Экспертные системы (Шаповалов ФИБС БТС 10 семестр) / Материалы / Семья / Semia / Semia
.pdf< kemqZ_ _keb \ khhl\_lkl\bb k aZdexq_gb_f mqj_`^_gby a^jZ \hhojZg_gby ebph g_ fh`_l y\blvky \ mqj_`^_gb_ ih khklhygbx a^h jh\vy f_^bdh khpbZevgZy wdki_jlbaZ fh`_l ijh\h^blvky gZ ^hfm \ klZpbhgZj_ ]^_ ]jZ`^Zgbg gZoh^blky gZ e_q_gbb beb aZhqgh gZ hkgh \Zgbb ij_^hklZ\e_gguo ^hdmf_glh\ k _]h kh]eZkby eb[h k kh]eZkby _]h aZdhggh]h ij_^klZ\bl_ey
Jmdh\h^bl_ev mqj_`^_gby gZagZqZ_l khklZ\ ki_pbZebklh\ mqj_`^_gby ijh\h^ysbo f_^bdh khpbZevgmx wdki_jlbam ebpZ b ijb gbfZxsbo wdki_jlgh_ j_r_gb_ h ijbagZgbb ebpZ bg\Zeb^hf
=jZ`^Zgbg eb[h _]h aZdhgguc ij_^klZ\bl_ev bf__l ijZ\h ijb \e_dZlv ex[h]h ki_pbZebklZ aZ kq_l kh[kl\_gguo kj_^kl\ ^ey mqZklby \ ijh\_^_gbb f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau k ijZ\hf kh\_sZl_evgh ]h ]hehkZ
Mqj_`^_gb_ h[yaZgh hagZdhfblv ]jZ`^ZgbgZ \ ^hklmighc ^ey g_]h nhjf_ k ihjy^dhf mkeh\byfb ijh\_^_gby f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau
,,Ihjy^hd gZijZ\e_gby gZ f_^bdh khpbZevgmx wdki_jlbam
=jZ`^Zgbg gZijZ\ey_lky gZ f_^bdh khpbZevgmx wdki_jlbam mqj_`^_gb_f a^jZ\hhojZg_gby beb hj]Zghf khpbZevghc aZsblu gZk_ e_gby
Z[a < gZijZ\e_gbb mqj_`^_gby a^jZ\hhojZg_gby mdZau \Zxlky ^Zggu_ h khklhygbb a^hjh\vy ]jZ`^ZgbgZ hljZ`Zxsb_ kl_ i_gv gZjmr_gby nmgdpbc hj]Zgh\ b kbkl_f khklhygb_ dhfi_gkZlhjguo \hafh`ghkl_c hj]ZgbafZ Z lZd`_ j_amevlZlu ijh\_^_gguo j_Z[beb lZpbhgguo f_jhijbylbc
Z[a F_^bpbgkdb_ mkem]b g_h[oh^bfu_ ^ey ijh\_^_gby f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau \dexqZxlky \ [Zah\mx ijh]jZffm h[yaZl_ev gh]h f_^bpbgkdh]h kljZoh\Zgby ]jZ`^Zg Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb
Hj]Zg khpbZevghc aZsblu gZk_e_gby fh`_l gZijZ\eylv gZ f_^bdh khpbZevgmx wdki_jlbam ebph bf_xs__ ijbagZdb h]jZgbq_gby `bag_^_yl_evghklb b gm`^Zxs__ky \ khpbZevghc aZsbl_ ijb gZebqbb m g_]h f_^bpbgkdbo ^hdmf_glh\ ih^l\_j`^Zxsbo gZjmr_gb_ nmgdpbc hj]ZgbafZ h[mkeh\e_ggh_ aZ[he_\Zgbyfb ihke_^kl\byfb ljZ\f b ^_n_dlZfb
< kemqZ_ hldZaZ mqj_`^_gby a^jZ\hhojZg_gby beb hj]ZgZ khpbZevghc aZsblu gZk_e_gby \ gZijZ\e_gbb gZ f_^bdh khpbZevgmx wdki_jlbam ebph beb _]h aZdhgguc ij_^klZ\bl_ev bf__l ijZ\h h[jZ lblvky \ [xjh f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau kZfhklhyl_evgh ijb gZ ebqbb f_^bpbgkdbo ^hdmf_glh\ ih^l\_j`^Zxsbo gZjmr_gb_ nmgdpbc hj]ZgbafZ h[mkeh\e_ggh_ aZ[he_\Zgbyfb ihke_^kl\byfb ljZ\f b ^_n_dlZfb b k\yaZggh_ k wlbf h]jZgbq_gb_ `bag_^_yl_evghklb
,,,Ihjy^hd ijh\_^_gby f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau
F_^bdh khpbZevgZy wdki_jlbaZ ebpZ ijh\h^blky ih _]h ibkvf_gghfm aZy\e_gbx eb[h ibkvf_gghfm aZy\e_gbx _]h aZdhggh]h ij_^klZ\bl_ey
AZy\e_gb_ ih^Z_lky gZ bfy jmdh\h^bl_ey mqj_`^_gby D aZy\e_ gbx ijbeZ]Zxlky gZijZ\e_gb_ mqj_`^_gby a^jZ\hhojZg_gby beb hj ]ZgZ khpbZevghc aZsblu gZk_e_gby f_^bpbgkdb_ ^hdmf_glu ih^ l\_j`^Zxsb_ gZjmr_gb_ _]h a^hjh\vy
