2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014

ɤɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪ ɚɰɟɬɢɥɯɨɥɢɧ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ, ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ, ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɭɸ – ɝɢɩɟɪɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ.

Ɉɬɨɥɢɬɨɜɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɹɫɤɭ ɢ ɤɚɱɤɭ.

Ɋɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɭɤɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɫɢ, ɢɯ ɭɝɥɨɜɨɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɟ.

ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ

ɇɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ – ɷɬɨ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɢ. ɉɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ (VIII ɩɚɪɚ ɱɟ- ɪɟɩɧɨ-ɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ) ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɹɞɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ (ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧ). Ʉ ɷɬɢɦ ɹɞɪɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ – ɹɞɪɨ Ȼɟɯɬɟɪɟɜɚ, ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ – ɹɞɪɨ ɒɜɚɥɶɛɟ, ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ – ɹɞɪɨ Ⱦɟɣɬɟɪɫɚ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɟ – ɹɞɪɨ Ɋɨɥɥɟɪɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɩɪɢɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɵɲɰ ɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɲɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤɚ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɢ ɹɞɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤ ɬɚɥɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɹɞɪɚɦ (ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧ), ɦɨɡɠɟɱɤɭ, ɹɞɪɚɦ ɝɥɚɡɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ, ɤ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɹɞɪɚɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɤ ɦɨɬɨɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɦ ɲɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɨɫɩɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬ – ɤ ɦɨɬɨɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɦ ɦɵɲɰ-ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɬɟ- ɥɟɣ, ɤ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɭ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧ-

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ɬɪɨɥɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ (ɛɟɡ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ). Ɂɚ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɬɚɥɚɦɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɟ ɤɨɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ – ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɜɟɫɬɢ- ɛɭɥɨɦɨɡɠɟɱɤɨɜɨ-ɬɚɥɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɪɚɤɬ ɜ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɪɭ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɩɨɡɵ ɬɟɥɚ. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ (ɩɨɥɹ 21 ɢ 22 ɩɨ Ȼɪɨɞɦɚɧɭ).

ɑɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɟ-

ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɪɨɝ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ – 2–20 ɫɦ/ɫ, ɞɥɹ ɭɝɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɝ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ – 2–3 ɝɪɚɞɭɫɚ/ɫ. ɉɨɪɨɝ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɝɪɚɞɭɫɚ, ɜɩɟɪɟɞ-ɧɚɡɚɞ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 1,5–2 ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɱɤɟ, ɬɪɹɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. ɋɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɨɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ «ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶɸ». ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɨɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ: ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɬɦɚ, ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ, ɫɚɥɢɜɚɰɢɹ, ɬɨɲɧɨɬɚ, ɪɜɨɬɚ. ɉɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ.

ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɨɝɥɚɡɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ (ɝɥɚɡɧɨɣ ɧɢɫɬɚɝɦ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɝɥɚɡ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ, ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦ, ɫɤɚɱɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɝɥɚɡ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɇɢɫɬɚɝɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɨɧ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ.

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Ɉɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ

ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɚɯɭɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɢɳɢ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɚɩɪɨɛɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɢɳɭ ɧɚ ɫɴɟɞɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɜɭɸ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ.

Ɋɢɫ. 13.18. ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɨɛɨɧɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɦ (Ⱥ) ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦ (Ȼ) ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɚɯ (ɫɯɟɦɚ):

I – ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ; II – ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ; 1 – ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ; 2 – ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ (ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɵ); 3 – ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɭɥɚɜɵ ɫ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɧɢɱɤɚɦɢ; 4 – ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ (ɚɤɫɨɧɵ); 5, 6 – ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɧɢɱɤɢ;

7 – ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ; 8 – ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ; 9 – ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ; 10 – ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɫɬɜɨɥɢɤɢ; 11 – ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɭɞ; 12 – ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ (ɛɨɭɦɟɧɨɜɚ) ɠɟɥɟɡɚ

250

ɉɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 10 ɦɥɧ (ɭ ɫɨɛɚɤɢ-ɨɜɱɚɪɤɢ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 200 ɦɥɧ), ɨɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. Ɉɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ, ɠɢɜɭɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 60 ɞɧɟɣ, ɡɚɦɟɳɚɹɫɶ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ, Ɉɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɩɨɤɪɵɬ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɫɥɢɡɢ. Ɉɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ – ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ. ɗɬɨ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ. Ɉɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬ, ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɧɢɱɤɚɦɢ, ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɥɢɡɢ (ɪɢɫ. 13.18). Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɫɧɢɱɟɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɩɚɯɭɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɫ ɧɢɦ (ɫɬɟɪɟɨɯɢɦɢɹ ɩɚɯɭɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ). Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɩɚɯɭɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ, ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɜ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ (ɤɚɤ ɤɥɸɱ ɤ ɡɚɦɤɭ), ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɛɟɥɤɚ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɬɪɢɟɜɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɨɤ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ.

ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ

Ⱥɤɫɨɧɵ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɭɱɤɢ (fila olfactoria), ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɱɟɪɟɩ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɞɵɪɹɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɭ (lamina cribrosa) ɪɟɲɟɬɱɚɬɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢɞɭɬ ɤ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɟ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ. ȼɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ. Ɉɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ, ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɞɭɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɧɨɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɯɭɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɉɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɚɯɭɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɨɡɧɢ-

251

ɤɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ (ɩɚɬɬɟɪɧɵ) ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɵ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɦɨɡɚɢɤɭ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ. Ʉɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɚɬɬɟɪɧɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ. ɉɭɱɤɢ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɡɝɚ: ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɭ, ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫ (ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ), ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɨɪɛɢɬɨɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɪɭ, ɩɪɟɩɟɪɢɮɨɪɦɧɭɸ ɤɨɪɭ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɮɨɪɦɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ, ɜ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɪɭɲɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɵ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɹ (ɝɢɩɩɨɤɚɦɩɚ).

ɉɚɯɭɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɬɪɨɣɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ (V ɩɚɪɚ ɱɟɪɟɩɧɨɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ), ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɧɨɫɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɪɟɡɤɢɦ ɡɚɩɚɯɨɦ (ɚɦɦɢɚɤ) ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɪɨɣɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ (ɱɢɯɚɧɢɟ). ɗɬɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɯɨɜ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ (ɀ. ɗɣɦɭɪ, 1962) ɡɚɩɚɯɨɜ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɰɟɥɹɦ. Ɉɧɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɟɦɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɯɨɜ: 1) ɤɚɦɮɨɪɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ, 2) ɰɜɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ, 3) ɦɭɫɤɭɫɧɵɣ, 4) ɦɹɬɧɵɣ, 5) ɷɮɢɪɧɵɣ, 6) ɝɧɢɥɨɫɬɧɵɣ, 7) ɨɫɬɪɵɣ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɯɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɯɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɨɥɶɮɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ. ɗɬɨ ɡɚɩɚɯ ɝɜɨɡɞɢɤɢ, ɥɚɜɚɧɞɵ, ɚɧɢɫɚ, ɛɟɧɡɨɥɚ, ɤɫɢɥɨɥɚ ɢ ɞɪ. – ɷɬɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ.

Ʉɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɨɣɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ: ɡɚɩɚɯ ɤɚɦɮɨɪɵ, ɷɮɢɪɚ, ɯɥɨɪɨɮɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɞɪ.

Ⱥɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɚɯɭɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɫɟɤɭɧɞ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɭɬ ɢ ɡɚ-

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ɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (ɩɪɢɧɸɯɢɜɚɧɢɟ).

Ɉɫɬɪɨɬɚ ɨɛɨɧɹɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɦ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶ-

ɧɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ – ɷɬɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɚɯɭɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɳɭɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɯ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɥɶɮɚɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɚɯɭɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɩɨɞɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɟɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨ, ɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɯ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɚɯɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɝɟ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ.

ɇɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɬɭ ɨɛɨɧɹɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ. ɇɚɛɭɯɥɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɫɦɨɪɤɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɬɵ ɨɛɨɧɹɧɢɹ – ɝɢɩɨɨɫɦɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɩɨɬɟɪɸ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ – ɚɧɨɫɦɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɚɬɪɨɮɢɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ: ɝɢɩɟɪɨɫɦɢɹ – ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɨɧɹɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɚɪɨɫɦɢɹ – ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɯɨɜ, ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɚɥɥɸɰɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɚɯɭɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ – ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɝɧɨɡɢɹ. ɋ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

ȼɤɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ

ȼɤɭɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɫ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ.

Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ «ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ» ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ:

ɫɥɚɞɤɨɟ, ɤɢɫɥɨɟ, ɫɨɥɟɧɨɟ, ɝɨɪɶɤɨɟ. Ʉɨɧɱɢɤ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢ-

ɦɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɚɞɤɢɣ ɜɤɭɫ, ɤɨɪɟɧɶ – ɝɨɪɶɤɢɣ, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɤɢɫɥɵɣ, ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ – ɫɨɥɟɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɵɣ. ɋɚɦɵɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɢ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ – ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɶɤɨɝɨ ɜɤɭɫɚ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ

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ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɜɤɭɫɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɟɫɥɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬ ɤɢɫɥɭɸ ɢ ɫɨɥɟɧɭɸ ɩɢɳɭ (ɨɫɬɪɭɸ), ɬɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɜɤɭɫɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. Ⱥɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ ɤ ɫɥɚɞɤɨɦɭ ɢ ɫɨɥɟɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɤ ɝɨɪɶɤɨɦɭ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɦɭ.

