Учебный год 22-23 / Pochuykin

2G.6 H1.

3!"A/"2(11 +6.: >'6+&"1 #.+,("1 -/.0": *#12('& / !"A /1A. -/"E. <.9. ;"

0'C&"F" ' -/"E. <.=. !1/1,1/+&"F". ?.: @/'+,D, 1996. =. 307.

§ 3. )#7"%,: %$L',7,: 5#758., 8%$'$ 7%&9"'$+,:

" 2$%8#!)'/%& 3-9)2/2> +#9( T ( !-#9'% #8#"'#!)''# %&3 #2 ,):)2>. B95 2#(# ;2#8< 1 ( 2$%8#!)2> +%'%*'3= "3&&3 " T, #85:)2%9>"2!# &%*+3 T / 4 +#9*'# 8<9# -$%,$)2/2>"5, ) &%* +3 T / 1 !#:'/,'32> '#!#%. 4 +#9*%' #"!#8#+/2> T #2 +#9(), ) T #8%6)%2 :)-9)2/2> 1.

«...J"9/ 5 :)?#;3, ;2#8< "9%+3%% &'% -$/')+9%*)9# 2%8%, 2#... '%#8?#+/, ;2#8< -# %&3 *%9)'/= 2< "2/-39/$#!)9 )2#2 +#9( #2 %(# +#9*'/,), !"9%+"2!/% ;%(# #' #"!#8#*+)%2"5 #2 +#9(), "9%+3%(# &'%, / "2)'#!/2"5 2!#/& +#9*'/,#&, ;2# '):<!)%2"5 #8'#!9%'/%& (-$%#8$):#!)'/%&) #85:)2%9>"2!). V%: I2#(# #8'#!9%'/5 2< '% 83+%G> !-$)!% -$%+M5!952> /",#! #2

2!#%(# /&%'/, 2#9>,# #2 %(# /&%'/ /9/ ! ,);%"2!% %(# -$%+ "2)!/2%95 /9/ :)&%"2/2%95»1.

S),/& #8$):#&, -%$%+ ')&/ :)&%') ,$%+/2#$) ! #85:)2%9> "2!% -#"$%+"2!#& '#!#(# #85:)2%9>"2!). S),)5 "?%&) 5!95%2"5 ,9)""/;%",/& -$#5!9%'/%& /'"2/232) '#!)@//. «H#!)@/5 2#9> ,# 2#(+) /&%%2 &%"2#, ,#(+) !# !2#$#7 "2/-395@// "#+%$*/2"5 ;2#-9/8# '#!#%. ]2# '#!#% *%2 "#"2#52> ! 2#&, ;2# &%'5%2"5 ?)$),2%$ #85:)2%9>"2!) 9/8#

&%'5%2"5 9/;'#"2> ,$%+/2#$) /9/ 9/;'#"2> +#9*'/,)»2.

H#!)@/5 #85:)2%9>"2!) -32%& :)&%'< #+'#(# /: "38M%,2#! #85:)2%9>"2!) ! $/&",#& -$)!% '):<!)9)"> +%9%()@/%7 (delegatio), -$/ I2#& :)&%') +#9*'/,) -$%+"2)!95%2 "#8#7 -)""/!'3= +%9%()@/=: «Q85:)2%9>"2!# -#()G)%2"5 #8'#!9%'/%&, %"9/ 5, ')-$/&%$, "2/-39/$3=, ;2#8< 2#, ;2# 2< &'% +#9*%', 8<9# +)'# S/@/%&. D8# "# !"23-9%'/%& '#!#(# 9/@) !#:'/,)%2 '#!#% #85- :)2%9>"2!#, ) -%$!#%, -%$%'%"%''#% ! -#"9%+3=6%%, -$%,$)6)%2 "5» ) :)&%') ,$%+/2#$) - ),2/!'3= +%9%()@/=, +%9%()@/=

2$% 8#!)'/5, delegatio nominis4.

4 !<8<!)%2 /: #85:)2%9>"2!), #85:)2%9>"2!# &%*+3 T / 4 -$%,$)6)%2"5, '# !&%"2% " #"'#!'<& #85:)2%9>"2!#& -$%,$)6)-

C$/. <(+,',$C''. =. 95.

