢɥɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɢ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɬɟɤɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɧɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ ɫɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ.

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ɇɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɤɚ – ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦ ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟɦ. ȿɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɭɥɢɬɤɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɷɧɞɨɥɢɦɮɵ. Ʉɚɥɢɟɜɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɷɧɞɨɥɢɦɮɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɢɭɪɟɬɢɤɢ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɤɢ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɨɬɨɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɝɥɭɯɨɬɟ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ. ȼɛɥɢɡɢ ɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ ɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɥɢɬɤɢ ɨɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ 0,04 ɦɦ, ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɨɧɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ

ɭɝɟɥɢɤɨɬɪɟɦɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɭɠɟ 0,5 ɦɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɧɚɬɹɧɭɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ. ȼɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɥɢɬɤɢ, ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɭɧɵ-ɪɟɡɨɧɚɬɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɡɜɭɤɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ, ɚ

ɭɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ – ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ.

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ

Ɂɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɨɱɟɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɯɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɩɪɨɝɢɛɚɹɫɶ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɥɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɥɢɦɮɵ ɜ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɟɥɢɤɨɬɪɟɦɭ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɚɯ. Ʉɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɥɢɦɮɵ ɞɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɭɯɭ. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɥɢɦɮɵ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰ (ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ) ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɞɨɥɢɦɮɭ ɢ ɛɚɡɢɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ (ɪɢɫ. 13.12). ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɭɯɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɢɡɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɟ ɡɜɭɤɢ (ɞɨ 1000 Ƚɰ), ɬɨ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ƚ. Ȼɟɤɟɲɢ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɡɢɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ, ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɭɥɢɬɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɥɢɦɮɵ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ

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