ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨɛ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɪɚɧɚɯ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɨɜ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ: ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ – ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɫɪɚɡɭ, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ (ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ).
Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɬɨɬ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɚɯ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ (ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɦɨɰɢɹ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɠɢɜɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɦ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɭɸ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɦɨɰɢɟɣ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɥɢ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ, ɞɪɭɝɚɹ – ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɞɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɜɬɨɪɚɹ – ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɭɸ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ (ɱɚɫɬɢɰɭ) ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɭɦɚ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɚ (ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ).
ȼɵɞɜɢɧɭɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɝɨɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɨɜ (Ʉ.ȼ. ɋɭɞɚɤɨɜ, 1997). ɉɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɫ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ (ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ). Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɚɹ ɤ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɥɨɝɪɚɦɦ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɱɚɬɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɱɟɪɟɞɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɜɟɬɥɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɦɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɝɨɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɪɚɧ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɢɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɤ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɢɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ (ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɚɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ) ɨɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ.
Ɋɨɥɶ ɝɨɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɵ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ – ɦɢɰɟɥɥɵ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɝɨɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ – ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɷɤɪɚɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɚɦɢ ɝɥɢɢ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ, ȾɇɄ ɢ ɊɇɄ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ɇɨɡɝ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚɦ ɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɦɨɡɝɚ
Ⱥɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ (ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ XIX ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ, ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɪɟɱɟɜɵɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɦ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɨɦ ɉ. Ȼɪɨɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ 1863 ɝ. ɫɨɨɛɳɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɯ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɟɣ ɪɟɱɢ (ɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɚɮɚɡɢɟɣ), ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɥɨɛɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɟ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɥɨɛɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɪɟɱɢ, ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ Ȼɪɨɤɚ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ Ʉ. ȼɟɪɧɢɤɟ (1876) ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɵ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ɡɨɧɚ ȼɟɪɧɢɤɟ) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɱɢ – ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɚɮɚɡɢɢ.
Ƚ. Ʌɢɩɦɚɧ, (1900) ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɛɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɟ (ɚɩɪɚɤɫɢɹ), ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɱɢ. Ⱥɮɚɡɢɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɥɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟ (ɭ ɩɪɚɜɲɟɣ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɦ (ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɵɦ) ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɱɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟ – ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɦ (ɫɭɛɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɵɦ). ɋɱɢɬɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟ (ɭ ɩɪɚɜɲɟɣ) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ «ɦɨɥɱɚɳɢɦ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟɦ».
ȼ 30-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ XX ɜ. ɫɬɚɥɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ. Ȼɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɬ.
ɋ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɭɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɝɧɨɡɢɹ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɚ (ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɥɢɰɨ), ɯɨɬɹ ɭɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ.
Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɦɢ Ɋ. ɋɩɟɪɪɢ (60-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ XX ɜ.), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɧɚɜɵɤɚ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟɦ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɟɤɚɥɢ ɦɨɡɨɥɢɫɬɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ (ɩɭɱɨɤ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ) ɭ ɤɨɲɟɤ ɢ ɨɛɟɡɶɹɧ, ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɥɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɝɥɚɡ ɢ ɭɱɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫ «ɧɟɨɛɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ» ɝɥɚɡɚ ɫɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɩɨɜɹɡɤɭ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɜɚɥɢ ɟɟ ɧɚ «ɨɛɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ». Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɭɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɟɨɛɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɥɚɡ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ. Ɉɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶ ɞɜɭɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦ (ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɚɡɞɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ). ɗɬɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɢ ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ: ɩɟɪɟɪɟɡɤɚ ɦɨɡɨɥɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɢɡɛɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɷɩɢɥɟɩɫɢɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɤɨɜ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɭ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɪɚɡɞɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɨɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɣɞɵ ɫ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɱɚɥɢ, ɚ ɥɟɜɨɟ – ɧɚ ɫɥɚɣɞɵ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 14.14). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɨɩɨɡɧɚɟɬ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɢɰɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ (ɧɟɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ) ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ – ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ. ɉɪɚɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɦɢɪ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɢ, ɚ ɥɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɷɬɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ (ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ), ɚ ɥɟɜɨɟ ɦɵɫɥɢɬ (ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ).
Ɉɛɚ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɭ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ, ɚ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ – ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ. ȼɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ. ɉɪɚɜɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɟɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɨɧɚɰɢɟɣ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ. ɉɪɚɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɫɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɥɟɜɨɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɵ ɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɬɟɥɚ.