Ki_pbZebklu mqj_`^_gby ijh\h^ysb_ f_^bdh khpbZevgmx wdki_jlbam jZkkfZljb\Zxl ij_^klZ\e_ggu_ k\_^_gby debgbdh nmgdpbhgZevgu_ khpbZevgh [ulh\u_ ijhn_kkbhgZevgh ljm^h\u_ ikboheh]bq_kdb_ b ^jm]b_ ^Zggu_ ijh\h^yl ebqguc hkfhlj ]jZ`^Z gbgZ hp_gb\Zxl kl_i_gv h]jZgbq_gby _]h `bag_^_yl_evghklb b dhee_ ]bZevgh h[km`^Zxl ihemq_ggu_ j_amevlZlu
Hkgh\Zgbyfb ^ey ijbagZgby ]jZ`^ZgbgZ bg\Zeb^hf y\ey
xlky
gZjmr_gb_ a^hjh\vy kh klhcdbf jZkkljhckl\hf nmgdpbc hj]Z gbafZ h[mkeh\e_ggh_ aZ[he_\Zgbyfb ihke_^kl\byfb ljZ\f beb ^_n_dlZfb
h]jZgbq_gb_ `bag_^_yl_evghklb ihegZy beb qZklbqgZy mljZ lZ ebphf kihkh[ghklb beb \hafh`ghklb hkms_kl\eylv kZfh h[kem`b\Zgb_ kZfhklhyl_evgh i_j_^\b]Zlvky hjb_glbjh \Zlvky h[sZlvky dhgljhebjh\Zlv k\h_ ih\_^_gb_ h[mqZlvky beb aZgbfZlvky ljm^h\hc ^_yl_evghklvx
g_h[oh^bfhklv hkms_kl\e_gby f_j khpbZevghc aZsblu ]jZ` ^ZgbgZ GZebqb_ h^gh]h ba mdZaZgguo ijbagZdh\ g_ y\ey_lky mkeh\b_f ^hklZlhqguf ^ey ijbagZgby ebpZ bg\Zeb^hf
J_r_gb_ h ijbagZgbb ebpZ bg\Zeb^hf eb[h h[ hldZa_ \ mk lZgh\e_gbb bg\Zeb^ghklb ijbgbfZxlky iheguf khklZ\hf ki_pbZeb klh\ ijbgbfZxsbo wdki_jlgh_ j_r_gb_ ijhkluf [hevrbgkl\hf ]h ehkh\
J_r_gb_ h[ty\ey_lky ]jZ`^Zgbgm ijhoh^b\r_fm f_^bdh khpbZevgmx wdki_jlbam beb _]h aZdhgghfm ij_^klZ\bl_ex jmdh\h^b l_e_f mqj_`^_gby \ ijbkmlkl\bb \k_o ki_pbZebklh\ ijbgbfZxsbo wlh j_r_gb_
Ki_pbZebklu ijbgbfZxsb_ wdki_jlgh_ j_r_gb_ ^Zxl ih g_fm jZatykg_gby ]jZ`^Zgbgm beb _]h aZdhgghfm ij_^klZ\bl_ex
< l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z khklZ\ ki_pbZebklh\ mqj_`^_gby g_ fh`_l ijbgylv wdki_jlgh_ j_r_gb_ Zdl hk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgby ebpZ gZijZ\ey_lky \ ^g_\guc kjhd \ ]eZ\gh_ [xjh f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau dhlhjh_ ijbgbfZ_l j_r_gb_ ih jZkkfZljb\Z_fhfm \hijh km \ mklZgh\e_gghf ihjy^d_
< kemqZyo lj_[mxsbo ijbf_g_gby keh`guo \b^h\ wdki_jl gh j_Z[beblZpbhgghc ^bZ]ghklbdb ki_pbZevguo f_lh^h\ h[ke_^h\Z gby l_klbjh\Zgby Z lZd`_ ihemq_gby ^hihegbl_evguo k\_^_gbc kh
klZ\ey_lky ijh]jZffZ ^hihegbl_evgh]h hk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgby dhlhjZy ml\_j`^Z_lky jmdh\h^bl_e_f mqj_`^_gby b ^h\h^blky ^h k\_^_gby aZy\bl_ey \ ^hklmighc ^ey g_]h nhjf_
Ijh]jZffZ ^hihegbl_evgh]h hk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgby fh`_l ij_^m kfZljb\Zlv ijh\_^_gb_ ^hihegbl_evgh]h h[ke_^h\Zgby \ e_q_[gh ijhnbeZdlbq_kdhf j_Z[beblZpbhgghf beb ^jm]hf mqj_`^_gbb ihem q_gb_ aZdexq_gby ]eZ\gh]h [xjh f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau aZ ijhk g_h[oh^bfuo k\_^_gbc ijh\_^_gb_ h[ke_^h\Zgby mkeh\bc b oZ jZdl_jZ ijhn_kkbhgZevghc ^_yl_evghklb khpbZevgh [ulh\h]h iheh `_gby ebpZ b ^jm]b_ f_ju
Ihke_ ihemq_gby ^Zgguo ij_^mkfhlj_gguo ijh]jZffhc ^h ihegbl_evgh]h hk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgby ki_pbZebklu mqj_`^_gby ijb gbfZxl j_r_gb_ h ijbagZgbb ebpZ bg\Zeb^hf eb[h h[ hldZa_ \ mklZ gh\e_gbb bg\Zeb^ghklb
>Zlhc mklZgh\e_gby bg\Zeb^ghklb kqblZ_lky ^_gv ihklmie_ gby \ mqj_`^_gb_ aZy\e_gby ]jZ`^ZgbgZ h ijbagZgbb _]h bg\Zeb^hf k ijbeZ]Z_fufb d g_fm ^hdmf_glZfb
Bg\Zeb^ghklv ]jmiiu mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky gZ ]h^Z I b ,,,