>'6+&"1 #.+,("1 -/.0". =. 296. C$/. <(+,',$C''. =. 235.

=6.: >'6+&"1 #.+,("1 -/.0". =. 297.

27

C-$'$ I. 6#758.$ 8%$'$ 7%&9"'$+,:

' #,#7&<& =%$>?$+#.,J 8%$'""7+"K&+,/

=2"5 / !"% #8%"-%;%'/5 (:)9#(, -#$3;/2%9>"2!#). C#"9%+'%% #8 "2#52%9>"2!# ,$)7'% '%!<(#+'# 1, ,#2#$#&3 ?#2%9#"> 8< /&%2> '% 2#9>,# -$)!# 2$%8#!)'/5 , T, '# / ()$)'2// /"-#9'%'/5 -# "9%+'/& "!#%(# #85:)2%9>"2!). «Q2-)+)%2 -$)!# -$%/&36%"2 !%''#(# !:<",)'/5 -#+#-%;'<& " #-%,3'), %"9/ -# +#"2/*%'// "#!%$G%''#9%2/5

2$%8#!)'/%, !<2%,)!G%% /: #-%,/, 8<9# '#!/- $#!)'#»1.

J6% #+'/& #2$/@)2%9>'<& &%'2#& 2),#7 3"23-,/ -$)!) 2$%8#!)'/5 5!95%2"5 2#, ;2# #') *%2 -$#/:#72/ 2#9>,# " "# (9)"/5 +#9*'/,) (T) / " %(# 3;)"2/%&, 2), ,), #' :),9=;)9 +# (#!#$ " 4 / *%2 ')"2)/!)2> ') 2#&, ;2# "!#% #85:)2%9>"2!# #' +#9*%' /"-#9'/2> 2#9>,# 4. B)''<7 E),2#$, ,#'%;'# *%, "+%$ */!)9 $):!/2/% I,#'#&/;%",#(# #8#$#2).

19%+3=6/& I2)-#& "2)'#!9%'/5 /'"2/232) 3"23-,/ -$)!) 2$%8#!)'/5 5!95%2"5 -$#@%+3$) 3"23-,/ /",) - /'"2/232 ,#('/- 2#$) (-#:+'%% - /'"2/232 -$#,3$)2#$)).

«S#2, ,2# -$%+M5!95%2 /", #2 ;3*#(# /&%'/, -#93;)%2 /' 2%'@/= #2 +#!%$/2%95, ) ,#'+%&')@/= #8$)6)%2 ') "%85. J"9/, ')-$/&%$, W3@/7 S/@/7 !;/'5%2 /", !&%"2# C389/5 0%!/5, 2# E#$&39) "#"2)!95%2"5 "9%+3=6/& #8$):#&: «J"9/ #,)*%2"5, ;2# H3&%$/7 H%(/+/7 +#9*%' +)2> +%"52> 2<"5; C389/= 0%!/=, 2#, "3+>5, -$/"3+/ H3&%$/5 H%(/+/5 3-9)2/2> W3@/= S/@/= +%"52> 2<"5; "%"2%$@/7. J"9/ *%

",):)''#(# '% #,)*%2"5, 2# #- $)!+)7»»2.

4 ')G%& -$/&%$% 4 3"23-)9 1 "!#7 /", ("!#% 2$%8#!)'/%) , T, -$/ I2#& 1 ,), 8< !<"23-)9 -$%+"2)!/2%9%&, -#!%$%' '<& 4. A), -/G%2 P.0. ^%$'/9#!",/7, ') I2#& I2)-% «!#:'/,)%2 E/(3$) -$#@%""3)9>'#(# -$%+"2)!/2%95, :)5!95=6%(# /", #2 "!#%(# /&%'/, ,), 83+2# /&%''# #' / %"2> ,$%+/2#$. Q2 '%(# *'# 8<9# 2$%8#!)2> 2$#7'#7 ,9)3:39< (#(#!#$,/): ;2# #'

1) -$/9#*/2 !"% 3"/9/5 +95 :)6/2< /",); 2) !#:+%$*/2"5 #2 #8-

1 >'6+&"1 #.+,("1 -/.0". =. 303. 2 C$/. <(+,',$C''. =. 295.

