2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014

ɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɤ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɦ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɤɨɪɵ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɪɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ ɦɨɡɝɚ. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ). Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ, ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɦ.

əɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵ, ɨɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɫɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ. ȼ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɤɨɪɵ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɨɱɚɝɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ.

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɵ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ

Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɵ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ. ɋɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɵ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɤɨɪɵ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪéɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ɍ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɵ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ.

299

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɵ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɦ ɤɨɪɵ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ. ɉɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɤ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɦ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɦ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɪɹɞ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɐɇɋ (ɩɨɞɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɟ ɹɞɪɚ), ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. ȼɵɫɲɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɢɯ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɤɨɪɭ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ (ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ) ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ – ɷɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ. ɉɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ (ɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ) ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ.

ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ

ɉɨɞ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɫɢɥɚ, ɭɪɚɜ-

ɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.

ɋɢɥɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɵɧɨɫɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ, ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɹ ɡɚɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɢɥɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɢ

300

ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɫɢɥɵ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɸ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɫɢɥɵ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ. ɗɬɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ.

ɍɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟ-

ɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ (ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ) ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɛɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɵ (ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ). ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ (ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ), ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɪɵɜ (ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ). ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ (ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ), ɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ.

ɉɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ – ɷɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɱɚɫɬɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚɦ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ (ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ) ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ɉ ɧɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɜ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɤɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɤ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɣ ɤ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.

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Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬ. Ɍɢɩɵ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ

Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ, ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ, ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɪɚɱ Ƚɢɩɩɨɤɪɚɬ, ɠɢɜɲɢɣ ɜ V ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ.ɷ., ɨɩɢɫɚɥ 4 ɬɢɩɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ: ɫɚɧɝɜɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɮɥɟɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɯɨɥɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɥɚɧɯɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɧ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ: ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɥɢɦɮɵ ɢ ɠɟɥɱɢ (ɱɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɠɟɥɬɨɣ).

ȼɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɂ.ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɚɤ ɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵ, ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɵ ɢ ɥɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɵ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɢ ɬɪɭɫɥɢɜɵ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɭ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɷɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɜɩɚɥɚ ɫ ɭɦɨɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɥɸɞɟɣ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ) Ƚɢɩɩɨɤɪɚɬɚ.

ȼɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ȼɇȾ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɫɢɥɚ, ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɸ ɫɢɥɵ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɣ ɬɢɩɵ. ɍ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ.

ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ

ɢɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɯɨɥɟɪɢɤɚɦ (ɛɟɡɭɞɟɪɠɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ). ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɟ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɜ ɬɨɪɦɨɡ-

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ɧɵɟ). ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ ɢ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɣ ɬɢɩɵ.

Ɍɢɩɵ ȼɇȾ (ɪɢɫ. 14.8): ɋɥɚɛɵɣ (ɦɟɥɚɧɯɨɥɢɤ).

ɋɢɥɶɧɵɣ, ɧɟɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɯɨɥɟɪɢɤ).

ɋɢɥɶɧɵɣ, ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɣ, ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ (ɫɚɧɝɜɢɧɢɤ). ɋɢɥɶɧɵɣ, ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɣ, ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɣ (ɮɥɟɝɦɚɬɢɤ).

Ɋɢɫ. 14.8. Ɍɢɩɵ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɂ.ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɭ (Ⱥ.ȼ. Ʉɨɪɨɛɤɨɜ, ɋ.Ⱥ. ɑɟɫɧɨɤɨɜɚ, 1986)

Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɢ, ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɜɵɱɤɢ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ, ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ ȼɇȾ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɍɢɩ ȼɇȾ – ɷɬɨ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ɍɢɩ ȼɇȾ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɢɥɭ, ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɨɬ-

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ɩɟɱɚɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɢɤ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɶ.

ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɜɪɨɡɵ

ɇɟɜɪɨɡɵ – ɷɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɧɟ ɭɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ. ɂ.ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɜɪɨɡ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ, ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ – ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ – ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ.

ȼ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɂ.ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɚ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɐɇɋ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɜɪɨɡɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ. ɇɟɜɪɨɡɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ:

1)ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ;

2)ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɨɤ ɧɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ;

3)ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɣ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.

ɇɟɜɪɨɡɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɪɵɜ ȼɇȾ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɨɧɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ.

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ɇɟɜɪɨɡɵ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɫ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ȼɇȾ: ɫɥɚɛɵɦ (ɦɟɥɚɧɯɨɥɢɤɢ) ɢ ɧɟɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɦ (ɯɨɥɟɪɢɤɢ). ɉɪɢ ɧɟɜɪɨɡɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ (ɮɚɡɨɜɵɟ) ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɡ: ɭɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɧɨɪɦɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɸ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɥɚɛɚɹ, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ. ɍɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ. ɉɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ – ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɛɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ.

ɉɪɢ ɧɟɜɪɨɡɚɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɧɚɜɹɡɱɢɜɵɟ ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ, ɫɬɪɚɯɢ, ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɬ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɟɫɶ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɛɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ) ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɛɵɫɬɪɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɳɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ (ɧɟɜɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ). ɇɟɜɪɨɡɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɟɧɢɸ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɠɢ (ɷɤɡɟɦɵ), ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɫ, ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ, ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɩɨɱɟɤ ɢ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ.

ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɧɟɜɪɨɡ» ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɧɟɜɪɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ», ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɨɦ, ɢ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɮɨɪɦɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ (ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ). ɂɫɬɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɬɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɟɜɪɨɡɨɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ.

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ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ» ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɂ.ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ɪɟɱɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ).

Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ (ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɢɯ). ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɪɟɱɶ (ɫɥɨɜɨ).

ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ – ɷɬɨ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫɥɭɯɨ-

ɜɵɟ, ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ. ȼɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɦɨɡɝ ɨɬ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɯ, ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.

ɍ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ – ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɚɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ, ɡɧɚɤɚ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɨɦ. ɗɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɫɥɨɜ – ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɫɢɦɵɯ (ɜɫɥɭɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨ ɫɟɛɹ) ɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɯ (ɩɪɢ ɱɬɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ). Ɉɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɡɜɭɱɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ, ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ (ɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ) ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɜɭɤɨɜ (ɫɥɨɜ) ɫɨ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ. ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɦɨɡɝɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɤɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɫ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ

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ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ (ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ). Ɋɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɨɦ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ, ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ, ɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɝɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ, ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɣ. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɂ.ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɚ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɯ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɱɟɪɬ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.

Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ (ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɩɬɢɰ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɡɜɭɤɢ (ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ) ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɨɛ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɒɢɦɩɚɧɡɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶ ɹɡɵɤɭ ɝɥɭɯɨɧɟɦɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɣ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɬ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɥ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɤɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ (ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɟɟ).

ɇɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ (ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ). Ɋɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɛɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɯ, ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ. ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɦɵɫɥɹɦɢ, ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɦɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɭɸ (ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ) ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɸ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.

ɑɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ (Ʌ.ɋ. ȼɵɝɨɬɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥ ɷɬɨ «ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɨɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ»). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɹɡɵɤ ɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ

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