]jmii gZ ]h^
< aZ\bkbfhklb hl kl_i_gb jZkkljhckl\Z nmgdpbc hj]ZgbafZ b h] jZgbq_gbc `bag_^_yl_evghklb ebpm \ \hajZkl_ ^h e_l mklZgZ\eb \Z_lky dZl_]hjby©j_[_ghd bg\Zeb^ªgZ kjhd ]h^ ]h^Z beb ^h ^hk lb`_gby bf \hajZklZ e_l \ khhl\_lkl\bb k deZkkbnbdZcpbyfb b djb l_jbyfb ml\_j`^_ggufb Fbgbkl_jkl\hf ljm^Z b khpbZevgh]h jZa\b lby JN b Fbgbkl_jkl\hf a^jZ\hhojZg_gby JN
< kemqZ_ ijbagZgby ebpZ bg\Zeb^hf ki_pbZebklZfb mqj_` ^_gby ijh\h^b\rbfb f_^bdh khpbZevgmx wdki_jlbam \ f_kyqguc kjhd jZajZ[Zlu\Z_lky bg^b\b^mZevgZy ijh]jZffZ j_Z[beblZpbb
Ijh]jZffZ ml\_j`^Z_lky jmdh\h^bl_e_f mqj_`^_gby b \
^g_\guc kjhd ihke_ __ jZajZ[hldb gZijZ\ey_lky \ hj]Zg khpbZevghc aZsblu gZk_e_gby
>Zggu_ f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau ebpZ b j_r_gb_ ki_ pbZebklh\ ijh\h^b\rbo f_^bdh khpbZevgmx wdki_jlbam aZghkylky \ ijhlhdhe aZk_^Zgby b Zdl hk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgby ebpZ dhlhju_ ih^ib ku\Zxlky jmdh\h^bl_e_f mqj_`^_gby ki_pbZebklZfb ijbgbfZ\rbfb j_r_gb_ b aZ\_jyxlky i_qZlvx mqj_`^_gby
AZdexq_gb_ dhgkmevlZglZ ijb\e_dZ_fh]h d ijh\_^_gbx f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau i_j_q_gv ^hdmf_glh\ b hkgh\gu_ k\_^_gby ihkem`b\rb_ hkgh\Zgb_f ^ey ijbgylby wdki_jlgh]h j_r_gby aZgh kylky \ Zdl hk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgby beb ijbh[sZxlky d g_fm
<uibkdZ ba ZdlZ hk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgby ]jZ`^ZgbgZ ijbagZg gh]h bg\Zeb^hf gZijZ\ey_lky \ hj]Zg hkms_kl\eyxsbc i_gkbhggh_ h[_ki_q_gb_ \ ^g_\guc kjhd kh ^gy mklZgh\e_gby bg\Zeb^ghklb
Ebpm ijbagZgghfm \ mklZgh\e_gghf ihjy^d_ bg\Zeb^hf \u^Zxlky kijZ\dZ ih^l\_j`^ZxsZy nZdl mklZgh\e_gby bg\Zeb^gh
klb Z lZd`_ bg^b\b^mZevgZy ijh]jZffZ j_Z[beblZpbb Nhjfu kijZ\ db b bg^b\b^mZevghc ijh]jZffu j_Z[beblZpbb bg\Zeb^Z ml\_j`^Z xlky Fbgbkl_jkl\hf khpbZevghc aZsblu gZk_e_gby Jhkkbckdhc N_ ^_jZpbb
Ebpm g_ ijbagZgghfm bg\Zeb^hf ih _]h `_eZgbx \u^Z_lky kijZ\dZ h j_amevlZlZo hk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgby
Ebpm bf_xs_fm ^hdmf_gl h \j_f_gghc g_ljm^hkihkh[ghklb b ijbagZgghfm bg\Zeb^hf ]jmiiZ bg\Zeb^ghklb b ^ZqZ __ mklZgh\e_ gby hlf_qZxlky \ ebkld_ \j_f_gghc g_ljm^hkihkh[ghklb beb \ kijZ\d_ m^hklh\_jyxs_c \j_f_ggmx g_ljm^hkihkh[ghklv \ l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z ebklhd \j_f_gghc g_ljm^hkihkh[ghklb g_ \u^Z_lky
,9Ihjy^hd i_j_hk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgby bg\Zeb^h\
I_j_hk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgb_ bg\Zeb^Z ijh\h^blky \ ihjy^d_ mklZgh\e_gghf ^ey ijbagZgby ebpZ bg\Zeb^hf
I_j_hk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgb_ bg\Zeb^h\ ]jmiiu ijh\h^blky h^bg jZa \ ]h^Z bg\Zeb^h\ ,, b ,,, ]jmii h^bg jZa \ , h^ Z ^_l_c bg\Zeb^h\ ±h^bg jZa \ kjhd gZ dhlhjuc mklZgh\e_gZ dZl_]hjby ©j_ [_ghd bg\Zeb^ª
Bg\Zeb^ghklv mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky ^h i_j\h]h qbkeZ f_kypZ ke_ ^mxs_]h aZ l_f f_kyp_f gZ dhlhjuc gZagZq_gh i_j_hk\b^_l_evkl\h \Zgb_