§ 3. )#7"%,: %$L',7,: 5#758., 8%$'$ 7%&9"'$+,:

&)') / 3) -$#/:!%+%2 !<-9)23 "!#%&3 +#!%$/2%9=1 !"%7 -$/"3* +%''#7 "3&&<. S), !#:'/,)%2 /'"2/232 ,#('/@//» .

Q85:)2%9>"2!# &%*+3 T / 4 '% -$%,$)6)9#">, -#I2#&3 !"% #8%"-%;%'/5 "#?$)'59/"> 2),*%; 2%& 8#9%% '% 8<9# ! 2),#7 "/ 23)@// '%#8?#+/"2/ -#93;)2> ,),#%-9/8# "#(9)"/% T ') 3;) "2/% ! -$#@%""% 1 #2 /&%'/ 4.

S),/& #8$):#&, T -# !%$+/,23 "3+) +#9*%' 8<9 3-9)2/2> +#9( 4, '# 2), ,), -#"9%+'/7 2$%8#!)9 +#9( ! 9/@% 1, ) !"% -# 93;%''#% -# /",3 1 " "#(9)"/5 4 #"2)!959 3 "%85, 2# E),2/;% ",/ T /"-#9'59 #85:)2%9>"2!# 1, 2.%. -$#/"?#+/9) :)&%') ,$%+/ 2#$) ! #85:)2%9>"2!%: +#!%$/2%9> (-%$!#');)9>'<7 ,$%+/2#$) - 9/@#, 3"23-)=6%% -$)!# 2$%8#!)'/5, @%+%'2; -$%+"2)!/2%9> ('# !<7 ,$%+/2#$), +%7"2!3=6/7 ') #"'#!)'// procurator in rem suam, - -$/#8$%2)2%9> -$)!, @%""/#')$/7.

Q+'),# / /'"2/232 ,#('/2#$) 2),*% /&%9 "!#/ '%+#"2)2,/. A), 3*% 8<9# ",):)'# !<G%, -#93;)5 -$)!# ') /",, 1 +%7"2!#!)9 ! ,);%"2!% -#!%$%''#(#, ) -#"%&3 -#$3;/2%9> (4) ! 9=8#7 &%'2 ( #2&%'/2> -#$3;%'/%, ;2# +95 1 "#!"%& '% *%9)2%9>'#.

S%& ")&<& 3"23-,) -$)!) 2$%8#!)'/5 '#"/9) 3"9#!'<7 ?)$), 2%$, ) 1 '#!<& ,$%+/2#$#& 2), / '% "2)'#!/9"5. V#9%% 2#(#, -# 93;/! #2 4 -$)!# ') /",, 1 I2/& -$)!#& '% ( $)"-#$5+/2>"5, ;2# #-52> *% ! 3"9#!/5? "2$%&/2%9>'#(# $):!/2/5 I,#'#&/;% ",/? #2'#G%'/7 5!959#"> :)2#$&)*/!)=6/& E),2#$#&. 136% "2!#!)9# %6% #+'# #-)"%'/% - "&%$2> +#!%$/2%95 (-%$!#');)9> '#(# ,$%+/2#$)), ,#2#$)5 !9%,9) -$%,$)6%'/% procurator in rem

suam.

Q8#$#2 2$%8#!)9, ;2#8< -%$%&%') ,$%+/2#$) ! #85:)2%9>"2 !% '#"/9) 8%:3"9#!'<7 ?)$),2%$, ;2#8< '#!<7 ,$%+/2#$ ( -$%+M5!952> , +#9*'/,3 )8"#9=2'# !"% 2% *% 2$%8#!)'/5 (#8%" -%;%''<% :)9#(#&, -#$3;/2%9>"2!#&), ;2# / -%$!#');)9>'<7 ,$%+/2#$, ) -#"9%+'/7 '% ( ! 9=8#7 &%'2 -# "!#%&3 *%9) '/= «!%$'32>» "%8% -$)!# 2$%8#!)'/5 , +#9*'/,3. Q8#$#2 2$%-

' *&%+,-"'#.,/ 0.1. *&.L. +"#. =. 146.

