Грамматика. Практикум

Trains won’t be running between East Putney and Putney Bridge this weekend due to essential track repairs.

I’m sorry, I can’t come to your wedding as I’ll be working on that day.

Will Helen be using the fax machine for long? I have to send a fax.

5)The Future Continuous is used to express future without intention. That means that a predicted event will happen independently of the will or intention of anyone concerned. When we use the Future Continuous we mean that the action is inevitable:

I’ll be seeing Tom tomorrow.

I’ll be seeing Mr Kennedy at the court tomorrow – he’s always there on Thursdays – so we can discuss your case briefly then.

The Future Perfect

I. The Formation

The Future Perfect is formed by means of the auxiliary verb ''to have'' in the Future Indefinite and Participle II of the notional verb.

He will have spoken.

Will he have spoken?

He will not have spoken.

II. The Use

1) The Future Perfect is used to denote an action that begins before a certain moment of time in the future and goes up to that moment or into it. We use the tense to make predictions about actions which we expect to be completed by a particular time in the future. Compare:

They will have painted the room by Thursday. (Exclusive)

They will have been married for ten years next Saturday. (Inclusive)

He’ll have had an operation by May and should be a lot fitter then.

Note 1: The following time indications can be used: before, by the time, by then, till/until (only in negative sentences)

He won't have repaired my camera till the end of this week.

The Future Perfect Continuous

I. The Formation

The Future Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the auxiliary verb ''to be'' in the Future Perfect and Participle I of the notional verb.

He will have been speaking.

Will he have been speaking?

He will not have been speaking.

II. The Use

1) The Future Perfect Continuous is used to denote an action that begins before a certain moment of time in the future and goes up to that moment or into it. We focus on the duration of the action. The Future Perfect Continuous is very rarely used. Mostly in can be found with the adverbial by ... for...

By the end of the month he will have been training horses for twenty years.

6) Sentences with Let’s … use shall in the tag.

Let’s go there tomorrow, shall we?

II. Agreeing and disagreeing with question tags

He’s leaving soon, isn’t he? - Yes, he is. (agreeing)/ No, he isn’t. (disagreeing)

He isn’t leaving today, is he?- No, he isn’t. (agreeing)/ Yes, he is. (disagreeing)

III. Echo tags

An echo tag is a response, in tag form, to an affirmative or negative statement. It is used to express one's surprise or doubt.

affirmative:

He’s resigning. - Is he? negative

He isn’t resigning. - Isn’t he?

IMPERATIVES

When we say Have a drink, Come here or Sleep well, we are using imperative verb forms: have, come and sleep.

I. Formation

Imperatives have exactly the same form as the infinitive without to. We use them for ordering, directing, prohibiting, warning, giving advice, giving instructions, encouraging people and so on.

Be sensible.

Stop her.

Put that gun down.

Negative imperatives are made with don’t or do not.

Don’t worry – everything will be all right.

Do not lean out of the window.

Don’t be afraid of them.

You can also form a negative imperative by putting 'never' in front of the base form of a verb.

Never open the front door without looking through the peephole.

We can make an emphatic imperative with do. This is common in polite requests, complaints and apologises.

Do sit down.

Do forgive me – I didn’t mean to interrupt.

Do be quiet!

Add yourself/yourselves to verbs like help, enjoy, behave:

Help yourself!

If we are talking to groups of people, we can use imperative with everybody, somebody/anybody, nobody:

Everybody keep quiet. Keep quiet, everybody.

Nobody say a word!

Don’t say a word, anybody. Don’t anybody say a word.

After imperatives we can use the question tags will you? won’t you? would you? can you? could you? can’t you?

Come and help me, will you?

Give me a cigarette, could you?

Be quiet, can’t you?

We add will you? won’t you? can’t you? to express annoyance:

Stop shouting, will you?

We add would you? could you? can you? for neutral requests:

Post this for me, would you?

We add will you? won’t you? for friendly offers:

Take a seat, will you?

II. Imperatives with 'let'

'Let' is used in imperative sentences in four different ways:

1)It is used to give an order or instruction.

Let Phillip have a look at it.

Let Philip not have a look at it.

2)You use it followed by 'us' when you are making a suggestion about what you and someone else should do. 'Let us' is almost always shortened to 'Let's'.

Let's not go outside.

Let us not go outside.

Let's creep forward on hands and knees.

3)You use it followed by 'me' when you are offering to do something.