;_a mdZaZgby kjhdZ i_j_hk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgby bg\Zeb^ghklv mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky fm`qbgZf klZjr_ e_l b `_gsbgZf klZjr_ e_l bg\Zeb^Zf k g_h[jZlbfufb ZgZlhfbq_kdbfb ^_n_dlZfb ^jm]bf bg \Zeb^Zf \ khhl\_lkl\bb k djbl_jbyfb ml\_j`^Z_fufb Fbgbkl_jkl \hf khpbZevghc aZsblu gZk_e_gby Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb b Fbgb kl_jkl\hf a^jZ\hhojZg_gby b f_^bpbgkdhc ijhfure_gghklb Jhkkbc kdhc N_^_jZpbb
I_j_hk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgb_ ebp bg\Zeb^ghklv dhlhjuf mklZ gh\e_gZ [_a kjhdZ i_j_hk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgby \dexqZy fm`qbg klZjr_
e_l b `_gsbg klZjr_ e_l ijh\h^blky \ kemqZyo \uy\e_gby \ mk lZgh\e_gghf ihjy^d_ ih^eh`guo ^hdmf_glh\ gZ hkgh\Zgbb dhlhjuo mklZgh\e_gZ bg\Zeb^ghklv
I_j_hk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgb_ bg\Zeb^Z fh`_l hkms_kl\eylvky aZ[eZ]h\j_f_ggh gh g_ [he__ q_f aZ ^\Z f_kypZ ^h bkl_q_gby mklZ gh\e_ggh]h kjhdZ bg\Zeb^ghklb
I_j_hk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgb_ bg\Zeb^Z jZg__ mklZgh\e_gguo kjhdh\ ijh\h^blky ih gZijZ\e_gbx mqj_`^_gby a^jZ\hhojZg_gby \ k\yab k baf_g_gb_f khklhygby _]h a^hjh\vy
9Ihjy^hd h[`Zeh\Zgby j_r_gbc mqj_`^_gbc
=jZ`^Zgbg beb _]h aZdhgguc ij_^klZ\bl_ev \ kemqZ_ g_kh ]eZkby k wdki_jlguf j_r_gb_f [xjh f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau fh`_l h[`Zeh\Zlv _]h gZ hkgh\Zgbb ibkvf_ggh]h aZy\e_gby ih^Z\Z_
fh]h \ mqj_`^_gb_ ijh\h^b\r__ hk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgb_ beb \ ]eZ\gh_ [xjh f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau beb \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbc hj]Zg khpbZevghc aZsblu gZk_e_gby
;xjh f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau ijh\h^b\r__ hk\b^_l_ev kl\h\Zgb_ \ ^g_\guc kjhd kh ^gy ihemq_gby aZy\e_gby gZijZ\ey_l wlh aZy\e_gb_ kh \k_fb bf_xsbfbky ^hdmf_glZfb \ ]eZ\gh_ [xjh f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau
=eZ\gh_ [xjh f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau g_ iha^g__ f_kypZ kh ^gy ihklmie_gby aZy\e_gby ijh\h^bl f_^bdh khpbZevgmx wdki_jlbam ebpZ b gZ hkgh\Zgbb ihemq_gguo j_amevlZlh\ \ughkbl j_ r_gb_
J_r_gb_ ]eZ\gh]h [xjh f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau fh`_l [ulv h[`Zeh\Zgh \ f_kyqguc kjhd \ hj]Zg khpbZevghc aZsblu gZk_ e_gby km[t_dlZ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb
< kemqZ_ g_kh]eZkby ]jZ`^ZgbgZ k j_r_gb_f ]eZ\gh]h [xjh f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau hj]Zg khpbZevghc aZsblu gZk_e_gby fh`_l ihjmqblv ijh\_^_gb_ f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau ex[hfm khklZ\m ki_pbZebklh\ g_h[oh^bfh]h ijhnbey mdZaZggh]h mqj_`^_gby
J_r_gb_ mqj_`^_gby fh`_l [ulv h[`Zeh\Zgh \ km^ ]jZ`^Z gbghf beb _]h aZdhgguf ij_^klZ\bl_e_f \ ihjy^d_ mklZgh\e_gghf aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hf Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb
IJBF?JGH? IHEH@?GB?