29

C-$'$ 1. 6#758.$ 8%$'$ 7%&9"'$+,:

' #,#7&<& =%$>?$+#.,J 8%$'""7+"K&+,/

8#!)9, ;2#8< -$)!# 2$%8#!)'/5 "2)9# «2#!)$#&», ,#2#$#% *'# -#,3-)2>, -$#+)!)2>, :),9)+<!)2>.

D.T. C#,$#!",/7 #2&%;)%2, ;2# ! -#:+'%7G%& $/&",#& -$) !% /'"2/232 -%$%?#+) -$)! 2$%8#!)'/5 , '#!#&3 ,$%+/2#$3 $): !/!)9"5 -# +!3& ')-$)!9%'/5&. «4 -%$!#& ')-$)!9%'// -$/ ') 9/;'#"2/ 3"23-,/ 2$%8#!)'/5 "2)9/ +)!)2> '#!#&3 ,$%+/2#$3 /", 3*% '%:)!/"/ #2 ')9/;'#"2/ +%7"2!/2%9>'#(# mandatum, "9%+#!)2%9>'#, '% #8$)6)5 !'/&)'/5 ') "&%$2> /9/ 3'/;2#*% '/% -#$3;%'/5; '#!<7 ,$%+/2#$

(cessionarius) -#93;)%2 actio utilis suo nomine»'.

S),/& #8$):#&, 1, -#93;/! #2 4 -$)!# ') /", , T, 3*% '% 8%"-#,#/9"5 # !#:*'#& -$%,$)6%'// -#$3;%'/5 ! "!5:/ "# "&%$2>= 4 /9/ #2&%'#7 -#$3;%'/5 -#"9%+'/&.

«4# !2#$#& ')-$)!9%'//... 3"2)'#!/9#"> -$)!/9#, ;2# %"9/ +#9*'/, 83+%2 3!%+#&9%'

# "#"2#5!G%7"5 3"23-,% 2$%8#!)'/5, #' #85:)' !#:+%$*/!)2>"5 #2 -9)2%*) "2)$#&3 ,$%+/2#$3 (@% +%'23, cedens). 1+%9)! 2),#% 3!%+#&9%'/%, denuntiatio, @%""/#') $/7

*%2 2%-%$> 8<2> / ! I2#& #2'#G%'// "-#,#7'<&»2.

C#,3-)2%9= +#9(#!#(# 2$%8#!)'/5 2%-%$> -$%+#"2)!959#"> -$)!# ")"2#52%9>'#(# /",). B#9*'/,, -#93;/!G/7 /:!%6%'/% #2 '#!#(# ,$%+/2#$), "2)'#!/9"5 #85:)''<& -%$%+ '/&, ) -%$!# ');)9>'<7 ,$%+/2#$ 3*% '% ( #2&%'/2> -%$%+);3 -$)!) /9/ -$%+M5!952> ,),/%-9/8# 2$%8#!)'/5 +#9*'/,3, 2. %. ! #85:)2%9> "2!% -$#/"?#+/9) -#9')5 :)&%') ,$%+/2#$).

V#9%% 2#(#, ') -%$!#');)9>'#(# ,$%+/2#$) !#:9)()9/"> / #-$%+%9%''<% #85:)''#"2/: «J"9/ ,2#-9/8# -$#+)9 /",, ,#2# $<7 #' /&%%2 -$#2/! (9)!'#(# +#9*'/,), 2# #' #85:)' 3"23-/2> !"% -$)!), ,#2#$<% %&3 -$/')+9%*)2 -# +)''#&3 +%93 ,), -$# 2/! ")(# +#9*'/,), 2), / -$#2/! -#$3;/2%9%7 -# I2#&3 +#9(3. 4"% 2#, ;2# -$#+)!%@ +#9(#!#(# 2$%8#!)'/5 -#93;/9 -32%& :);%-

' 3".%"'#.,/ ).(. <+,"/'3 /'6+&"F" -/.0.. =!2.: «B1,('% =.A», 1998. =. 448. 2

G.6 H1.

§ 3. )#7"%,: %$L',7,: 5#758., 8%$'$ 7%&9"'$+,:

2) /9/ !:<",)'/5, #' +#9*%' ! -#9'#& #8M%&% !#:!$)2/2> -#,3 -)2%9=»1.