Ɋɢɫ. 13.19. ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɜɤɭɫɚ (ɫɯɟɦɚ):

1 – ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɨɰɢɬ; 2 – ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɨɰɢɬ; 3 – ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɨɰɢɬ; 4 – ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ; 5 – ɜɤɭɫɨɜɚɹ ɹɦɤɚ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɝɥɢɤɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɞɚɦɢ; 6 – ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ;

7 – ɧɟɪɜɧɨɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ

Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɜɤɭɫɚ – ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɱɤɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɚɯ (ɪɢɫ. 13.19). ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɚɯ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ – ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ, ɦɹɝɤɨɦ ɧɺɛɟ, ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɚɯ, ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɬɢɩɚ: 1) ɝɪɢɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ (ɧɚ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ); 2) ɠɟɥɨɛɨɜɚɬɵɟ – ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɭ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɧɹ; 3) ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ –

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ɜɞɨɥɶ ɡɚɞɧɢɯ ɤɪɚɟɜ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɍ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ 2000 ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɱɟɤ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ 40–60 ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɱɟɤ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɫɟɪɨɬɨɧɢɧ ɢ ɝɢɫɬɚɦɢɧ, ɢɝɪɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ.

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɢɢ

ȼɤɭɫɨɜɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɸɧɨɣ ɞɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɪɵ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰ, ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɝɥɢɤɨɤɚɥɢɤɫɨɦ ɢ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ, ɜɫɬɭɩɚɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫɨ «ɫɥɚɞɤɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ» ɢɥɢ «ɝɨɪɶɤɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ» ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɛɟɥɤɨɦ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɜɨɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪ (ɚɰɟɬɢɥɯɨɥɢɧ, ɫɟɪɨɬɨɧɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɜ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɨ-ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɫɢɧɚɩɫɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɉȾ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɧɵ – ɜɟɬɨɱɤɢ ɥɢɰɟɜɨɝɨ (VII ɩɚɪɚ), ɹɡɵɤɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ (IX ɩɚɪɚ) ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ (ɏ ɩɚɪɚ) ɱɟɪɟɩɧɨ-ɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɹɯ (1-ɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧ). ȼ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɹɞɪɚ ɫɨɥɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ (2-ɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧ). ɋɸɞɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɚɬɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɬɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɹɞɪɚɦ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɝɪɚ (3-ɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧ) ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɤɨɪɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ – ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɵ (4-ɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧ) ɢ ɝɢɩɩɨɤɚɦɩ.

ȼɤɭɫɨɜɚɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ɉɪɢ ɝɨɥɨɞɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ, ɩɪɢ ɛɟ-

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ɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ. Ⱥɥɤɨɝɨɥɶ ɢ ɧɢɤɨɬɢɧ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɪɨɝɢ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɚɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɉɨɥɧɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɝɟɜɡɢɟɣ, ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɚɹ – ɝɢɩɨɝɟɜɡɢɟɣ, ɝɢɩɟɪɝɟɜɡɢɹ – ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɚɪɚɝɟɜɡɢɹ – ɢɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɤɭɫɚ, ɞɢɫɝɟɜɡɢɹ – ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ.

ɋɨɦɚɬɨɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ

Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɜ ɐɇɋ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɤɨɠɢ, ɦɵɲɰ, ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ.

ȼ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ: ɤɨɠɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢ-

ɡɚɬɨɪ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɭɸ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɜɭɸ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɩɪɢɨɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ, ɢɥɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ, ɫɥɟɞɹɳɟɟ ɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɢ ɦɵɲɰ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ.

Ʉɨɠɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ

ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɦɢɪɨɦ.

Ɍɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ

ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɤɨɠɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ, ɳɟɤɨɬɚɧɢɹ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ.

Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ, ɷɬɨ ɬɟɥɶɰɚ Ɇɟɣɫɧɟɪɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɤɨɠɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɢ ɬɨɧɤɢɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɨɩɥɟɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɫɹɧɭɸ ɫɭɦɤɭ (ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɤɨɠɢ ɫ ɜɨɥɨɫɹɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ) (ɪɢɫ. 13.20). Ɍɟɥɶɰɚ Ɇɟɣɫɧɟɪɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ

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ɛɵɫɬɪɨɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦ. ɋɚɦɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɬɟɥɚ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ: ɤɨɧɱɢɤɢ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɪɭɤ, ɥɚɞɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɢɫɬɢ, ɤɨɧɱɢɤ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɧɨɝ, ɤɚɣɦɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɝɭɛɵ.

Ɋɢɫ. 13.20. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɤɨɠɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ:

1 – ɬɟɥɶɰɟ ɉɚɱɢɧɢ; 2 – ɬɟɥɶɰɟ Ɇɟɣɫɧɟɪɚ; 3 – ɧɟɪɜɧɨɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɥɨɫɹɧɨɦ ɦɟɲɨɱɤɟ; 4 – ɤɨɥɛɚ Ʉɪɚɭɡɟ; 5 – ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ;

6 – ɬɟɥɶɰɟ Ɋɭɮɮɢɧɢ

Ɂɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɞɢɫɤɢ Ɇɟɪɤɟɥɹ – ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ (ɪɟɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɹ) ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɤɨɠɢ ɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ. Ɉɧɢ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɢɛɚɧɢɟ ɷɩɢɞɟɪɦɢɫɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɚ ɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ.

Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɸ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɥɶɰɚ ɉɚɱɢɧɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɤɨɠɢ, ɧɟɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɜɨɥɨɫɚɦɢ: ɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ, ɜ ɠɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ, ɜ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɭɦɤɚɯ ɢ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɹɯ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ

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