h[ mqj_`^_gbyo ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kem`[u f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau
Ba\e_q_gb_
,,Hj]ZgbaZpby ^_yl_evghklb mqj_`^_gbc
< rlZlguc ghjfZlb\ [xjh \oh^yl ki_pbZebklu ijbgb fZxsb_ wdki_jlgh_ j_r_gb_ \jZqZ jZaebqguo ki_pbZevghkl_c ki_pbZebkl ih j_Z[beblZpbb ki_pbZebkl ih khpbZevghc jZ[hl_ b ikboheh]
Ijb g_h[oh^bfhklb \ rlZlguc ghjfZlb\ [xjh fh]ml [ulv \\_^_ gu \jZqb i_^bZlju ki_pbZebklu ih nmgdpbhgZevghc ^bZ]ghklbd_ ih ijhnhjb_glZpbb ih wj]hghfbd_ nbabheh]bb ljm^Z i_^Z]h] kmj^hi_ j_\h^qbd b ^jm]b_ ki_pbZebklu
< rlZlguc ghjfZlb\ ]eZ\gh]h [xjh \oh^yl g_kdhevdh khklZ \h\ ki_pbZebklh\ ijbgbfZxsbo wdki_jlgh_ j_r_gb_ ]jmiiu ki_pbZ ebklh\ ih nmgdpbhgZevghc ^bZ]ghklbd_ ijhnhjb_glZpbb b hj]ZgbaZ pbb ljm^Z bg\Zeb^h\ bo khpbZevgh kj_^h\hc Z^ZilZpbb Z lZd`_ ki_ pbZebklu kem`[ xjb^bq_kdh]h dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby b bgnhjfZpbhggh klZlbklbq_kdh]h h[_ki_q_gby
< khklZ\ ki_pbZebklh\ ijbgbfZxsbo wdki_jlgh_ j_r_gb_ \oh ^yl g_ f_g__ \jZq_c jZaebqguo ki_pbZevghkl_c ki_pbZebklu ih j_Z[beblZpbb jZaebqgh]h ijhnbey \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl ihlj_[ghklb \ wdki_jlgh j_Z[beblZpbhgghc ^bZ]ghklbd_ ki_pbZebklu ih khpb Zevghc jZ[hl_ b ikboheh]b
< kemqZ_ g_h[oh^bfhklb ijb ]eZ\ghf [xjh fh`_l [ulv kha^Zgh klZpbhgZjgh_ hl^_e_gb_
Z[a >ey ijh\_^_gby f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau ]jZ` ^Zg ]eZ\gh_ [xjh fh`_l ijb\e_dZlv dhgkmevlZglh\ ih f_^bpbgkdbf b khpbZevguf \hijhkZf
;xjh
hij_^_ey_l kljmdlmjm b kl_i_gv h]jZgbq_gby `ba g_^_yl_evghklb hk\b^_l_evkl\m_fuo ebp b bo j_Z[beblZpb hgguc ihl_gpbZe
mklZgZ\eb\Z_l nZdl gZebqby bg\Zeb^ghklb hij_^_ey_l ]jmi im ijbqbgu h[klhyl_evkl\Z b mkeh\by \hagbdgh\_gby kjhdb b \j_fy gZklmie_gby bg\Zeb^ghklb
hij_^_ey_l kl_i_gv mljZlu ijhn_kkbhgZevghc ljm ^hkihkh[ghklb \ ijhp_glZo jZ[hlgbdh\ ihemqb\rbo m\_qv_ ijhn_kkbhgZevgh_ aZ[he_\Zgb_ eb[h bgh_ ih\j_`^_gb_ a^h jh\vy k\yaZggh_ k bkiheg_gb_f bfb ljm^h\uo h[yaZgghkl_c b g_h[oh^bfhklv hkms_kl\e_gby ^hihegbl_evguo f_j khpb Zevghc aZsblu
hij_^_ey_l ijbqbggmx k\yav kf_jlb ihkljZ^Z\r_]h ebpZ k ijhba\h^kl\_gghc ljZ\fhc ijhn_kkbhgZevguf aZ[he_\Zgb _f ij_[u\Zgb_f gZ njhgl_ b k ^jm]bfb h[klhyl_evkl\Zfb ijb dhlhjuo aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hf Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb ij_ ^mkfZljb\Z_lky ij_^hklZ\e_gb_ ev]hl k_fv_ mf_jr_]h
hij_^_ey_l ihlj_[ghklv bg\Zeb^h\ \ ki_pbZevguo ljZgk ihjlguo kj_^kl\Zo
nhjfbjm_l b dhjj_dlbjm_l bg^b\b^mZevgu_ ijh]jZffu j_Z [beblZpbb bg\Zeb^h\ hij_^_ey_l \b^u nhjfu kjhdb b h[t _fu f_jhijbylbc ih f_^bpbgkdhc khpbZevghc b ijhn_kkbh gZevghc j_Z[beblZpbb Z lZd`_ dhgljhebjm_l bo j_ZebaZpbxhdZau\Z_l jZaghklhjhggxx ihfhsv ebpZf ijhr_^rbf f_^b dh khpbZevgmx wdki_jlbam \ lhf qbke_ \ \b^_ dhgkmevlZpbc ih xjb^bq_kdbf \hijhkZf b kh^_ckl\m_l \ h[_ki_q_gbb g_ h[oh^bfhc khpbZevghc aZsblu bg\Zeb^h\ \dexqZy j_Z[beb
lZpbx«
ij_^hklZ\ey_l \ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ \h_ggu_ dhfbkkZjbZlu k\_^_gby h[h \k_o kemqZyo ijbagZgby bg\Zeb^Zfb \h_gghh[y aZgguo b ebp ijbau\gh]h \hajZklZ
=eZ\gh_ [xjh
ijh\h^bl f_^bdh khpbZevgmx wdki_jlbam ebp h[`Zeh\Z\rbo j_r_gby [xjh b \ kemqZ_ g_h[hkgh\Zgghklb wlbo j_r_gbc baf_gy_l bo
ijh\h^bl f_^bdh khpbZevgmx wdki_jlbam ]jZ`^Zg ih gZijZ\ e_gbyf [xjh \ kemqZyo lj_[mxsbo ijbf_g_gby ki_pbZevguo f_lh^h\ h[ke_^h\Zgby
