2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014

ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ – ɤ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɦ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɡɜɟɧɶɹ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ: ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ (ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɟ), ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ (ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɟ).

Ɋɢɫ. 14.1. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɭ ɫɨɛɚɤɢ

ɍ ɫɨɛɚɤɢ, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɨɩɚɜɲɟɣ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɸ, ɲɚɝɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɷɬɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɤɨɪɦɢɥ ɫɨɛɚɤɭ, ɟɝɨ ɲɚɝɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɵ ɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ (ɜɪéɦɟɧɧɨɣ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɟɬ (ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ) ɞɜɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɜɭɤ ɲɚɝɨɜ (ɞɚɠɟ ɛɟɡ ɩɢɳɢ) ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɟɣ ɫɥɸɧɵ.

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ȼɵɫɲɚɹ (ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ) ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ.

ɉɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ (ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɤ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɧɵɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɦ. ɍ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɂ.ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜ ɧɚɡɜɚɥ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚɦɢ, ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ.

ȼɫɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɂ.ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɥ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ.

Ȼɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ – ɷɬɨ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɚɹ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɧɢɡɲɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɐɇɋ.

ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ – ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ (ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ) ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɭɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ ɫɩɨɪɬɫɦɟɧɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɬɨɜ.

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ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ: ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɦɨɡɝɚ; ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɪéɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɹɯ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ; ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ, ɭɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ (ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ).

Ȼɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ. ɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ-ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɫɬɢɧɤɬɚɦɢ. ɂɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɩɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ.

ɂɧɫɬɢɧɤɬɵ

ɂɧɫɬɢɧɤɬ (ɨɬ ɥɚɬ. instinctus – ɩɨɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ) – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɪɚɡ-

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ɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɧɤɬɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɂ.ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɭ, – ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ-ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɧɫɬɢɧɤɬ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɧɤɬɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ (ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ, ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ (ɦɢɝɚɧɢɟ, ɱɢɯɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.).

Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɧɤɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɰɟɩɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. ɂɧɫɬɢɧɤɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ. ɉɢɳɟɜɨɣ – ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ, ɟɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ. Ɉɛɨɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ – ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ (ɢɡɛɟɝɚɧɢɟ, ɡɚɦɢɪɚɧɢɟ) ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ (ɛɟɝ, ɛɨɪɶɛɚ). ɉɨɥɨɜɨɣ – ɛɪɚɱɧɵɟ ɢɝɪɵ, ɬɚɧɰɵ, ɩɟɧɢɟ, ɛɨɢ ɡɚ ɫɚɦɤɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɚɤɬɵ, ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ. Ɋɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɧɤɬɵ – ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɟ (ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɝɧɟɡɞɚ, ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ). Ƚɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɧɤɬɵ – ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɟ ɨɬ ɜɪɚɝɨɜ, ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ (ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ), ɨɛɨɝɪɟɜɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɚ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɟ ɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɟ.

ȼ ɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɫɨɡɪɟɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɧɤɬɵ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɟ ɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɧɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ (ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɨɧ).

ɂɧɫɬɢɧɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɱɟɬɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ (ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ, ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ, ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.). ɂɧɫɬɢɧɤɬɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ, ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɹ, ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ (ɪɚɫɬɨɪɦɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ), ɢɧɫɬɢɧɤɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ.

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ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ

Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ:

1)ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ (ɩɢɳɚ, ɛɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ-ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ (ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ), ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ (ɫɜɟɬ, ɡɜɭɤ, ɜɢɞ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɯ ɩɢɳɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.) (ɪɢɫ. 14.2);

2)ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ;

3)ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ (ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ;

4)ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɧɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ;

5)ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ (ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ), ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɟ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ, ɛɵɥɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ. ɍ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɝɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ

ɭɫɵɬɨɝɨ.

6)ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ;

7)ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɟ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɦ.

282

ɛ) ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ;

ɜ) ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ.

ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ: ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɢɞ ɩɢɳɢ, ɟɟ ɡɚɩɚɯ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.). ȼɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɜ ɧɨɪɦɟ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɧɚ ɡɜɨɧɨɤ.

Ɉɬɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ) – ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɞɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ (ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.). Ʌɚɬɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɯ; ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɐɇɋ; ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ; ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ ɐɇɋ. ȼɪéɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɣɪɨɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɦɨɡɝɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ɂ.ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɤɨɪɵ – ɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ. ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɪɤɨ-

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ɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɨɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ (ɪɢɫ. 14.3).

Ɋɢɫ. 14.3. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ:

Ɂɰ – ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ, ɉɰ – ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ, ɚ, ɛ – ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ (ɗ. Ⱥɫɪɚɬɹɧ, 1956)

Ɋɚɡɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɵ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ, ɧɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ.

ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ɉɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢɞɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɞɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɞɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ.

ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ȿɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɵ. Ɉɱɚɝ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ,

285

ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɬɨɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ. ɗɬɨɬ ɨɱɚɝ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɵɦ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɧ ɩɪɢɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɤ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɨɬ ɨɱɚɝɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦ ɰɟɩɹɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ, ɬɨ ɫ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬɫɹ (ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ «ɩɪɨɬɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɢ»). ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɠɚɬ: ɫɭɦɦɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɢɧɚɩɫɚɯ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɧɚɩɫɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɤ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɰɟɩɹɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɉȾ.

Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪéɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɝɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ. ɉɨ ɉ.Ʉ. Ⱥɧɨɯɢɧɭ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɯ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɝɟɧɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ.

ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ (ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ, ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.)

ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ – ɷɬɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬ, ɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. ɇɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɣ, ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ

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ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɸ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɜɭɤ, ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɹ ɟɝɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ (ɫɜɟɬɨɦ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ.

Ɋɢɫ. 14.4. ȼɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ:

I – ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ; II – ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ; Ɍɰ – ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ; Ʉ – ɤɨɪɚ; ɉ – ɩɨɞɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɟ ɹɞɪɚ; ɋɥɰ – ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ; Ɂɰ – ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ; ɉɰ – ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ; ɋɥ– ɫɥɸɧɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (Ⱥ.ȼ. Ʉɨɪɨɛɤɨɜ, ɋ.Ⱥ. ɑɟɫɧɨɤɨɜɚ, 1986)

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