ɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɭ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɥɨɛɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɫɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫɧɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɭ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɥɨɛɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɫɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ.
Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɦɛɢɤɨ-ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɰɢɩɪɨɤɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɥɢɦɛɢɤɨ-ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. ɉɪɢ ɛɨɞɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɥɨɛɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɤɨɪɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɫɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɫɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ɉɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɭ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɥɨɛɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɫɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɟɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬɶ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɛɥɨɤɚɞɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɭ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɫɧɚ.
Ʉɨɪɤɨɜɨ-ɩɨɞɤɨɪɤɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɫɧɚ. Ƚɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɫ ɥɢɦɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɭ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɦɨɡɝɚ (ɪɢɫ. 14.11). ɗɬɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɩɨɞɤɨɪɤɨɜɭɸ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɫɧɚ (ɉ.Ʉ. Ⱥɧɨɯɢɧ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɚ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɧɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ – ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɭ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ɋɨɧ ɛɟɫɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ
ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɥɨɛɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɫɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ɋɨɧ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɞɪɚɯ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɫɧɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɪɭ. ɗɬɚ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɧɚ. Ȼɟɫɫɨɧɧɢɰɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɵ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɤɭɪɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɧɨɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɥɨɛɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɫɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɢɯ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɦɨɡɝɚ. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɭɯɨɥɟɜɵɦ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ. ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɫɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɦɨɡɝɚ.
ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɧɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɛɨɞɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɪɟɜɟɪɛɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɞɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɧɚ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɭ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɪɦɹɳɚɹ ɦɚɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɤɪɟɩɤɨ ɫɩɚɬɶ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɜɭɤɢ, ɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɪɨɫɵɩɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɲɟɜɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɟ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɫɧɨɜɢɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɟɫɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɛɨɞɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɋɢɫ. 14.11. ɋɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɧɚ:
Ⱥ– «ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɣ» ɢ «ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ» ɫɨɧ; Ȼ – ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɡɚɫɵɩɚɧɢɹ (I–IV);
ȼ– ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫɧɚ
ɢɛɨɞɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɉ. Ⱥɧɨɯɢɧɚ)
Ɏɚɪɦɚɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɧ (ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɧɨɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ) ɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɟɧ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɧɭ. ɋɧɨɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɦɨɡɝɚ – ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɤɨɪɵ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɫɧɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɚɡ ɫɧɚ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ.
340
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ȼɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɂ.ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɚ, ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɟɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ. Ɉɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɉ.Ʉ. Ⱥɧɨɯɢɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɚ ɩɨ-ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɨɣɬɢ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ.
Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɫɬɢɦɭɥ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ – ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɞɭɝɟ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɨɬ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɞɭɝɢ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɜɫɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɷɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨ- ɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɐɇɋ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ (ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
Ʌɸɛɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɬɢɩɧɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ: ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ (ɜɟɞɭɳɟɟ ɡɜɟɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ); ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ; ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ (ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɭɸ ɨɬ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ);
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɤɭ (ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ); ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ (ɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɟ) ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɤɬɵ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ), ɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ (ɪɢɫ. 14.12).
Ɋɢɫ. 14.12. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ (ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨ ɉ. Ⱥɧɨɯɢɧɭ, 1968)
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ – ɷɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ-
ɡɚɰɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɛ ɢ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɛɨɪɭ. ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟ-
ɧɢɣ (ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɚɰɢɣ). Ɉɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ. Ɉɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ. ɇɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɪɢ ɜɢɞɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ: ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ, ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɭɫɤɨɜɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɸ, ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ – ɩɭɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ (ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɢɦɭɥ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ). ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ – ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɝɟɧɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɐɇɋ. ɗɬɚɩ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɰɟɥɢ, ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɜɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɰɟɥɢ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɸ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɨɩɵɬɭ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɭɠɧɨɦɭ (ɡɚɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ) ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɭ.
Ɍɪɟɬɶɢɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ.
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɹɜɥɹ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɭ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɤɬɵ ɞɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ. Ⱥɤɰɟɩɬɨɪ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ (ɷɬɚɥɨɧ) ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɬ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɥɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɰɟɩɶ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɨɬɜɨɞɹɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɢɞɭɳɢɯ ɤ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɫɟɧɫɨɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɵ, ɤɭɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭ, ɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚ ɟɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ. ɇɟɣɪɨɧɵ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ ɐɇɋ, ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ. ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɜ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ, ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɨɛ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ (ɢɥɢ ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ) ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɫ ɡɚɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɹɦɢ.
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ: ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɚ ɫ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ; ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ (ɜɵɛɨɪ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ). ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɰɟɥɢ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜ, ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɍ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɷɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡɢɫɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɦ ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (Ʉ.ȼ. ɋɭɞɚɤɨɜ, 1997). ɋɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɵ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ – ɷɬɨ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɟɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
(ɪɢɫ. 14.13). ɋɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɤɭ, ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɐɇɋ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ (ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ).
Ɋɢɫ. 14.13. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ «ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɚ» ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨ Ʉ.ȼ. ɋɭɞɚɤɨɜɭ):
Ɋ1 – Ɋ6 – ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ; Ⱥ, Ȼ, ȼ, Ƚ – ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ
ȼɟɞɭɳɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɚɯ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɤ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɵ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜ. ɗɬɨ – ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɟ, ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. Ɉɧɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɋɬɚɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɟ) ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ.
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɭɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɨɜ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɭɹ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ. ɍɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ – ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɢɦɩɪɢɧɬɢɧɝɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɫɥɟɞɵ (ɷɧɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ). ɗɬɢ ɷɧɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ɋ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɵ – ɷɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ɗɬɨ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɟɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɤɜɚɧɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɧ-