nhjfbjm_l b dhjj_dlbjm_l bg^b\b^mZevgu_ ijh]jZffu j_Z [beblZpbb bg\Zeb^h\ \ kemqZyo lj_[mxsbo ijbf_g_gby ki_ pbZevguo f_lh^h\ h[ke_^h\Zgby Z lZd`_ dhgljhebjm_l bo j_ZebaZpbx
hdZau\Z_l i_j\bqgmx j_Z[beblZpbhggh ikboheh]bq_kdmx b ijhnhjb_glZpbhggmx ihfhsv ]jZ`^ZgZf ijhr_^rbf f_^b dh khpbZevgmx wdki_jlbam
ij_^hklZ\ey_l \ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ \h_ggu_ dhfbkkZjbZlu k\_^_gby h[h \k_o kemqZyo ijbagZgby bg\Zeb^Zfb \h_gghh[y aZgguo b ebp ijbau\gh]h \hajZklZ
hdZau\Z_l dhgkmevlZlb\gmx ihfhsv \jZqZf wdki_jlZf b ^jm]bf ki_pbZebklZf [xjh
Mqj_`^_gby ^ey hkms_kl\e_gby k\hbo iheghfhqbc bf_xl ijZ\h
gZijZ\eylv ebp ijhoh^ysbo f_^bdh khpbZevgmx wdki_jlbam gZ h[ke_^h\Zgb_ k p_evx mlhqg_gby bo debgbdh nmgdpbhgZevgh]h ^bZ]ghaZ b ijhn_kkbhgZevguo \hafh`gh kl_c \ e_q_[gh ijhnbeZdlbq_kdb_ mqj_`^_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_g ghc b fmgbpbiZevghc kbkl_f a^jZ\hhojZg_gby j_Z[beblZpb hggu_ b ^jm]b_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ b fmgbpbiZevgu_ mqj_`^_ gby hkms_kl\eyxsb_ ^_yl_evghklv \ kn_j_ f_^bdh khpbZevghc wdki_jlbau b j_Z[beblZpbb bg\Zeb^h\
aZijZrb\Zlv b ihemqZlv hl hj]ZgbaZpbc \k_o nhjf kh[kl\_g ghklb k\_^_gby g_h[oh^bfu_ ^ey ijbgylby j_r_gby b \u iheg_gby ^jm]bo nmgdpbc \haeh`_gguo gZ mqj_`^_gby
ijh\h^blv dhgljhevgu_ hk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgby bg\Zeb^h\ ^ey ^bgZfbq_kdh]h gZ[ex^_gby aZ \uiheg_gb_f f_jhijbylbc ij_^mkfhlj_gguo bg^b\b^mZevgufb ijh]jZffZfb j_Z[beb lZpbb bg\Zeb^h\
gZijZ\eylv ki_pbZebklh\ \ hj]ZgbaZpbb \k_o nhjf kh[kl\_g ghklb k p_evx bamq_gby mkeh\bc ljm^Z bg\Zeb^h\ dhgljhey aZ hkms_kl\e_gb_f j_Z[beblZpbhgguo f_jhijbylbc b \ ^jm]bo kemqZyo g_h[oh^bfuo ^ey \uiheg_gby nmgdpbc \haeh`_g guo gZ mqj_`^_gby
©Mlhqg_ggu_ khpbZevgu_ ghjfZlb\u b ghjfuª
JZkihjy`_gb_ IjZ\bl_evkl\Z JN hl ] ‹ j
< khhl\_lkl\bb k MdZahf Ij_ab^_glZ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb hl
fZy ]1H[ hj]ZgbaZpbb ih^]hlh\db ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo fb gbfZevguo khpbZevguo klZg^Zjlh\ ^ey hij_^_e_gby nbgZgkh\uo ghjfZlb\h\ nhjfbjh\Zgby [x^`_lh\ km[t_dlh\ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZ pbb b f_klguo [x^`_lh\ IjZ\bl_evkl\h JN h^h[jbeh mlhqg_ggu_ khpbZevgu_ ghjfZlb\u b ghjfu b j_dhf_g^h\Zeh hj]ZgZf bkihegb l_evghc \eZklb km[t_dlh\ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb b hj]ZgZf f_klgh]h kZfhmijZ\e_gby bkihevah\Zlv bo ijb nhjfbjh\Zgbb ijh_dlh\ [x^`_ lh\ km[t_dlh\ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb b f_klguo [x^`_lh\
KHPB:EVG:Y A:SBL: G:K?E?GBY
GZbf_gh\Zgb_ |
?^ |
Dhebq_kl\h |
|
ihdZaZl_e_c |
baf_j_gby |
||
|
|||
GhjfZlb\ h[_ki_q_gghklb ijh |
fZkl_jkdbo |
gZ |
|
l_agh hjlhi_^bq_kdbfb fZk |
|
luk q_e |
|
l_jkdbfb |
|
|
|
GhjfZlb\ h[_ki_q_gghklb ijh |
ij_^ijbylbc |
gZ feg q_e |
|
l_agh hjlhi_^bq_kdbfb ij_^ |
|
|
|
ijbylbyfb kh klZpbhgZjhf |
|
|
|
GhjfZlb\ h[_ki_q_gghklb bg |
rlmd |
gZ e_l |
|
\Zeb^gufb dj_keZfb |
|
wdkiemZlZpbb |
|
dheykdZfb |
|
|
|
GhjfZlb\ h[_ki_q_gghklb bg |
rlmd |
gZ e_l |
|
\Zeb^h\ Z\lhfh[beyfb |
|
wdkiemZlZpbb |
|
GhjfZlb\ h[_ki_q_gghklb bg |
rlmd |
gZ e_l |
|
\Zeb^h\ fhlhdheykdZfb |
|
wdkiemZlZpbb |
|
GhjfZlb\ h[_ki_q_gghklb bg |
rlmd |
gZ ]h^Z |
|
\Zeb^h\ fZeh]Z[Zjblgufb dh |
|
wdkiemZlZpbb |
|
eykdZfb |
|
|
IJHL?ABJH<:GB?