S),/& #8$):#&, ?#25 / ! -#:+'%& $/&",#& -$)!% +#-3"2/ "2> -%$%+);/ -$)!) 2$%8#!)'/5 '% 8<9) -$/:')'), #+'),# @%" "/#')$/7 #89)+)9 3*% &'#(/&/ -#9'#/5&/ +95 $%)9/:)@// "!#/? -$)! -# #2'#G%'/= , +#9*'/,3.

4&%"2% " 2%& ! B$%!'%& ./&% "36%"2!#!)9/ / '%,#2#$<% #($)'/;%'/5 3"23-,/ -$)!. H)-$/&%$, '% +#-3",)9"5 -%$%?#+ -$)!, '%$):$<!'# "!5:)''<? " 9/;'#"2>= ,$%+/2#$) (/",/ #8 )9/&%'2)?, 9/;'#7 #8/+% / +$.); :)-$%6%'# 8<9# -%$%3"23-)2> '$)!), -# ,#2#$<& 3*% -$%+M5!9%' /",; '% +#-3",)9)"> @%""/5 ! -#9>:3 8#9%% !9/52%9>'<? 9/@; 3,): /&-%$)2#$) T')"2)"/5 (Lex Anastasiana) :)-$%6)9 @%""/#')$/= !:<",/!)2> "

+#9*'/,#! 8#9%% 2#(#, ;2# #'/ :)-9)2/9/ @%+%'232.

H%,#2#$<% /: I2/? #($)'/;%'/7 @%""// "#?$)'/9/"> / ! "# !$%&%''#& ($)*+)'",#& -$)!% (')-$/&%$, '%+#-3"2/"2> -% $%?#+) -$)!, "!5:)''<? " 9/;'#"2>= ,$%+/2#$)).

A), !/+/&, -%$%+ ')&/ -$),2/;%",/ !"% I9%&%'2< @%""//, ,#2#$<% ?)$),2%$'< +95 "#!$%&%''#(# ($)*+)'",# -$)!). A), -/")9 D.T. C#,$#!",/7, «-$%!$)2/!G/"> (9)!'<& #8$):#& ! /&36%"2!%''#% #2'#G%'/%, #85:)2%9>"2!# !"23-/9# ') -32> @/$,395@// / ") "+%9)9#"> #8M%,2#& #8#$#2). C#,) #'# 8<9# ;/"2# 9/;'#7 "!5:>=

+!3? 9/@... '/ # ,),#7 -%$%3"23-,% #85:) 2%9>"2!) #2 #+'#(# 9/@) , +$3(#&3 '% (9# 8<2> $%;/. H# ,#(+)

#'# "2)9# ! $3,)? ,$%+/2#$) -$)!#& ') -#93;%'/% '%,#2#$#7 @%''#"2/ /: /&36%"2!) +#9*'/,), '/,),/? -$%-52"2!/7 +95 %(# -%$%?#+) /: $3, ! $3,/ '% "36%"2!3%2: +#9*'/,3 !"% $)!'#, ,# &3 -9)2/2>. C$)!# +#-3",)%2 -%$%3"23-,3 2$%8#!)'/7 / ')-$)! 95%2 "!#% !'/&)'/% ') 2#, ;2#8< "#:+)2> 8#9%% 9%(,/% E#$&<

+95 /? @/$,395@//»3.

7'F1+,4 @+,'('.(.. <L2/.((41 E/.F61(,4 0 -1/10"A1 ' + -/'61#.('36' I! =. !1/1,1/+&"F". =. 299-300.

' ( 6.: H"',B.,/ ).N. *&.L. +"#. =. 144; 3".%"'#.,/ ).(. *&.L. +"#. =. 448.

3".%"'#.,/ ).(. J+("0(41 -/"25164 F/.HA.(+&"F" -/.0.. ?.: =,.,$,, 1998. =.

240-241.