Ɋɢɫ. 14.14. Ⱥɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ (ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹɯ):
I – ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɟɱɢ; II – ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ; III – ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ; IV – ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ; V – ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ
(Ⱥ.ȼ. Ʉɨɪɨɛɤɨɜ, ɋ.Ⱥ. ɑɟɫɧɨɤɨɜɚ, 1986)
Ɉɛɚ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɷɣɮɨɪɢɹ, ɫɦɟɯ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɩɪɢ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɫɫɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɧɵ. ɗɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɛɟɫɩɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɹ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟ ɦɨɡɝɚ.
ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɭɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɧɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɨɣ, ɧɟɜɟɪɛɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɨɣ (ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ) ɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ, ɹɫɧɚɹ, ɩɨɧɹɬɧɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɦɨɰɢɣ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɷɦɨɰɢɣ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɨɣ ɢ ɥɢɦɛɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɟɰɢɩɪɨɤɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ. ɉ.ȼ. ɋɢɦɨɧɨɜ (1997) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɵɣ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɟɨɤɨɪɬɟɤɫ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ, ɯɪɚɧɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɚ ɥɟɜɵɣ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɟɨɤɨɪɬɟɤɫ – ɫ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɟɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ, ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɫɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɧɚɤ. ɉɪɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ.
Ʌɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ (ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ), ɨɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɱɶ, ɟɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚɦɢ. ɉɪɚɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ, ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ. Ʌɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɱɟɬɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɚ
ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ: ɥɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɵɟ, ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟ ɡɚ ɢɧɬɭɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ, ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ. ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɦɨɡɝɚ.
ɊȿɄɈɆȿɇȾɍȿɆȺə ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ
ȼɥɚɫɨɜɚ ɂ.Ƚ., Ɍɨɪɲɢɧ ȼ.ɂ. Ⱥɥɶɛɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɯ, ɫɯɟɦɚɯ, ɰɢɮɪɚɯ. – Ɇ., 1998.
ȼɥɚɫɨɜɚ ɂ.Ƚ., ɑɟɫɧɨɤɨɜɚ ɋ.Ⱥ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɨɪɝɚ-
ɧɢɡɦɚ: Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ. – Ɇ.,1998.
Ʉɨɪɨɛɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ., ɑɟɫɧɨɤɨɜɚ ɋ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɬɥɚɫ ɩɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ. – Ɇ., 1986.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ȼ 2-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ȼ.ɂ. Ɍɤɚ-
ɱɟɧɤɨ. – ɋɉɛ., 1994.
Ɉɪɥɨɜ Ɋ.ɋ., ɇɨɡɞɪɚɱɟɜ Ⱥ.Ⱦ. ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ:
ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ. –Ɇ., 2005.
Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ȼ 3-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ɋ. ɒɦɢɞ-
ɬɚ, Ƚ. Ɍɟɜɫɚ. – Ɇ., 1996.
Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɇ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɝɚɞɠɚɧɹɧɚ, ȼ.ɂ. ɐɢɪɤɢɧɚ. – ɋɉɛ., 1998.
Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: Ʉɭɪɫ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ʉ.ȼ. ɋɭɞɚɤɨɜɚ. – Ɇ., 2000.
Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ȼ.Ɇ. ɋɦɢɪ-
ɧɨɜɚ. – Ɇ., 2001.
Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ʉ.ȼ. ɋɭɞɚɤɨɜɚ. – ɂɪɤɭɬɫɤ, 2003.
Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ. / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ȼ.Ɇ. ɉɨɤɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, Ƚ.Ɏ. Ʉɨɪɨɬɶɤɨ. – Ɇ., 2003.
Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ʉɚɦɤɢɧɚ, Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ. – Ɇ., 2004.
355
Illustrated Physiology / B.R. Mackenna, R.Callander. Sixth edition. – New York, Edinburg, London, Madrid, Tokyo, 1997.
Stuart J. Fox. Human physiology. – WCB and OxfordEngland, 1993.
Textbook of Medical Physiology. Eleventh edition / A.C. Guyton, M.D. – Philadelphia-London-Toronto-Tokyo, 2006.
356
ɈȽɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ
Ɍ Ɉ Ɇ I
ɉɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɟ..............................................................................
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ...........................................................
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 1. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ɇ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɝɚɠɞɚɧɹɧ).....................................................
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 2 . Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ (ȼ.ɂ. Ɍɨɪɲɢɧ)......
ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ……………………….
Ȼɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ.
Ɇɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ...................................................................
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ. ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
ɉɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ.....................................
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ..................................
Ɂɚɤɨɧɵ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ.......................................
Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ..........................................
Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɢɧɚɩɫɨɜ........................................................................
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɧɚɩɫɵ………………………………………
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɧɚɩɫɵ…………………………………………..
Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɦɵɲɰ.............................................................................
ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨ-ɩɨɥɨɫɚɬɵɟ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ………………….
Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ………………………………………………..
Ƚɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ.........................................................................
Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ…………………………………….
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3 . Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
(ȼ.ɂ. Ɍɨɪɲɢɧ)……………………………………………………….
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ………………………………...........................
ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ.......................................................
Ƚɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ.............................................................................
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ........................................................
Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ.................................................
ɇɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ................................................................................
Ɍɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ...............................
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ................................................
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɐɇɋ……………….
357