Ijhl_abjh\Zgb_ y\ey_lky \Z`guf kj_^kl\hf dhfi_gkZpbb mljZq_gguo beb gZjmr_gguo nmgdpbc hj]Zgh\ q_eh\_dZ b \ha\jZs_ gby bg\Zeb^h\ b ^jm]bo g_ljm^hkihkh[guo ebp d h[s_kl\_ggh ihe_a ghfm ljm^m
Xjb^bq_kdbf hkgh\Zgb_f ij_^hklZ\e_gby mkem] ih ijhl_abjh \Zgbx y\eyxlky khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ bgkljmdpbb ml\_j`^Z_fu_ kh hl\_lkl\_ggh Fbga^jZ\hf eb[h Fbgkh[_kZfb j_kim[ebd hi j_^_eyxsb_ mkeh\by b ihjy^hd kgZ[`_gby gZk_e_gby l_f beb bguf \b^hf ijhl_aguo ba^_ebc
< ghjfZlb\guo ZdlZo ijb\h^ylky ke_^mxsb_ \b^u lZdbo ba ^_ebc ijhl_agh hjlhi_^bq_kdb_ b ^hihegbl_evgu_ d gbf ij_^f_
lu jZ[hqb_ ijhl_au b ijbkihkh[e_gby hjlhi_^bq_kdZy h[m\v b h[m\v gZ hjlhi_^bq_kdb_ ZiiZjZlu h[m\v gZ ijhl_au [Zg^Z`gu_ b ijhqb_ \b^u ba^_ebc kemoh\u_ ZiiZjZlu ZiiZjZlu ^ey ]hehkhh[ jZah\Zgby jhebdh\u_ kj_^kl\Z i_j_^\b`_gby \_ehdheykdb dj_keZ dheykdb dhlhju_ ijbgylh lZd gZau\Zlv \ hlebqb_ hl fhlhjguo kj_^kl\ i_j_^\b`_gby
AZdhghf hij_^_e_g djm] ebp bf_xsbo ijZ\h gZ [_kieZlgh_ ih emq_gb_ ijhl_agh hjlhi_^bq_kdbo ba^_ebc LZd \ i_j_qg_ wlbo ebp mdZaZgu jZ[hqb_ b kem`Zsb_ i_gkbhg_ju qe_gu k_f_c mdZaZgguo dZl_]hjbc ebp gZoh^ysb_ky gZ bo b`^b\_gbb bg\Zeb^u b mqZklgbdb \hcgu ij_klZj_eu_ b bg\Zeb^u , b ]jmii ihemqZxsb_ ]hkm^Zj kl\_ggh_ ihkh[b_ bg\Zeb^u k ^_lkl\Z mqZsb_ky \ukrbo b kj_^gbo ki_pbZevguo mq_[guo aZ\_^_gbc LZdh_ ijZ\h bf_xl lZd`_ ^_lb \ \hajZkl_ ^h e_l ebpZ h[_ki_qb\Z_fu_ \ ^hfZo bgl_jgZlZo ^ey ij_klZj_euo b bg\Zeb^h\ \ ^_lkdbo ^hfZo ijhnbeZdlbq_kdbo bg l_jgZlZo hj]Zgh\ khpbZevgh]h h[_ki_q_gby
L_ ]jZ`^Zg_ dhlhjuf ijhl_au \u^Zxlky [_kieZlgh bf_xl lZd`_ ijZ\h b gZ [_kieZlgh_ ihemq_gb_ jZ[hqbo ijhl_ah\ gh] dh lhju_ g_h[oh^bfu \ k\yab k \uiheg_gb_f jZ[hlu eb[h h^gh\j_ f_ggh k hkgh\guf ijhl_ahf \u^Z_lky b aZiZkghc ijhl_a gh]b rh n_jZf dhf[Zcg_jZf ljZdlhjbklZf b \h^bl_eyf ^jm]bo kZfh oh^guo fZrbg L_f dlh ihevam_lky ijhl_aZfb jmd ih f_^bpbgkdh fm aZdexq_gbx fh]ml \u^Z\Zlvky jZ[hqb_ ijhl_au beb jZ[hqb_ ijbkihkh[e_gby ^ey ijhba\h^kl\_gghc jZ[hlu beb bkihevah\Zgby \ [ulm <k_ dlh bf__l ijZ\h gZ [_kieZlgh_ ihemq_gb_ hjlhi_^bq_ kdbo ba^_ebc bf_xl lZd`_ ijZ\h b gZ [_kieZlguc bo j_fhgl
<_ehdheykdb b dj_keh dheykdb aZf_gyxsb_ ijhl_abjh\Zgb_ \u^Zxlky ih aZdexq_gbx <LWD ijb g_\hafh`ghklb ijhl_abjh\Zgby beb \ k\yab k k_jv_agufb aZljm^g_gbyfb \ ihevah\Zgbb ijhl_agh hjlhi_^bq_kdbfb ba^_ebyfb ;_kieZlgh_ bo ij_^hklZ\e_gb_ bf_xl bg\Zeb^u ljm^Z b \hcgu i_gkbhg_ju ih \hajZklm b ^_lb \ \hajZkl_ ^h e_l K jZaj_r_gby fbgkh[_kh\ j_kim[ebd h[e djZc kh[_kh\ wlb kj_^kl\Z i_j_^\b`_gby fh]ml \u^Z\Zlvky [_kieZlgh beb kh kdb^dhc bg\Zeb^Zf k ^_lkl\Z
Am[gu_ q_exklgu_ \ ebp_\u_ ijhl_au ba]hlh\eyxlky Z lZd`_ j_fhglbjmxlky [_kieZlgh \k_f bg\Zeb^Zf Hl_q_kl\_gghc \hcgu bg\Zeb^Zf ljm^Z,b,,]jmii i_gkbhg_jZf ih \hajZklm