31

C-$'$ 1. 6#758.$ 8%$'$ 7%&9"'$+,:

' #,#7&<& =%$>?$+#.,J 8%$'""7+"K&+,/

4 :),9=;%'/% ,$)2,#(# #8:#$) :)$#*+%'/5 /'"2/232) @%""// ?#2%9#"> 8< #2&%2/2>, ;2# =$/"2< B$%!'%(# ./&) '% #8#G9/ !'/&)'/%& / !#-$#" #8 #8M%&% -%$%+)!)%&<? -$)!. 4 46-7 ,'/(% A#&&%'2)$/5 O9>-/)') "#+%$*/2"5 "9%+3=6%% :')&%'/2#% /:$%

;%'/%: «Nemo plus iuris ad alium transferre potest quam ipse haberet» («H/,2# '% *%2

-%$%'%"2/ 8#9>G% -$)! ') +$3(#(#, ;%& #' /&%9 8< ")&»)1. S),/& #8$):#&, *'# -$%+-#9#*/2>, ;2# $/& ",#% -$)!# +#-3",)9# ,), ;)"2/;'3= 3"23-,3 -$)! (-%$%'%"2/ ') +$3(#(# &%'>G/7 #8M%& -$)!, ;%& /&%%G> ")&, '% :)-$%6)%2"5), 2), / 3"23-,3 2$%8#!)'/5, "$#, 3+#!9%2!#$%'/5 ,#2#$#(# %6% '%

')"23-/9 (2), '):<!)%% '%"#:$%!G%% 2$%8#!)'/%).

D'"2/232 3"23-,/ -$)! 2$%8#!)'/5 ')G%9 '),#'%@ "!#= '/ G3 ! $/&",#& -$)!%, / -#I2#&3 '%3+/!/2%9>'#, ;2# @%""/5 8<9)

!#"-$/'52) -$)!#-#$5+,)&/ "2$)' ,#'2/'%'2)9>'#7 J!$#-<.

4 K%$&)'// 3"23-,) 2$%8#!)'/5 -$/:')!)9)"> %6% "# !$% &%' "$%+'%!%,#!#(# #86%(%$&)'",#(# -$)!). 1##2!%2"2!%''#

-#9#*%'/5 # @%""// *'# #8')$3*/2> '% 2#9>,# ! K%$&)'",#& ($)*+)'",#& 39#*%'//, '# / ! T!"2$/7",#& ($)*+)'",#& 39# *%'//, G!%7@)$",#& P),#'% #8

#85:)2%9>"2!%''#& -$)!%, ($)* +)'",/? ,#+%,")? K$%@// / S3$@//2.

4# N$)'@// @%""/5 -$#;'# :),$%-/9)"> ! 2#$(#!#& -$)!% ! XVIII !. / :),#'#+)2%9>'# 3"2)'#!9%') !# N$)'@3:",#& ($)* +)'",#& ,#+%,"% 1804 (. C$/ I2#& !#-$#"< -%$%?#+) -$)! 2$% 8#!)'/5 #2$)*%'< ! $):+%9%, $%(39/$3=6%& ,3-9=--$#+)*3 ("2. 1689 / "9.). 4 D2)9>5'",#& ($)*+)'",#& ,#+%,"% 1942 (.,

')#8#$#2, 3"23-,) -#&%6%') ! $):+%9%, #:)(9)!9%''#& «Q86/% -#9#*%'/5 #8 #85:)2%9>"2!)?» ("2. 1260 / "9.)3.

4 )'(9#-)&%$/,)'",#& -$)!% $):!/2/% /'"2/232) @%""// ! #"'#!'#& "!5:)'# " -$)!#& "-$)!%+9/!#"2/. 1#(9)"'# '#$&)& #86%(# -$)!), +#-3",)9)"> 2#9>,# -%$%+);) #8#$#2'<? +#,3 &%'2#!, @%""/5 *% '% -$/:')!)9)"> !##86%. 13+< #86%(# -$)!) +#-3",)9/ 9/G> #"36%"2!9%'/% 2$%2>/& 9/@#&, /&%=6/& -#9-

' >'6+&"1 #.+,("1 -/.0". =. 308.

2 !"A/"2(11 +6.: A'$/=&%7 !., !&7B X. *&.L. +"#. =. 163-168. 3 G.6 H1. =. 168.

32

§ 3. )#7"%,: %$L',7,: 5#758., 8%$'$ 7%&9"'$+,:

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