Let me take your coat.

Let me not tell him everything!

EXCLAMATIONS

Exclamatory sentences are sentences which are used to show strong emotions, such as happiness, anger, surprise, excitement, etc. Each exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark.

In English most exclamatory sentences can be formed according to two patterns: exclamations beginning with how and exclamations beginning with what and exclamations with so or such.

What a clever girl she is!

How clever she is!

Use adjectives or adverbs after how and so and nouns after what and such.

How cold it is!

How beautifully you sing!

What a nice dress!

He is such a diligent student!

He is so well-read!

He sings so well!

After what or such you can use plural or uncountable nouns and singular countable nouns. If you use single uncountable nouns don’t forget to put the indefinite article before the noun.

What beautiful weather!

What lovely flowers!

What a surprise!

It is such good advice!

She is such a talented actress!

CONDITIONALS

Conditional sentences usually consist of two clauses: a conditional clause (or if-clause) and a main clause (or result clause). The result in the main clause is dependent on the condition in the conditional clause.

We usually form conditional sentences in one of these basic structures:

If clause + main clause OR Main clause + if clause.

If we put the if-clause first, we usually separate the clauses with a comma, especially if one clause

is quite long: If you don’t look after cucumber plants, they die very quickly.

There are four basic conditional sentence patterns where our choice of tense depends on the time of the condition (past, present or future) and how possible or impossible we think the event is: zero conditionals, first conditionals, second conditionals, third conditionals.

ZERO CONDITIONALS

We use the so-called zero conditional when the result of the condition is always true, like a scientific fact or a general truth. For example, If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils. However, zero conditionals may also describe habitual, almost always true actions. For example, If it rains, I bring an umbrella or If it's a day off, I sleep late.

The important thing about the zero conditional is that the condition always has the same result. The result of the condition is an absolute certainty. We are not thinking about the future or the past, or even the present. We are thinking about a simple fact.

We use the present simple tense to talk about the condition. We also use the present simple tense to talk about the result. So in the condition clause, we can use a variety of present forms. In the result clause, there can only be the present simple or imperative.

FIRST CONDITIONALS

We use first conditionals to talk about things we think are likely to happen in the present or in the future. The action in the if-clause is quite probable.

Variations:

Sometimes you can find the present continuous or the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous in if-clauses and imperatives or modal verbs with infinitives in main clauses.

If the weather is good tomorrow, we’ll go on a picnic.

If it stops snowing, we can go out.

If you want to lose weight, you should/must eat fewer sweets.

If you want to lose weight, eat less chocolate.

SECOND CONDITIONALS

We use second conditionals to express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the present and, therefore, are unlikely to happen in the future. They are often used to give advice.

The Second Conditional can be used used to talk about imaginary present situations, where we are imagining something different from what is really the case. We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen, as the condition is unlikely to be met. We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result.

Variations:

Sometimes you can find the past continuous in if-clauses and modal verbs (could/might) with infinitives in main clauses.

Note: We use were instead of was for all persons in the if-clause of type 2 conditionals in formal situations. And we use If I were you…. when we want to give advice.

If Brad were/was taller, he could be a basketball player.

If I were you, I would buy a Honda.

THIRD CONDITIONALS

Third conditionals refer to the past and say what might have or would have happened if something else had happened first or what would have or might have been true if something else had been true. Third conditionals therefore refer to something that has not happend or was not the case.

Note: The verb in the conditional clause is usually in the past perfect tense but the past perfect continuous tense is also possible.

In the main clause you can use modals could or might instead of would. Use perfect infinitives or perfect continuous infinitives after would.

The police wouldn’t have stopped you if you hadn’t been speeding.

If I had known that, I might never have come.

We could have stayed longer if we had had more time.

If I hadn’t come to pick you up, you would have been waiting in the rain for a bus for hours.

MIXED CONDITIONALS

We can form mixed conditionals, if the context permits it, by combining an if-clause from one type with a main clause from another.

The category of voice denotes the relationship between the action expressed by the verb and the person or the thing expressed by the subject of the sentence.

The Active Voice indicates that the action is directed from the subject, the subject denotes the doer of the action.

The Normans invaded England in 1066.

The Passive Voice indicates that the action is directed towards the subject, the subject is the receiver of the action.

England was invaded by the Normans in1066.

I.The Formation

The Passive Voice is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle II of the notional verb.