I_jbh^ ihevah\Zgby ijhl_agh hjlhi_^bq_kdbfb ba^_ebyfb hi j_^_e_g mklZgh\e_gguf kjhdhf k bkl_q_gb_f dhlhjh]h gZklmiZ_l ijZ\h ih\lhjgh]h ihemq_gby [_kieZlgh beb gZ ev]hlguo mkeh\byo gh\h]h ba^_eby Kjhdb aZf_gu wlbo ba^_ebc hij_^_eyxlky j_kim[ ebdZgkdbf aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hf b aZ\bkyl hl \b^Z ijhl_agh hjlhi_^bq_kdh]h ba^_eby b oZjZdl_jZ aZ[he_\Zgby MklZgh\e_gu lZd`_ b ]ZjZglbcgu_ kjhdb wlh i_jbh^ \ l_q_gb_ dhlhjh]h ]jZ` ^Zg_ bf_xl ijZ\h ij_^ty\eylv lj_[h\Zgby Z ijhl_agu_ ij_^ijby
lby h[yaZgu aZf_gblv beb hlj_fhglbjh\Zlv ba]hlh\e_ggh_ bfb ba^_eb_ =ZjZglbcgu_ kjhdb mklZgZ\eb\Zxlky ^ey dZ`^h]h \b^Z ba ^_eby
Ijb baghk_ b ihehfd_ ^h ]ZjZglbcgh]h kjhdZ ijhl_agh hjlhi_^bq_kdbo ba^_ebc bo j_fhgl eb[h ba]hlh\e_gb_ \aZf_g bo gh\uo ba^_ebc ijhba\h^blky aZ kq_l ij_^ijbylby ba]hlh\bl_ey Ijb wlhf i_j_^_edZ beb ihijZ\dZ ba^_ebc b h[m\b \ ij_^_eZo ]ZjZg lbcgh]h kjhdZ ^he`gZ ijhba\h^blvky \g_ hq_j_^b
Kjhdb ba]hlh\e_gby b j_fhglZ ijhl_agh hjlhi_^bq_kdbo ba^_ ebc b hjlhi_^bq_kdhc h[m\b bkqbkeyxlky kh ^gy ijb_fZ aZdZaZ ^h bo \u^Zqb Kjhd j_fhglZ aZ\bkbl hl \b^Z ba^_eby b h[t_fZ j_fhglZ
< g_dhlhjuo kemqZyo jZkoh^u k\yaZggu_ k ih_a^dhc gZ ijhl_ abjh\Zgb_ b hieZlm d\Zjlbju [_j_l gZ k_[y ]hkm^Zjkl\h < ihjy^ d_ bkdexq_gby fh]ml [ulv hieZq_gu b jZkoh^u ih ijh_a^m khijh \h`^Zxs_fm ebpm
Ijb ihf_s_gbb \ klZpbhgZj ijhl_agh hjlhi_^bq_kdh]h ij_^ ijbylby jZ[hlgbdm \u^Z_lky ihkh[b_ ih ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghfm khpb Zevghfm kljZoh\Zgbx aZ \k_ \j_fy gZoh`^_gby \ klZpbhgZj_ b aZ \j_fy ijh_a^Z \ klZpbhgZj b h[jZlgh
Ijb wlhf ke_^m_l bf_lv \ \b^m qlh i_jbh^u \uieZlu ihkh [by bg\Zeb^Zf \ k\yab k ijhl_abjh\Zgb_f \ klZpbhgZj_ ijb ijhl_a gh hjlhi_^bq_kdhf ij_^ijbylbb b ijh_a^hf \ wlhl klZpbhgZj b h[jZlgh \dexqZxlky \ ij_^_evgu_ kjhdb h[_ki_q_gby ihkh[b_f jZ [hlZxsbo bg\Zeb^h\ mklZgh\e_ggu_ ^_ckl\mxsbf aZdhgh ^Zl_evkl\hf kf i Iheh`_gby h ihjy^d_ h[_ki_q_gby ihkh[byfb ih ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghfm khpbZevghfm kljZoh\Zgbx ml\_j`^_gghfm ih klZgh\e_gb_f Ij_ab^bmfZ <PKIK hl ghy[jy ] ;hev gbqguc ebklhd \u^Z_lky \jZqhf klZpbhgZjZ kh\f_klgh k ]eZ\guf \jZqhf f_^bpbgkdh]h hl^_eZ ijhl_agh hjlhi_^bq_kdh]h ij_^ijb ylby Z ijb hlkmlkl\bb \ ijhl_agh hjlhi_^bq_kdhf ij_^ijbylbb f_^bpbgkdh]h hl^_eZ \jZqhf klZpbhgZjZ
IHKL:GH<E?GBY B >JM=B? >HDMF?GLU
FBGBKL?JKL< B DHFBL?LH< JHKKBCKDHC N?>?J:PBB
IhklZgh\e_gb_ Fbgljm^Z JN ‹ hl ]
©H i_j_qg_ ijbhjbl_lguo ijhn_kkbc jZ[hqbo b kem`Zsbo h\eZ ^_gb_ dhlhjufb ^Z_l bg\Zeb^Zf gZb[hevrmx \hafh`ghklv [ulv dhgdmj_glhkihkh[gufb gZ j_]bhgZevguo jugdZo ljm^Zª
JZatykg_gb_ fbgbkl_jkl\Z h[jZah\Zgby JN
< Fbgbkl_jkl\h h[jZah\Zgby Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb h[jZ sZxlky jh^bl_eb ^_lb dhlhjuo h[mqZxlky \ \_q_jgbo kf_gguo h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evguo mqj_`^_gbyo k `Zeh[Zfb gZ g_h[hkgh\Zg